Ch12 Free Energy and Thermodynamics

Multiple Choice Questions

1) Classify each of the following processes as spontaneous or nonspontaneous.

I. H2O(l) → H2O(g) T = 25°C, vessel open to atmosphere with 50% relative
humidity
II. H2O(s) → H2O(l) T = 25°C, P = 1 atm
A) I and II are both spontaneous.
B) I is spontaneous and II is nonspontaneous.
C) I is nonspontaneous and II is spontaneous.
D) I and II are both nonspontaneous.

2) Entropy is a measure of
A) free energy.
B) the heat of a reaction.
C) molecular randomness.
D) the rate of a reaction.

3) For which of the following will the entropy of the system increase?
A) condensation of steam
B) reaction of magnesium with oxygen to form magnesium oxide
C) reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia
D) sublimation of dry ice

4) Sodium reacts violently with water according to the equation:

2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
The resulting solution has a higher temperature than the water prior to the addition of sodium.
What are the signs of and for this reaction?
A) ΔH° is negative and ΔS° is negative.
B) ΔH° is negative and ΔS° is positive.
C) ΔH° is positive and ΔS° is negative.
D) ΔH° is positive and ΔS° is positive.

5) The brown color associated with photochemical smog is due to NO2(g), which is involved in
an equilibrium with N2O4(g) in the atmosphere.
2 NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g)
Predict the signs of the enthalpy and entropy change for the forward reaction.
A) The enthalpy change is negative and the entropy change is negative.
B) The enthalpy change is negative and the entropy change is positive.
C) The enthalpy change is positive and the entropy change is negative.
D) The enthalpy change is positive and the entropy change is positive.

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6) What is W in Boltzmann's formula, S = k ln W?
A) a fraction indicating the probability of obtaining a result
B) a random number
C) the number of ways of obtaining the state
D) the work times Avogadro's number

7) Which electron on an atom of copper would have the highest value of W in the Boltzmann
formula?
A) 3s
B) 3d
C) 4s
D) 4p

8) What is k in Boltzmann's formula, S = k ln W?

A) the degeneracy of the state
B) the equilibrium constant for the process
C) the universal gas constant divided by Avogadro's number
D) the universal gas constant times Avogadro's number

9) The entropy change associated with the expansion of one mole of an ideal gas from an initial
volume of Vi to a final volume of Vf at constant temperature is given by the equation, ΔS = R ln
(Vf/Vi). What is the entropy change associated with the expansion of three moles of an ideal gas
from an initial volume of Vi to a final volume of Vf at constant temperature?
A) ΔS = R ln (Vf/Vi)
B) ΔS = 3 mol × R ln (Vf/Vi)
C) ΔS = R ln (Vf × 23/Vi)
D) ΔS = R ln (Vf × 3!/Vi)

10) What is the entropy change associated with the expansion of one mole of an ideal gas from
an initial volume of V to a final volume of V of 2.50V at constant temperature?
A) ΔS = 2.50 R ln (Vf/Vi)
B) ΔS = -2.50 R ln (Vf/Vi)
C) ΔS = R ln 2.50
D) ΔS = -R ln 2.50

11) The Boltzmann formula is S = k ln W. A perfect crystal has a molar entropy of 0 at absolute
zero because
A) W = 0.
B) W = 1.
C) W = NA.
D) k = 1.

12) Which has the lowest entropy?

A) CH3OH(s, –25°C)
B) CH3OH(s, –15°C)

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C) CH3OH(l, 15°C)
D) CH3OH(l, 25°C)

13) According to the third law of thermodynamics,

A) energy is conserved in any transformation of matter.
B) the entropy increases for any spontaneous process.
C) the entropy of a perfectly ordered, crystalline substance is zero at 0 Kelvin.
D) the entropy of the universe increases for any spontaneous process.

14) Which has the highest standard molar entropy at 25°C?

A) Al(s)
B) Al(l)
C) Al(g)
D) All three should have a standard molar entropy of zero.

15) Which has the highest standard molar entropy at 25°C?

A) F2(g)
B) Cl2(g)
C) Br2(g)
D) I2(g)

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16) Calculate ΔS° for the following reaction.
N2(g) + 2 O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)

A) -156.5 J/K
B) -121.5 J/K
C) 15.5 J/K
D) 636.5 J/K

17) ΔS° = – 198.7 J/K for the reaction shown below. Calculate S° for NH3(g).
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)

A) 61.7 J/K∙mol
B) 123.4 J/K∙mol
C) 192.3 J/K∙mol
D) 384.6 J/K∙mol

18) Which of the three laws of thermodynamics provides a criterion for spontaneity?
A) the first law of thermodynamics
B) the second law of thermodynamics
C) the third law of thermodynamics
D) both the second and third laws of thermodynamics

19) According to the second law of thermodynamics, all reactions proceed spontaneously in the
direction that increases the entropy of the
A) surroundings.
B) system.
C) system – surroundings
D) system + surroundings

20) For a process to be at equilibrium, it is necessary that

A) ΔSsys = ΔSsurr.
B) ΔSsys = - ΔSsurr.
C) ΔSsys = 0.
D) ΔSsys = 0 and ΔSsurr = 0.
21) During perspiration,

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A) the entropy of the water evaporated decreases and the entropy of the body decreases.

B) the entropy of the water evaporated decreases and the entropy of the body increases.
C) the entropy of the water evaporated increases and the entropy of the body decreases.
D) the entropy of the water evaporated increases and the entropy of the body increases.

22) At constant pressure and temperature, which statement is true?

A) All reactions for which ∆H < 0 are spontaneous.
B) All reactions for which ∆S < 0 are spontaneous.
C) All reactions for which ∆G < 0 are spontaneous.
D) All reactions for which K < 1 are spontaneous.

23) For the reaction 3 C2H2(g) → C6H6(l) at 25°C, the standard enthalpy change is -631 kJ and
the standard entrhopy change is -430 J/K. Calculate the standard free energy change at 25°C.
A) 948 kJ
B) -503 kJ
C) -618 kJ
D) -1061 kJ

24) For a particular process, ΔG = ΔH at a given temperature and pressure. Therefore,

A) ΔS is positive if ΔH is positive and negative is ΔH is negative.
B) ΔS is negative if ΔH is positive and positive if ΔH is negative.
C) ΔS is zero.
D) ΔS = ΔG/T.

25) At 25°C, ΔH° = 1.895 kJ and ΔS° = -3.363 J/K for the transition
C(graphite) → C(diamond)
Based on these data
A) graphite cannot be converted to diamond at 1 atm pressure.
B) diamond is more stable than graphite at all temperatures at 1 atm.
C) diamond is more stable than graphite below 290°C and graphite is more stable than diamond
above 290°C.
D) graphite is more stable than diamond below 290°C and diamond is more stable than graphite
above 290°C.

26) For bromine, ΔH°vap = 30.91 kJ/mol and ΔS°vap = 93.23 JK-1mol-1 at 25°C. What is the
normal boiling point for bromine?
A) 25°C
B) 58°C
C) 124°C
D) 332°C

27) Consider the reaction:

N2(g) + 3 F2(g) → 2 NF3(g) ΔH° = -249 kJ and ΔS° = -278 J/K at 25°C
Calculate ΔG° and state whether the equilibrium composition should favor reactants or products
at standard conditions.
A) ΔG° = -332 kJ; the equilibrium composition should favor products.
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B) ΔG° = -332 kJ; the equilibrium composition should favor reactants.
C) ΔG° = -166 kJ; the equilibrium composition should favor products.
D) ΔG° = -166 kJ; the equilibrium composition should favor reactants.

28) Which statement is true about the formation of CaCO3(s) from CaO(s) and CO2(g) at 1.00
atm?
CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) ΔH° = -178.7 kJ and ΔS° = -150.4 J/K
A) The reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures.
B) The reaction is spontaneous at high temperatures.
C) The reaction is spontaneous at low temperatures.
D) The reaction is not spontaneous at any temperature.

30) For the evaporation of water during perspiration on a hot, dry day,
A) ΔH is positive and TΔS = ΔH.
B) ΔH is positive and TΔS > ΔH.
C) ΔH is positive and TΔS < ΔH.
D) ΔH is negative and TΔS is positive.

31) For the reaction below ∆G° = + 33.0 kJ, ∆H° = + 92.2 kJ, and ∆S° = + 198.7 J/K. Estimate
the temperature at which this reaction becomes spontaneous.
2 NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
A) 0.464 K
B) 166 K
C) 298 K
D) 464 K

32) Calculate the standard free energy change at 25°C for the reaction
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g).

A) -4.7 kJ
B) -72.6 kJ
C) -157.8 kJ
D) -532.6 kJ

33) Which statement is true concerning the standard states of F2(g) and C6H12O6(aq)?
A) The standard state for F2(g) is the pure gas at 1 atm and for C6H12O6(aq) is the pure solid at
1 atm.
B) The standard state for F2(g) is the pure gas at 1 mol/L and for C6H12O6(aq) is the pure solid
at 1 atm.
C) The standard state for F2(g) is the pure gas at 1 atm and for C6H12O6(aq) is the solution at a
concentration of 1 mol/L.
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D) The standard state for F2(g) is the pure gas at 1 mol/L and for C6H12O6(aq) is the solution at
a concentration of 1 mol/L.

34) At 25°C, ΔG°f is -620 kJ/mol for SiCl4(g) and -592 kJ/mol for MgCl2(s). Calculate ΔG° for
the reaction, and determine if the reaction is spontaneous at
25°C if the pressure of SiCl4(g) is 1 atm.
A) ΔG° = 28 kJ; the process is spontaneous.
B) ΔG° = 28 kJ; the process is nonspontaneous.
C) ΔG° = -564 kJ; the process is spontaneous.
D) ΔG° = -564 kJ; the process is nonspontaneous.

35) At 2600 K, ΔG° = 775 kJ for the vaporization of boron carbide:

B4C(s) → 4 B(g) + C(s)
Find ΔG and determine if the process is spontaneous if the reaction vessel contains 4.00 mol
B4C(s), 0.400 mol of C(s), and B(g) at a partial pressure of 1.0 × 10-5 atm. At this temperature,
R T = 21.6 kJ.
A) ΔG = -270 kJ; spontaneous.
B) ΔG = -270 kJ; nonspontaneous.
C) ΔG = -220 kJ; spontaneous.
D) ΔG = -220 kJ; nonspontaneous.

36) ΔG = ΔG° for a reaction

A) if Q = K.
B) if Q = 1.
C) at STP.
D) at the start of the reaction.

37) What is the relationship between ΔG, Qp, and Kp for a reaction involving gases?
A) ΔG = Qp/Kp
B) ΔG = Kp/Qp
C) ΔG = RTln(Qp/Kp)
D) ΔG = RTln(Kp/Qp)

38) What is K if ΔG° = -18.0 kJ for a reaction at 25°?

A) 1.4 × 103
B) 1.2 × 102
C) 8.1 × 10-3
D) 7.3 × 10-4

39) If ΔG° is negative for a reaction,

A) K < 0.
B) K = 0.
C) K is between 0 and 1.
D) K > 1.

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40) If ΔG is small and positive,
A) the forward reaction is spontaneous and the system is far from equilibrium.
B) the forward reaction is spontaneous and the system is near equilibrium.
C) the reverse reaction is spontaneous and the system is far from equilibrium.
D) the reverse reaction is spontaneous and the system is near equilibrium.

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Answer Key: 1A, 2C, 3D, 4B, 5A, 6C, 7B, 8C, 9B, 10C, 11B, 12A, 13C, 14C, 15D, 16B, 17C,
18B, 19D, 20B, 21C, 22C, 23B, 24C, 25A, 26B, 27C, 28C, 30B, 31D, 32B, 33C, 34C, 35C, 36B,
37C, 38A, 39D, 40D
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