Introduction

Introduction to
to
Hydraulic
Hydraulic Systems
Systems
Course Outline:

• Course Objective
• ISO Symbols & Terminology
• Hydraulic Circuits
• AC Wagner Applications
Course Objectives:

• To build a basic understanding

of ISO hydraulic symbols and
terminology.
 Three
Three Basic
Basic
Circuit
Circuit Diagram
Diagram Types
Types
Pictorials
Cutaways
 ISO
Diagrams
Inlet

Tank
 Basic
Basic
Symbol
Symbol
Rules
Rules
Basic Valves
Ports
A B

T P
Internal Flow Paths
 A B

Typical Flow
P T
of a
Three
Position
Valve A B

P T
 Basic
Basic
ISO
ISO
Symbols
Symbols
ISO Symbols

Continuous Flow Line

Long Dash, Pilot Line

Short Dash, Drain Line

ISO Symbols

Double, Mechanical
Connections

Long Chain, Enclosure

Line Crosser
ISO Symbols

Measuring Unit, Gauge

Conditioning Apparatus,
Filter, Cooler, etc.

Flow Line Connection

ISO Symbols

Spring

Flow Restriction, Orifice

Flow Direction
ISO Symbols

Sloping Arrow, Adjustable

Fixed Displacement Pump

Variable Displacement Pump

ISO Symbols

Fixed Displacement Motor

Double Acting Cylinder

Check Valve
ISO Symbols

Shuttle Valve

Electrical Line
ISO Symbols

Hydraulic Reservoir

Hydraulic Accumulator
ISO Symbols

Mechanical Valve Actuator

Push Button Valve Actuator

Lever Valve Actuator

ISO Symbols

Pedal Valve Actuator

Spring Valve Actuator

ISO Symbols

Electrical Valve Actuator

Pilot Valve Actuator

Advanced
Advanced
ISO
ISO
Symbols
Symbols
 Advanced ISO Symbols

Arrows

Arrows indicate path and direction of flow through

valves.
As a general rule, the line perpendicular to the head
indicates that when the arrow moves, the interior
path always remains connected to the
corresponding exterior path.
Advanced ISO Symbols
Fixed Displacement Pumps
One direction of flow

Two directions of flow

Tandem with one direction

of flow
 Advanced ISO Symbols
Variable Displacement Pumps
One direction of flow

Two directions of flow

Fixed displacement
compressor with one direction
of flow
Advanced ISO Symbols
Single Acting Cylinders
• Fluid pressure always acts in
one and the same direction

Returned by an unspecified force

Returned by a spring
Advanced ISO Symbols
Double Acting Cylinders
• Fluid pressure operates
alternately in both directions

Single Piston Rod

Double-ended Piston Rod

Advanced ISO Symbols

Rod End
Typical Dump
Cylinder Pictorial
Ports

Base End
Advanced ISO Symbols
Telescopic Cylinders

Single Acting

Double Acting
 Advanced ISO Symbols
Pressure Intensifiers

Pneumatic pressure
“X” is transformed
X Y into a higher
pressure “Y”

Pneumatic pressure
“X” is transformed into
X Y a higher hydraulic
pressure “Y”
Advanced ISO Symbols
Directional Control Valves

One flow path

Two closed ports

Two flow paths

Advanced ISO Symbols
Directional Control Valves

Two flow paths and a closed port

Two flow paths with a cross connection

One flow path in a bypass

position with two closed ports
Advanced ISO Symbols
Directional Control Valves
Directional Control Valve with two
ports and two distinct positions

--with manual control

--controlled by pressure operating

against a return spring
Advanced ISO Symbols
Directional Control Valves
Directional control valve with three
ports and two distinct positions

--controlled by pressure in both

directions

--controlled by a solenoid with

return spring and has an
intermediate position
Advanced ISO Symbols
Directional Control Valves

Directional control valve with

four ports and two distinct
positions

--controlled by a solenoid
with return spring and an
intermediate position
Advanced ISO Symbols
Directional Control Valves

Parallel lines show an

infinite number of
positions
--extreme positions are
the ends of the valves
and the central section
is called the
intermediate position
Advanced ISO Symbols
Directional Control Valves

The throttle control valve is an

example where the infinite
positions show how foot pressure
determines the valve position
Advanced ISO Symbols
Non-Return Valves
• Valves that allow free flow in
one direction only

Free--Opens if the inlet pressure is

higher than the outlet pressure

Spring Loaded--Opens if the inlet

pressure is greater than the outlet
pressure plus the spring pressure
Advanced ISO Symbols
Non-Return Valves

Pilot pressure closes the valve

Pilot pressure opens the valve

Advanced ISO Symbols
Non-Return Valves

Shuttle valve--the inlet port

connected to the higher
pressure is automatically
connected to the outlet port
while the other inlet port is
closed
Advanced ISO Symbols
Pressure Control Valves

Pressure control valves

ensure the control of pressure
and are represented by one
single square with an arrow
denoting flow direction
Advanced ISO Symbols
Pressure Control Valves

One infinitely variable (throttling)

normally closed orifice

One infinitely variable (throttling)

normally open orifice
Advanced ISO Symbols
Pressure Relief Valves

• Designedto protect hydraulic

systems both down stream and
upstream form the valve
Advanced ISO Symbols
Pressure Relief Valves
Inlet pressure is controlled by
opening the exhaust port to the
reservoir or to the atmosphere
against an opposing force (spring)

Inlet pressure is controlled by

opening the exhaust port to the
reservoir or to the atmosphere
corresponding to the setting of a pilot
control
Advanced ISO Symbols
Pressure Relief Valves
• Sequence Valves

--When the inlet pressure

overcomes the opposing force
of the spring, the sequence
valve opens permitting flow
from the outlet port
Advanced ISO Symbols
Flow Control Valves
• Ensures that a constant flow of
hydraulic fluid is supplied to
desired component/s
Simplified flow control symbol (does
not show control method or state of
the valve
Detailed symbol that shows method
and state of the valve (manual
control)
Advanced ISO Symbols
Flow Control Valves
Simplified symbol--variations in
inlet pressure do not affect the
rate of flow

Detailed symbol--variations in
inlet pressure do not affect the
rate of flow

** Shown with fixed output

Advanced ISO Symbols
Flow Control Valves

Simplified symbol--with variable

output and relief port to reservoir

Detailed symbol--with variable

output and relief port to
reservoir
 Advanced ISO Symbols
Flow Control Valves
• AdjustableFlow
Control Valve
P

Detailed Symbol
EF CF

P R

Pictorial
EF CF
Advanced ISO Symbols
Flow Control Valves
• Shut-Off Valves
Simplified Symbol

Detailed Symbol

Pictorial
 Advanced ISO Symbols
Sources of Energy

Pressure source (Generalized)

Hydraulic pressure source

M Electric Motor
Advanced ISO Symbols
Flow Lines and Connections

Lines connected

Lines not connected

Advanced ISO Symbols
Flow Lines and Connections
•Quick acting couplings
Connected--without mechanically
opened check valve
Connected--with mechanically
opened check valve

Uncoupled--with open end

Uncoupled--closed by free check

valve
Advanced ISO Symbols
Reservoirs
Open to atmosphere
Open to atmosphere with inlet above
fluid level
Open to atmosphere with inlet below
fluid level
Open to atmosphere with a header
line

Pressurized Reservoir
Advanced ISO Symbols
Accumulators

Spring loaded

Gas charged
 Advanced ISO Symbols
Filters, Strainers, and Coolers

Simple filter or strainer

Filter with by-pass and

service indicator
 Advanced ISO Symbols
Filters, Strainers, and Coolers

Cooler without representation of

flow direction

Cooler with representation of

flow direction
 Advanced ISO Symbols
Control Mechanism Symbols

Valve control with detent position

Application by hydraulic pressure

Application by solenoid or
mechanical control, either may
actuate valve independently
Application by hydraulic pressure
Advanced ISO Symbols
Hose Installation Symbols

45° Hose end

90° Hose end

Long 90° hose end