Professional Documents
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Prepared by
Durgesh Choudhary
Assistant professor
Electrical Engineering Dept.
Apparatus Used
Theory: - “Any circuit having a number of voltage sources, resistances and open output
terminals can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source Vth
in series with resistance Rth, where the value of the voltage source is equivalents to the open
circuit voltage source across the output terminals, and resistance is equal to the network across
the output terminal.
Circuit Diagram:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram with all the resistance
R1 R2 R3 R4 R6 R7 of known value.
3. Shot circuit the voltage source E1 measure Rth across terminal A and B
Observation Table:-
R1 R2 R3
R4 R6 R7
VTH = E1 * ( R2 + R7 )
R1 + R2 + R7 + R6 + R4
R1 + R2 + R7 + R6 + R4
IL = VTH
RTH+RL
Result:-
Calculated vales of & are approximately same as measured value hence verified thevenin
theorem.
Precautions:-
Apparatus Used
Theory: - “ The current flowing through a load resistance connected across any two terminals
of a network can be determined by replacing the whole network by an equivalent circuit of a
current source having a current output of IN in parallel with a resistance RN.”
Circuit Diagram:-
and B.
Apparatus Used
Theorem:- “ If there are two or more than two sources of emf acting simultaneously in a linear
bilateral network, the current flowing through any sections is the algebraic sum all the currents
which should flow in the section if each source of emf were considered separately and all other
sources are replaced for the time being by there internal resistance.”
Procedure:- 1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure with all resistance and both voltage
source E1 and E2.
2) Switch of the supply and record the current in the section A and B.
3) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure with all the resistance and voltage
source is short circuit(E1).
4) Connect the circuit with all the resistance and voltage source is short circuit(E2).
Result:- Algebraic sum of I’ and I’’ is approximately same as I, hence theorem is satisfied.
Apparatus used:-
1. DC supply.
2. Kirchhoff law kit.
3. Pure resistance
4. Ammeter
5. Connecting loads.
Theory: - KVL: Consider a closed loop ABC, in clockwise direction starting from point A. The
algebraic sum of the voltages is
VAB+VBC-VT=0
In determining the algebraic sum for the voltages terms, first mark of the polarity of each voltages
as shown above, now go round consider path and consider any voltages, plus terminal is reach
positive and negative terminal is reach negative.
VAB is +ve
VBC is +ve
VT is –ve
KCL: “The algebraic sum of the currents entering & leaving any point in the circuit must be equal
to zero. An algebraic sum means combining positive & negative values. All current into a node is
positive & all currents directed away made is negative. For
a given node A,I1 & I2 is positive as they are into the node & I3is negative as it is out from the
node
Circuit Diagram:-
2. Consider a closed loop CABDXC clockwise. Measure the voltage and tabulate
the results.
3. Consider the second closed loop AEYFBA clockwise. Measure the voltage &
tabulate the results.
2. DC supply.
3. Connecting Leads.
4. DC voltmeter.
5. Ammeter.
Theory:- These are contain situation in circuit diagram where it is desirable to transfer as much
single power as possible from single source to load. The pertinent example is that of the output
voltage of a power amplifier.
It has been observed that “ The transfer of power from a source to given load is a
function f the load itself & for maximum transfer of power the source & load resistance must be
matched i.e they should be equal.”Consider the circuit shown in figure, power delivered to load
RL. P delivered to the RL = P = I2x R = (RL Vs2) / (RL+ Rs)2
For P to be maximum,
Circuit Diagram:-
3. Connect the resistance say R1 across power supply V1. Measure the voltage
across resistance R1 & note the voltage in observation table.
Repeat the step 2 for resistance R2, R3, R4--------- & tabulate the result. Repeat the
power process using another source V2.
1. auto transformer
2. Incandescent lamp
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. Connecting loads
Theory: - The incandescent lamp consists of a glass bulb having a fine metallic wire within it.
The different types of materials which can be used for the production of light in incandescent
lamps are carbon and tungsten .Out of which tungsten is the most common material used as
filament in modern lamp the chemically pure tungsten is very strong.
Circuit Diagram:-
Procedure:-
1). Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram, with all switches of load in off positions.
2). Switch on the supply then varies the voltage up to rated voltage.
3). Record the reading of ammeter and voltmeter at the different voltages.
Observation Table:-
1.
2.
3.
Result: - The graph has been plotted between V and I. If there is no much variation in
temperature then graph must be a straight line.
3). Voltmeter
4). Ammeter
1. Apparent Power
2. Active Power
3. Reactive Power
1. Apparent Power: it is the product of r.m.s. value of the applied voltage and circuit current.
Apparent power = Volt Amp KVA of MVA
2. Active power: It is the power which is actually dissipated in the circuit resistance.
Active power = V I Cos Φ watts or KW OR MW
Circuit diagram:
Observation Table:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Precautions:
Result: The values of current, voltage, power and power factor are given in table.
Apparatus used:-
1. DC supply.
2. Kirchhoff law kit.
3. Pure resistance
4. Ammeter
5. Connecting loads.
Theory: - Consider a closed loop ABC, in clockwise direction starting from point A. The algebraic
sum of the voltages is
VAB+VBC-VT=0
In determining the algebraic sum for the voltages terms, first mark of the polarity of each voltages
as shown above, now go round consider path and consider any voltages, plus terminal is reach
positive and negative terminal is reach negative.
VAB is +ve
VBC is +ve
VT is -ve
Circuit Diagram:-
2. Consider a closed loop CABDXC clockwise. Measure the voltage and tabulate
the results.
3. Consider the second closed loop AEYFBA clockwise. Measure the voltage &
tabulate the results.
Apparatus Used:
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the ammeter, voltmeter, and energy meter through auto transformer as
shown in circuit diagram and set up the auto transformer to zero position.
2. Switch on the supply and adjust the auto transformer till a rated voltage. Note
down the reading of voltmeter and ammeter.
3. Now start the loading with the lamp load.
4. Record the reading of ammeter, voltmeter and energy meter.
1.
2.
3.
Precaution:
1. E (measured) = E (calculated)
2. There is a difference in reading.
3. % error = E (calculated)- E (measured) X 100
E (calculated)
Pi = W o = Vo Io Cos ¢o
Cos ¢o = W o/ Vo Io
Ic = W o/ Vo
Im = (Io 2 - Ic2)1/2
Circuit Diagram:
S.No. Vo Io Wo
Calculation: The reading of wattmeter, Voltmeter and Ammeter are noted. Let W o, Vo and Io be
their reading, the iron losses,
Pi = W o = Vo Io Cos ¢o
Cos ¢o = W o/ Vo Io
Ic = W o/ Vo
Im = (Io 2 - Ic2)1/2
Precaution:
R = Wsc/Isc2
Z = Vsc/Isc
X = (Z2 – R2)1/2
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Observation Table:
R = Wsc/Isc2
Z = Vsc/Isc
X = (Z2 – R2)1/2
Precaution:
4. The voltage applied should be initially set zero, then increase slowly.
Theory :- A 3-phase induction motor consists of two main parts stator and rotor
1. Stator :- It is the stationary part of the motor. It has three main parts
a) Outer frame
b) Stator core
c) Stator winding
Outer frame:- It is the outer body of the motor .Its function to
support the stator core and to protect the inner parts of the machine. For small machines the
frame is casted but for large machines it is fabricated. To place the motor on the foundation,
feet are provided in the outer frame.
Stator core:- The stator core is to carry the alternating flux which produces hysteresis and
eddy current losses. In order to reduce the eddy current and hysteresis losses, it is made of
high grade silicon steel stampings. The stampings are assembled under hydraulic pressure
and are keyed to the frame. Each stamping is insulated from the other with a thin varnish layer.
The thickness of stampings varies from 0.35mm to 0.65mm.Slots are punched on the inner
periphery of the stampings to accommodate stator winding .The air gap between the stator and
rotor is made very small ,0.3 to 0.35mm in small machines and 1.0 to 1.5mm in high power
machines. Some motors, especially of large rating, now open type slots.
Stator winding:- The core carries a three phase winding which is usually supplied from a three
supply system. The 3-phase of the winding can be connected in either star or delta depending
upon the methods of starting used. The six terminal box of the machine. The stator of motor is
wound for definite number of poles , the exact number being determined by the requirement of
speed. It is seen that greater the number of poles, the lower the speed and vice-versa, for a
supply of given frequency.
a) Squirrel cage rotor:- The motors employing this type of rotor are known as squirrel cage
induction motor. Most of induction motors are of this type because of simple and rugged
construction of rotor. A squirrel cage rotor consist of a laminated cylindrical core having
semi-closed circular slots and the outer periphery. Copper and aluminum bar conductors
are placed in these slots and short circuited at each end by copper and aluminum rings,
called short circuiting rings .Thus the rotor winding is permanently short circuited and it is
not possible to add any external resistance in the rotor circuit.
b) Phase wound rotor:- Phase wound rotor is also called slip ring rotor and the motors
employing this type of rotor are known as phase wound or slip ring induction motor. Slip
ring induction motor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having semi- closed slots at the
outer periphery and carries a 3-phase insulated winding .The rotor is wound for the same
number poles as that of stator. The three finish terminals are connected together forming
star point and the three star terminals are connected to three copper slip rings fixed on the
shaft.