Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Major Reference/s:
Austin, G. (1984). Shreve's Chemical Process Industries.
McGrawHill.
Salah, D. B. (n.d.). Portland Cement.
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Retrieved from https: http://www.caribcement.com/resources/article/The-manufacture-of-Portland-Cement/
Origin of Portland Cement
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Retrieved from https: http://www.caribcement.com/resources/article/The-manufacture-of-Portland-Cement/
Origin of Portland Cement
• Aspdin (1824) found that by mixing finely
pulverized clay in specified proportions, burning
them to a high temperature and then grinding the
resultant clinker, he was able to produce a
hydraulic binding material far superior to any
product known at the time.
• It was Aspdin who named it “Portland Cement”
because when set it looked like “Portland Stone.”
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Retrieved from https: http://www.caribcement.com/resources/article/The-manufacture-of-Portland-Cement/
Origin of Portland Cement
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Retrieved from https: http://www.caribcement.com/resources/article/The-manufacture-of-Portland-Cement/
Portland Cement
• It is the product by pulverizing clinker
consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium
silicates, usually containing one or more
forms of calcium sulfate as an interground
addition.
• Hydraulic calcium silicates possess ability to
harden without drying or reaction with
atmospheric CO2.
• Reactions involved in hardening of cement
are hydration and hydrolysis.
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Retrieved from https: http://www.caribcement.com/resources/article/The-manufacture-of-Portland-Cement/
Cements - Function
To bind the sand and coarse
aggregate together
To fill voids in between sand
and coarse aggregate
particle
To form a compact mass
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Retrieved from https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Concrete vs. Cement
Concrete and cement are NOT synonymous
terms.
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Types of Cement
• Hydraulic Cement - sets and hardens by
action of water. Such as Portland Cement
In other words it means that hydraulic
cement are:
“ Any cements that turns into a solid product
in the presence of water (as well as air)
resulting in a material that does not
disintegrate in water.”
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Retrieved from https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Types of Cement
• Nonhydraulic Cement - any cement that does
not require water to transform it into a solid
product.
2 common Non-hydraulic Cement are
a) Lime- derived from limestone / chalk
b) Gypsum
(CaSO. 4· 2H2O)
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Retrieved from https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Types of Portland Cement
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Retrieved from https: http://iti.northwestern.edu/cement/monograph/Monograph3_8.html/
Type I
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Retrieved from https: https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Type II
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Retrieved from https: https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Type III
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Retrieved from https: https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Type IV
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Retrieved from https: https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Type V
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Retrieved from https: https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Use of Air Entertaining Agents
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Retrieved from https: https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Chemical composition of Portland Cements:
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Retrieved from https: https://civildigital.com/portland-cement/
Raw Materials
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Raw Materials
• Two types of materials are necessary: rich in
calcium (calcareous) such as limestone and rich
in silica such (argillaceous) as clay.
• Formerly, large amount of cement was made
from argillaceous limestone known as cement
rock.
• Some plant use blast furnace slag and
precipitated calcium carbonate obtained from
as by product in alkali and synthetic
ammonium sulfate industry.
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Raw Materials
• Sand, waste bauxite (Al(OH)3), and iron ore are
used in small amounts to adjust the
composition of the mix.
• Gypsum (4 to 5%) is added to regulate
(slowing) the setting time of the cement.
• These raw materials are finely ground, mixed
and heated in a rotary kiln to form cement
clinker.
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Clinker Compounds
• Common abbreviations used for the clinker
compounds:
CaO - C
SiO2 - S
Al2O3 - A
Fe2O3 - F
MgO - M
SO3 - S
Na2O – N
K2O - K
CO2 - C
H2O - H
Ca3SiO5 (3CaO SiO2) – C3S
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Methods of Manufacturing
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Wet Process
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Kiln
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Dry Process
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Rotary
Kiln
1450 deg C
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Process
• Wet Process. Slurry is filtered in a continuous rotary filter and fed into the
kiln.
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Process
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Clinker Compounds
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Reactions in the Kiln
1. Evaporation
2. Evolution of CO2
3. Reaction between lime and clay
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Reactions in the Kiln
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Reactions in the Kiln
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Reactions during the Clinker Formation
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Major Reactions in the Kiln
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Hardening of Cement and Function of
Compounds
• Hydration and hydrolysis are involved in the
setting and hardening of cement. Various
compounds contribute to the heat of
hardening as follows (equal wt, 28 days):
C3A>C3S>C4AF>C2S
• Function of compounds
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Other Cements
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Lime (CaO)
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Gypsum
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HAZARDS
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Soda Ash – Manufacturers
CEMEX Philippines
Davao/Negros/Cebu/Manila,
Philippines
Holcim Philippines
La Union, Philippines
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GdMu. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holcim.ph/