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These set of blogs will deal with parameter setting for Periodic Reporting of Event A3
only. The intention is to deal with each of the cases mentioned above, one at a time.
Hence, this blog will concentrate in case a).
Definitions:
a3offset: This parameter can be found in 3GPP 36.331. It configures the RRC IE
a3-Offset included in the IE reportConfigEUTRA in the
MeasurementConfiguration IE. The value sent over the RRC interface is twice
the value configured, that is, the UE has to divide the received value by 2.The
role of the offset in Event A3 is to make the serving cell look better than its
current measurement in comparison to the neighbor.
Hysteresisa3: The role of the hysteresis in Event A3 is to make the measured
neighbor look worse than measured to ensure it is really stronger before the UE
decides to send a measurement report to initiate a handover.
timetoTriggera3: The role of ttt in Event A3 is to avoid a ping-pong effect.
CellIndividualoffsetEutran: This parameter is applied individually to each
neighbor cell with load management purposes. The higher the value allocated to
a neighbor cell, the “more attractive” it will be. This parameter can only be used if
the neighbor list is broadcast in SIB4 or in an RRC connection reconfiguration.
Based on the picture above, event A3 will trigger when:
Examples:
The table below assumes that cellindividualoffsetEutran is not used and shows when
the eventa3offset is triggered and when the UE ceases sending measurement reports.
As it can be seen from the table, eventa3 triggers at a3offset+hysteresisa3
However!!! After the first measurement result, subsequent measurement results can be
sent if the RSRP of the neighbor cell is only a3offset-hysterisisa3 dB stronger! Hence,
weaker neighbors could be reported in the measurements sent by the UE (this case is
very rare but it exists in real systems).
c) The higher the value of a3offset+hysteresisa3 the more we drag the calls to
neighboring cells. This is very useful where we have coverage holes (not a one to one
deployment scenario on top of 3G cells)
d) The smaller the value of a3offset+hysteresisa3 the faster we release the calls to
neighboring cells. This is useful in those scenarios where a large number of LTE cells
exists in a given geographical area.
e) The higher the value of a3offset+hysteresisa3 the more difficult we make it for calls
do handover to other cells.
(2 0f 3)
TimetoTrigger Event a3
Rules:
Explanation: Since the RSRP of the neighbor cell is not much stronger than the value of
the source cell, the time to trigger should not large to ensure the value remains the
same for a long period of time.
However, these recommendations depend much on the speed of the mobile and the
coverage scenarios.
So far, we have discussed two methods for optimizing event A3. In out next blog we will
talk about the benefits of optimizing another parameter called, filtercoefficient for event
A3 that will allow us to eliminate some of the effects of fast fading in the UE
measurements.
Once the UE is configured to do measurements, the UE starts measuring reference signals from the serving cell and
any neighbors it detects. The next question is whether the UE should look at just the current measurement value, or if
the recent history of measurements should be considered. LTE, like other wireless technologies, takes the approach
of filtering the currently measured value with recent history. Since the UE is doing the measurement, the network
conveys the filtering requirements to the UE in an RRC Connection reconfiguration message.
The UE filters the measured result, before using for evaluation of reporting criteria or for measurement reporting, by
the following formula:
where
Then, the UE adapts the filter such that the time characteristics of the filter are preserved at different input rates,
observing that the filterCoefficent k assumes a sample rate equal to 200 ms.
The parameter “a” defines the weight given to current value and (1-a) (i.e., the remaining weight is given to the last
filtered value). For example, if filter coefficient k = 4, then a = ½^(4/4) =1/2. This means that new measurement has
half the weight and the last filtered measurement gets the other half of the weight.
Optimization Rules:
a) A high value of the parameter filtercoefficient will provide higher weight to old measurements (more stringent
filter)(the opposite is true)
b) The higher the values of filtercoefficient the higher the chances of eliminating fast fading effects on the
measurement reports
1. This eliminates reporting a cell which RSRP was suddenly changed due to multipath or fast fading
2. Which in turns eliminates the chances to handover to a cell which RSRP was strong for some milliseconds
3. Therefore reducing the chances for Ping-Pong effects
c) A value of 8 is typically used in the network although a value of 16 might also be used in dense urban areas.