Arduino Timer Interrupts PDF

 Arduino interrupts Version
12/11-2015
Her er en forklaring til timer-interrupt, + en masse eksempler:
Arduino Timer Interrupts.
Hvordan får man Arduino til fx at udføre et interrupt og køre en programstump fx nøjagtig 100
gange i sekundet.
Det program, der normalt kører på en controller, er normalt en række af sekventielle instruktioner
udført efter hinanden i et loop. Den tid, et loop tager, er derfor afhængig af hvor stort programmet
er.
Derfor er man nødt til at anvende Interrupts, hvis man skal være sikker på timingen.
Et interrupt er en event – eller hændelse, udløst enten internt fra en tæller / counter, - eller eksternt
fra en pin, der ændrer status.
Et Interrupt er en programstump, der udløses af en hændelse og kører asynkront, ikke i et loop.

Interrupt’et udløses fx af et key-tryk, - eller af en tid gået, - timer-overflow, osv.
Interrupts udløses – og udføres et vilkårligt sted i et kørende program – og uafhængig heraf.
Fx kan et program køre – og samtidig kan der af en timer udløses et interrupt, der blinker en LED.
Det program, der køres når eventen opstår, kaldes en interrupt service routine (ISR).
Når et Interrupt opstår, afbrydes det kørende program øjeblikkeligt, og interrupt service rutinen,
dvs. en subrutine, kaldes.
Når en ISR er færdig, vil det kørende program fortsætte hvorfra det blev afbrudt.
Typisk er der gjort brug af interrupts allerede i de tidligere opgaver, der er lavet.
Det er fordi, Arduino´s underlæggende compiler automatisk indbygger mulighed for at bruge
funktioner som, millis() , micros() og delayMicroseconds(). Disse funktioner gør brug af interrupts
ved brug af timere.
PWM-funktionen analogWrite() bruger timere, ligesom tone(), noTone() og Servo library gør.
/ Valle Thorø Side 1 af 50

12/11-2015
Hvad er et interrupt?
Det program, der kører på en controller, er normalt en række af sekventielle udførte instruktioner
efter hinanden.
Et interrupt er en event, udløst enten internt fra en timer / counter, - eller eksternt fra en pin.
Det program, der køres ved eventen, kaldes en interrupt service routine (ISR).
Når en ISR er færdig, vil det kørende program fortsætte hvorfra det blev afbrudt.
Før man kan benytte interrupts, skal der noget opsætning til. Ved at sætte forskellige bits i
forskellige special function registre kan man opsætte processoren til at interrupte på forskellige
events.
Interrupts skal altså enables og den tilhørende interrupt maske skal enables, ligesom det skal
bestemmes, hvad processoren skal udføre, når den interruptes.
Når der udløses et interrupt, afbryder det igangværende program øjeblikkeligt hvad det er i gang
med, og hopper til en separat programstump kaldet en ISR.
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
Interrupts can generally enabled / disabled with the function interrupts() / noInterrupts(). By default
in the Arduino firmware interrupts are enabled. Interrupt masks are enabled / disabled by setting /
clearing bits in the Interrupt mask register (TIMSKx).
When an interrupt occurs, a flag in the interrupt flag register (TIFRx) is been set. This interrupt will
be automatically cleared when entering the ISR or by manually clearing the bit in the interrupt flag
register.
Der findes to generelt forskellige interrupts: Pinudløste, - og timer/counter udløste interrupts.
Fordelen ved brug af interrupts er, at man kan have et Loop-program til fx at update et 7-segment
display, - og så kan interrupts fx udløst hver 100-del sekund opdatere variable, indeholdende 100-
del sekunder, sekunder, minutter osv.
Pin-udløste interrupts.
Kilder til afsnittet:

Se: http://www.engblaze.com/we-interrupt-this-program-to-bring-you-a-tutorial-on-arduino-interrupts/

12/11-2015
Pinudløste interrupts kan sættes op til at ske ved en ændring på Arduino-pin 2 eller 3, henholdsvis
INT0 & INT1.
Der kan vælges rising, falling edge, eller pinchange.
Eksterne interrupts kan sættes op ” the arduino way ” – eller man kan pille bit selv !!
Et eksempel, ” the Arduino Way”:
void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Pin 13 is output to which an LED is connected
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Make pin 13 low, switch LED off
pinMode(2, INPUT); // Pin 2 is input to which a switch is connected = INT0
pinMode(3, INPUT); // Pin 3 is input to which a switch is connected = INT1
attachInterrupt(0, blink1, RISING);
attachInterrupt(1, blink2, RISING);
// attachInterrupt(0, INT0_handler, CHANGE); //
}
void loop() {
/* Nothing to do: the program jumps automatically to Interrupt Service Routine
"blink" in case of a hardware interrupt on Ardiono pin 2 = INT0 */
}
void blink1(){ // Interrupt service routine

digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
}
void blink2(){ // Interrupt service routine

digitalWrite(13, LOW);
}
http://www.geertlangereis.nl/Electronics/Pin_Change_Interrupts/PinChange_en.html
detachInterrupt(0); // stopper interrupt !

detachInterrupt(1);
Arduino-funktionerne attachInterrupt() og detachInterrupt() bruges kun til pin-udløste interrupts.
Opsætningen af eksterne interrupts kan også styres ved at sætte bits i SFR-registre.
De SFR´s der bruges hertil er:

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I External Interrupt Control Register

A indstilles måden, man ønsker et
interrupt udløst.
Eks: EICRA = 0b00000011 ;
I External Interrupt Mask Register

enables interruptet
Og når et INTF flag bliver høj,

udløses et interrupt.
Flaget resettes automatisk når
Interrupt Service Rutinen udføres.
Kilde: https://sites.google.com/site/qeewiki/books/avr-guide/external-interrupts-on-the-atmega328
Her forsøgt vist grafisk – og med eksempler på at sætte bit:
Extern Interrupt setup
1 2 00
Mux
Ext Int 0
IC Pin 4 01
sei(); // Enable Global Interrupt
1
3
2
Arduino 10 Extern Interrupt
Pin 2 Flag Register
EIFR
11 1
3
INT0_VECT() {
EIMSK 2
1 0 Extern Interrupt
Mask Register
Extern Sense
Control Register Bit3 B2 B1 B0 Bit1 B0 Bit1 B0 1
INT1_VECT() {
ISC11 ISC10 ISC01 ISC00 Int1 Int0 Int1 Int0 3
setBit(EICRA,0); 2
setBit(EICRA,ISC00);
EICRA setBit(EIMSK,0);
EICRA = B00001010; Flag cleares automatisk ISR(EXT_INT0_vect)
setBit(EIMSK,1); ved Interruptkald
{
1 0 setBit(EIMSK,INT0); SetBit(EIFR,0); // Clr Flag
Mux SetBit(EIFR,1);
1 2 01 EIMSK = B00000011; }
Sei();
asm("Sei");
Ext Int 1 Cli();
1
IC Pin 5 02
3
2
Global Interrupt
Enable Bit
Arduino 11
SREG Bit 7
Pin 3 Status Register
12
Variable, der bruges i og
udenfor en interruptrutine
skal defineres Globale,
"Volatile"
/ Valle Thorø, Juni 2014

12/11-2015
Kodeeksempler:
void setup(void)
{
pinMode(2, INPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH); // Enable pullup resistor
sei(); // Enable global interrupts
EIMSK |= 0b00000001; // Enable external interrupt INT0
EICRA |= 0b00000010; // Trigger INT0 on falling edge
}
void loop(void)
{
Do something
}
//
ISR(EXT_INT0_vect) // Interrupt Service Routine attached to INT0 vector
{
digitalWrite(13, !digitalRead(13)); // Toggle LED on pin 13
}
Men det er muligt, at få flere pins til at udføre interrupts. Se

http://www.geertlangereis.nl/Electronics/Pin_Change_Interrupts/PinChange_en.html
Arduino Interrupts
int pbIn = 0; // Interrupt 0 is on DIGITAL PIN 2!

int ledOut = 4; // The output LED pin
volatile int state = LOW; // The input state toggle
void setup()
{
// Set up the digital pin 2 to an Interrupt and Pin 4 to an Output
pinMode(ledOut, OUTPUT);
//Attach the interrupt to the input pin and monitor for ANY Change
attachInterrupt(pbIn, stateChange, CHANGE);
}
void loop()
{

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//Simulate a long running process or complex task

for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
// do nothing but waste some time
delay(10);
}
}
void stateChange()
{
state = !state;
digitalWrite(ledOut, state);
}
http://www.dave-auld.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107:arduino-interrupts&catid=53:arduino-input-output-
basics&Itemid=107

12/11-2015
Timerudløste interrupts
Ved hjælp af Countere kan man opnå, at man kan få et interrupt til at ske med jævne mellemrum.
Fx hvis man ønsker at få opdateret et stopur hver 100-del af et sekund, eller man ønsker at anvende
en uC som frekvensgenerator. Eller fx som cykelcomputer, hvor der skal tælles pulser i en bestemt
tid.
Små perioder kan direkte udløses direkte ved hjælp af en timer. Men på grund af den ret høje
oscillatorfrekvens, kan længere varigheder mellem interrupts opnås ved fx at tælle antal interrupts i
en variabel, og så kun køre det rigtige interrupt-program hver 100. gang. Programmet kunne her fx
aflæse en sensor !!
En Timer/Counter kan arbejde på to forskellige måder, når en tid skal udmåles.
Man kan indstille en startværdi for Counteren, og så få et interrupt ved overflow, eller man kan
tælle fra 0, og så få et interrupt, når tælleren når en bestemt værdi, indstillet i et register, et
Compare-register.
Counter Overflow Counter Compare Match
Timerens startværdi indstilles, og når timeren Counteren starter på 00 00h

giver overflow, kan der udløses et interrupt.
Der indsættes en værdi i et Compare-register.
Timerens værdi sammenlignes med Compare-
registeret, og ved match resettes timeren, og der
kan udløses et interrupt.
Indbyggede timere
Arduino Uno har 3 timere indbygget, timer0, timer1 og timer2.
Timer 0: 8 bit
Timer 1: 16 bit.
Timer 2: 8 bit
AT Mega 2560 har yderligere timer 3, 4 og 5, som er 16 bit
Timerne kan indstilles til at tælle eksterne pulser, eller der kan tælles på krystallets frekvens.
Prescaler. / Frekvensdeler.
På Arduinoen sidder der et 16 MHz krystal. Derfor vil timeren / Counteren køre ret hurtigt, og give
fx overflow for en 16 bit register i løbet af ca. 4 mS.

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Men heldigvis er der indbygget mulighed for at vælge at neddele clockfrekvensen gennem en
frekvensdeler, eller som det kaldes en prescaler.
Hver counter ” har sin egen prescaler ”.
Prescaleren styres af nogle

bit i to SFR-registre,
TimerCounterControl-
Register, TCCRnA eller B
Bittene hedder:
CSn0, CSn1 og CSn2, hvor

tallet n er timerens nummer.
CS står for Clock Select bit.
http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep567/10wi/lectures/Lecture7.pdf
Se fx http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php/topic,27390.0.html
http://www.engblaze.com/microcontroller-tutorial-avr-and-arduino-timer-interrupts/
Udregning af Prescaler-værdi:
For at få affyret et interrupt med en korrekt frekvens, skal man udregne hvor meget man skal dele
krystallets frekvens ned, så timeren ikke når at give overflow. Herefter kan en timers startværdi
udregnes, eller en Compare-Match-værdi.
Der kan findes hjælp på en række hjemmesider til at vælge den rette Prescaler til et bestemt formål.
Se fx:

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http://www.et06.dk/atmega_timers/
Forklaring af formlen Skal forbedres!
Udregningen sker som flg:
(timer speed (Hz)) = (Arduino clock speed (16MHz)) / prescaler
16 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑘𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑠 =
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 ∙ ((𝐶. 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑔) + 1)
( + 1 fordi det tager 1 clock cycle at resette.
Ligningen løst for Compare match register, CMR:
16.000.000
𝐶𝑀𝑅 = ( )−1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 ∙ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑘𝑣.
Værdien skal være mindre end 256 hvis timer 0 eller 2 bruges, og mindre end 65.536 for Timer 1
for at det kan lade sig gøre:
Eksempel:
Interrupt vælges i dette eksempel til 10 gange pr. sekund, dvs. hver 1/10
sekund, eller til 10 Hz.
Timer 1 giver overflow ved FFFFh + 1 = 65536d.
Frekvensen på krystallet er 16 MHz. Dvs. på 0,1 sek. kommer 1.600.000 pulser.
Det er nødvendig med en frekvensdeler, en prescaler, fordi der kommer for mange
pulser på 0,1 sekund.
Der skal mindst deles med ( 1.600.000 / 65.536 ) = ca. 24,8
Prescaleren kan indstilles til 1, 8, 64, 256, 1024.
fx vælges 64
derfor kommer på 1/10 sekund 1.600.000/64 = 25.000 pulser.
Vælges overflow mode, må tællerens startværdi indstilles til:

( FFFF + 1 ) – 25.000 = 40.536
Vælges Output Compare, tælles fra 0000h og til 25.000. Compare registeret skal
derfor indstilles til 25.000.

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Clock select and timer frequency
Different clock sources can be selected for each timer independently. To calculate the timer frequency (for
example 2Hz using timer1) you will need:
1. CPU frequency 16Mhz for Arduino

2. maximum timer counter value (256 for 8bit, 65536 for 16bit timer)
3. Divide CPU frequency through the choosen prescaler (16000000 / 256 = 62500)
4. Divide result through the desired frequency (62500 / 2Hz = 31250)
5. Verify the result against the maximum timer counter value (31250 < 65536 success) if fail, choose
bigger prescaler.
Eksempel på opsætning til 1 HZ interrupt:
Interrupt every second (frequency of 1Hz):

compare match register = [16,000,000 / (prescaler * 1) ] -1
with a prescaler of 1024 you get:
compare match register = [16,000,000 / (1024 * 1) ] -1 = 15,624
since 256 < 15,624 < 65,536, you must use timer1 for this interrupt.
Timer setup code is done inside the setup(){} function in an Arduino sketch.
Control registrere til counterne mm.
For at man kan styre timerne er der en del kontrol-registre, hvis bit – eller indhold skal bestemmes.
Hver timer har et antal registre tilknyttet.
TCCR1A og TCCR1B
Timer/Counter Control Register.
Pre-scaleren konfigureres her.
Består af 2 x 8 bit registre !!
Hjælp til valg af prescaler til

forskellige interruptfrekvenser,
se fx calculator på: ???
Prescaler kan vælges til 1, 8,

64, 256, 1024. ( 1024 kan
ikke laves på timer 2 )
Og Bit WGM12 og WGM13

bestemmer mode.
Vi vælger CTC-mode ( timer )

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ved at sætte bit WGM12.
TCNTx
Timer/Counter Register.
Indeholder den aktuelle timer

værdi, 16 bit.
TCNT1H og TCNT1L
OCRxx - Output Compare

Register
16 bit register
OCR1AH og OCR1AL
TIMSKx
Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask
Register. To enable/disable
timer interrupts.
Timer_Overflow_
TIFRx - Timer/Counter
Interrupt Flag Register.
Indicates a pending timer
interrupt.
http://www.avrbeginners.net/architecture/timers/timers.html
https://arduino-info.wikispaces.com/Timers-Arduino
http://www.mikrocontroller.net/articles/AVR-GCC-Tutorial/Die_Timer_und_Z%C3%A4hler_des_AVR
http://www.eng.utah.edu/~cs5789/2010/slides/Interruptsx2.pdf
Med følgende diagram har jeg forsøgt at lave et samlet diagram over en timer og interrupt-
strukturen:

12/11-2015
Arduino Timer1 Interrupt-Opsætning ATMEL AVR ATMEGA328

CTC Mode Interrupt Enable Global Sei();
Interrupt interrupts ();
( Clear Timer on Enable Interrupt i TIMSK-reg:
Timer Interrupt Mask register Disable Cli();
Compare Match ) TIMSK1-Bit: [xxxx x, OCIE1B, OCIE1A, TOIE1] noInterrupts ();
TIMSK1 2
Compare match: TIMSK1 |= ( 1 << OCIE1A );
bitSet(TIMSK1, OCIE1A); 2 1
1 3 Ov erf low Vector
TIMSK1 |= B00000010; Overflow
3 Bit 0 ISR(TIMER1_OVF_vect)
Overflow: bitSet(TIMSK1, TOIE1); { TCNT1 = 25324;
TIMSK1 |= B00000001; 2 }
2 1
1 3 Output Compare Vector
( Der er også en kanal B & C ) Compare
( Kun Kanal A Clearer timeren ) OCRnC 3 Bit 1 ISR(Timer1_COMPA_Vect)
Output Compare Register OCRnB {
}
OCR1B OCR1A TIFR1
Timer Compare Value
Eks: OCR1A = 15624; 16 Bit 2 Sæt OCF1A
16 Bit 1 bit Timer/Counter Interrupt
16 Bit 3 Compare Flag Register
Output Compare Interrupt
Timer Overflow Bit Flag Sæt TOV1 Bit Flag OCF1A og Overflov
flag TOV1 cleares af
Reset Counter hardware ved interrupt kald
TCNT1H TCNT1L
Timer/Counter 1H Timer/Counter 1L Clock-pulser, Timer0 bruges til delay(); millis(); & micros();
TCNT1 = 0; f = ( osc / prescale ) Timer1 til servo();
Preload:TCNT1 = 25324; Timer2 til tone();
Timer 0 & 2
er kun 8 bit
Oscillator Frekvensdeler
16 MHz = Prescaler
TCCR1B-Bit[xxxx WGM12, CS12, CS11, CS10 ]

Fra Pins TCCR1B |= ( 1 << WGM12 ); Turn on Compare ( CTC ) Mode [CS12, CS11, CS10] Definerede
TCCR1B |= B00001000; ( Wave Generation Mode ) 000 Stop Timer konstanter:
bitSet(TCCR1B, WGM12); 001 Divide by 1 CS10 = 0
TCCR1A TCCR1B 010 8 CS11 = 1
Timer/Counter Control Register A/B bitSet(TCCR1B, CS10); // Vælg Prescaler 011 64 CS12 = 2
Mode select registre bitSet(TCCR1B, CS12); 100 256 WGM12 = 3
101 1024
TCCR1B |= ( 1 << CS12 ) | ( 1 << CS10 );// = 1024 11* Ekstern clock på T1
[ CSxx = Clock Select bit ] TCCR1B |= 0x05; // = 1024
[ WGMxx = Wave Generation Mode ]
Rev: 14/11-2014
/ Valle
Tegningen viser de forskellige registre involveret i opsætningen, og der er givet forskellige

eksempler på hvordan man kan manipulere med bittene i registrene:
Her er en kort oversigt over, hvad der skal opsættes:

Hvad skal gøres? Kode-eksempel
Disable global interrupt cli();
Nulstil tæller TCNT1 = 0; // Virker på 16 bit.
Compare værdien skal indstilles OCR1A = 15624; // OCR1A = 0x3D08; på hex form;
Vælg CTC Mode bitSet(TCCR1B, WGM12); // WGM12 = 3
Prescaler-værdien skal indstilles bitSet(TCCR1B, CS10); // = 00000001
bitSet(TCCR1B, CS12); //TCCR1B er nu 00000101
Timer interrupt skal enables bitSet(TIMSK1, OCIE1A);
Enabel Global Timer interrupt sei(); // CS12=2, CS11=0, CS10=1
Alle registre og register-bit har navne som compileren kender, og den kender deres værdier. Derfor
kan man fx skrive bitSet(TCCR1B, CS12); For definerede værdier: se
setBit(TCCR1B, WGM12); sætter et bit der vælger Timer Compare mode. Sættes denne ikke, er
der default valgt overflow mode.
WGM står for Waveform Generation Bit Mode ?

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God dok: http://www.eng.utah.edu/~cs5789/2010/slides/Interruptsx2.pdf
*1 Se datablad: http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc8161.pdf
Timerne kan arbejde i et større antal modes, derfor skal man vælge: CTC Mode ( Counter-Timer-
Compare ?? )
Notice how the setups between the three timers differ slightly in the line which turns on CTC mode:
setBit(TCCR0A, WGM01); //for timer0

setBit(TCCR1B, WGM12); //for timer1
setBit(TCCR2A, WGM21); //for timer2
This follows directly from the datasheet of the ATMEL 328/168 Kilde # .1
| bitwise OR
Bitmanipulation sker med disse instruktioner: & bitwise AND
~ bitwise NOT
Fra side om C-bitmanipulation. Se : ^ bitwise EXLUSIVE OR (XOR)
http://tom-itx.dyndns.org:81/~webpage/avr/c_bits/bits_index.php << bit LEFT SHIFT
>> bit RIGHT SHIFT
Ved man hvilke bit der skal sættes i et register, kan man gøre det med en af
følgende muligheder:
TCCR1A = 0b10101010;
TCCR1A = 0; // sæt hele TCCR1A register til 0
TCCR1B = 0;
TCCR1B = 0x03;
TCCR2A = B01000011; // her kendes hvilke bits, der skal sættes.
TCCR2B = B00001001;
TCCR2B |= 7; //Clock select. Internal, prescale 1024~64us
bitSet(TCCR1A, WGM01);
TCCR0A = _BV(WGM01); // Mode = CTC
TCCR0B = _BV(CS02) | _BV(CS00); // _BV er en function, der ???
Timer Mode select:
1
Fra: (http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Timer-Interrupts/step2/Structuring-Timer-Interrupts/ )
Datablad: http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc8161.pdf

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Waveform Generation Mode Bit setup:
Timerne kan tillige indstilles til at hav af

forskellige funktioner. Det styres af ”
Waveform generation bits” også i reg.
TCCR1A og TCCR1B.
Det eneste bit der har interesse her er

WGM12, som vælger CTC mode.
http://www.atmel.com/images/atmel-8271-8-bit-avr-microcontroller-atmega48a-48pa-88a-88pa-168a-168pa-328-328p_datasheet_complete.pdf
Interrupt subrutiner
Her er vist, hvordan man skriver en interrupt-subrutine, en Interrupt Service Rutine.
Eks:
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) // Compare match

{
seconds++;
if (seconds == 10)
{
seconds = 0;
readMySensor();
}
}
ISR(TIMER1_OVF_vect) // Overflow interrupt service routine

{

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TCNT1 = timer1_counter; // preload timer med værdi, fx med 23445
digitalWrite(ledPin, digitalRead(ledPin) ^ 1);

}
void loop()
{
// your program here...
}
Timer Overflow eksempler:
Timer overflow means the timer has reached is limit value. When a timer overflow interrupt occurs,
the timer overflow bit TOVx will be set in the interrupt flag register TIFRx. When the timer
overflow interrupt enable bit TOIEx in the interrupt mask register TIMSKx is set, the timer
overflow interrupt service routine ISR(TIMERx_OVF_vect) will be called.
I denne mode presettes timerne til en startværdi, - og overflow udløser så et interrupt.
Der kan også tilsluttes en ekstern klock-frekvens. Dvs. man kan tælle eksterne pulser.
Men de fleste gange bliver den interne oscillator-frekvens brugt.
/*
* Arduino 101: timer and interrupts
* Timer1 overflow interrupt example
* more infos: http://www.letmakerobots.com/node/28278
* created by RobotFreak
*/
#define ledPin 13
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize timer1
noInterrupts(); // disable all interrupts
TCCR1A = 0;
TCCR1B = 0;
TCNT1 = 34286; // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/2Hz

setBit(TCCR1B, CS12); // 256 prescaler
setBit(TIMSK1, TOIE1); // enable timer overflow interrupt

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interrupts(); // enable all interrupts

}
ISR(TIMER1_OVF_vect) // interrupt service routine that wraps a user defined

function supplied by attachInterrupt
{
TCNT1 = 34286; // preload timer
}
void loop()
{
}
// Se: http://www.hobbytronics.co.uk/arduino-timer-interrupts
#define ledPin 13
int timer1_counter;
void setup()
{
TCCR1A = 0;
TCCR1B = 0;
// Set timer1_counter to the correct value for our interrupt interval

//timer1_counter = 64886; // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/100Hz
//timer1_counter = 64286; // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/50Hz
timer1_counter = 34286; // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/2Hz
TCNT1 = timer1_counter; // preload timer

}
ISR(TIMER1_OVF_vect) // interrupt service routine

{
TCNT1 = timer1_counter; // preload timer
}
void loop()
{

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}
/*
Eksempel på Interrupt ved timer overflow.
Testet!!
Valle / 8/11-2013
*/
#define ledPin 13
int timer1_startvalue;
int sekund = 0;
int minut = 0;
volatile boolean flag = 0;
//boolean flag = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
while (!Serial) {
; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for Leonardo only
}
TCCR1A = 0;
TCCR1B = 0;
// Set timer1_startvalue to the correct value for our interrupt interval

//timer1_startvalue = 64886; // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/100Hz
timer1_startvalue = 3036; // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/1Hz
TCNT1 = timer1_startvalue; // preload timer

setBit(TIMSK1, TOIE1); // enable timer1 overflow interrupt
}
ISR(TIMER1_OVF_vect) // interrupt service routine

{
TCNT1 = timer1_startvalue; // gen-load timer1
sekund++;
flag = HIGH;
if (sekund > 59) {
sekund = 0;
minut++;

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}
}
void loop()
{
while(flag==LOW) { // Wait til change !!
}
Serial.print(minut);
Serial.print(':');
if(sekund<10) Serial.print('0');
Serial.println(sekund);
flag=0;
// delay(1000);
}
// Se: http://www.hobbytronics.co.uk/arduino-timer-interrupts
Output Compare Match eksempler:
When a output compare match interrupt occurs, the OCFxy flag will be set in the interrupt flag
register TIFRx . When the output compare interrupt enable bit OCIExy in the interrupt mask
register TIMSKx is set, the output compare match interrupt service ISR(TIMERx_COMPy_vect)
routine will be called.
Timerne kan udløse et interrupt hver gang, en timer når op til samme værdi, som er gemt i et timer-
match register, - eller hvis de når deres max count-værdi, og giver overflow.
Når en timer når et match,- bliver det resat på det næste klockpuls – og fortsætter så opad igen fra 0
til næste match.
Ved at vælge Compare match værdien, - og vælge klock-frekvensen ( 16 MHz ) sammen med en
frekvensdeler, en prescaler, kan man kontrollere interruptfrekvensen.
Timeren sætter ved overflow en overflow bit som evt. kan tjekkes manuelt af programmet.
ISR-en ( Interrupt Service Routine resetter overflowbit.
/* Arduino 101: timer and interrupts

Timer1 compare match interrupt example
more infos: http://www.letmakerobots.com/node/28278
created by RobotFreak
*/
#define ledPin 13
void setup()

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{
TCCR1A = 0;
TCCR1B = 0;
TCNT1 = 0;
OCR1A = 31250; // compare match register 16MHz/256/2Hz

setBit(TCCR1B, WGM12); // CTC mode
setBit(TIMSK1, OCIE1A); // enable timer compare interrupt
}
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) // timer compare interrupt service routine

{
digitalWrite(ledPin, digitalRead(ledPin) ^ 1); // toggle LED pin
}
void loop()
{
}
// Arduino timer CTC interrupt example
#define LEDPIN 2
void setup()
{
pinMode(LEDPIN, OUTPUT);
// initialize Timer1
cli(); // disable global interrupts
TCCR1A = 0; // set entire TCCR1A register to 0
TCCR1B = 0; // same for TCCR1B
OCR1A = 15624; // set compare match register to desired timer count:
setBit(TCCR1B, WGM12); // turn on CTC mode:
setBit(TCCR1B, CS10); // Set CS10 and CS12 bits for 1024 prescaler:
setBit(TCCR1B, CS12);
setBit(TIMSK1, OCIE1A); // enable timer compare interrupt:
sei(); // enable global interrupts:
}

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void loop()
{
// do some crazy stuff while my LED keeps blinking
}
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect)
{
digitalWrite(LEDPIN, !digitalRead(LEDPIN));
}
Eksempel på, at tælle antal interrupts, for at få noget til at foregå langsommere!
{
seconds++;
if (seconds == 10)
{
seconds = 0;
readMySensor();
}
}
void setup()
{
//Use timer 5, output A (pin 44) ( Ikke for Uno )
TCCR5A = 0;
TCCR5B = 0;
TCNT5 = 0;
OCR5A = 833; // compare match register 16MHz/256/75Hz ~75.03Hz

setBit(TCCR5B, WGM12); // CTC mode
setBit(TIMSK5, OCIE5A); // enable timer compare interrupt mask
}
void loop()
{
ISR(TIMER5_COMPA_vect) // timer compare ISR

{

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Serial.print(" et eller andet"); //print RTI fire time

}
// Denne interrupt kaldes ved 1kHz

// http://petemills.blogspot.dk/2011/05/real-time-clock-part-1.html
{
static uint16_t milliseconds = 0; // mS value for timekeeping 1000mS/1S
static uint16_t clock_cal_counter = 0; // counting up the milliseconds to MS_ADJ
const uint16_t MS_ADJ = 35088; // F_CPU / (F_CPU * PPM_ERROR)
const uint16_t MS_IN_SEC = 1000; // 1000mS/1S
milliseconds++;
clock_cal_counter++;
if( milliseconds >= MS_IN_SEC )

{
milliseconds = 0;
ss++; // increment seconds
toggle_led(); // toggle led
if( ss > 59 )
{
mm++; // increment minutes
ss = 0; // reset seconds
}
if( mm > 59 )
{
hh++; // increment hours
mm = 0; // reset minutes
}
if( hh > 23 )
{
// increment day
hh = 0; // reset hours
}
}
// milliseconds must be less than 999 to avoid missing an adjustment.

// eg if milliseconds were to be 999 and we increment it here to 1000
// the next ISR call will make it 1001 and reset to zero just as if it
// would for 1000 and the adjustment would be effectively canceled out.

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if( ( clock_cal_counter >= MS_ADJ ) && ( milliseconds < MS_IN_SEC - 1 ) )

{
milliseconds++;
// it may be that clock_cal_counter is > than MS_ADJ in which case

// I want to count the tick towards the next adjustment
// should always be 1 or 0
clock_cal_counter = clock_cal_counter - MS_ADJ;

}
What are "volatile" variables?
Variables shared between ISR functions and normal functions should be declared "volatile". This
tells the compiler that such variables might change at any time, and thus the compiler must reload
the variable whenever you reference it, rather than relying upon a copy it might have in a processor
register.
For example:
volatile boolean flag;
// Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)

void isr ()
{
flag = true;
} // end of isr
void setup ()
{
attachInterrupt (0, isr, CHANGE); // attach interrupt handler
} // end of setup
void loop ()
{
if (flag)
{
// interrupt has occurred
}
} // end of loop

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Flere noter:
(Note that there are two other OCR (OCR1B and OCR1C not used in this example. However they
may be used independent of OCR1A to generate another frequency or other Timer Counter
Functions.
When that value is reached the output toggles provided that the corresponding output pin is set to
output mode. )
Der er flere måder, hvorpå man kan få udløst et interrupt på tid:
Kode til at sætte værdier i kontrolregistre:
I flere Kode-eksempler er der vist en metode til at indstille registre-bits til interrupt-styring ved at
skifte en kode til venstre.
Fx:
TCCR1B |= (1 << CS12); // 256 prescaler , skift et ‘1’-tal så mange pladser til
venstre, som værdien af CS12. |= betyder Bitwise or.)
Det kan fx bruges, hvis man ikke kender placeringen af bittene i timer kontrol-registrene. Men det
kræver til gengæld, at man ved, at bit CSn2 skal sættes.
I eksemplet skiftes et 1-tal til venstre et antal gange, angivet af værdien af CS12. Compileren
kender denne værdi!
Prædefinerede værdier, som compileren kender: #define CS00 0

#define CS01 1
De er defineret i en include-fil: #define CS02 2
#define TOIE1 0
Se: http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep567/10wi/lectures/Lecture7.pdf
Ved man hvilke bit der skal sættes i et register, kan man gøre det med en af følgende muligheder:
TCCR1A = 0b10101010;
TCCR1A = 0; // sæt hele TCCR1A register til 0

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TCCR1B = 0;
TCCR1B = 0x03;
TCCR2A = B01000011; // her kendes hvilke bits, der skal sættes.
TCCR2B = B00001001;
TCCR0A = _BV(WGM01); // Mode = CTC

TCCR0B = _BV(CS02) | _BV(CS00); // _BV er en function, der ???
/* _BV(x) er en funktion, der skifter et 1-tal x pladser til venstre.

Det betyder, at fx _BV(6) returnerer 0b01000000
*/
| bit OR
Bitmanipulation sker med disse instruktioner: & bit AND
~ bit NOT
^ bit EXLUSIVE OR (XOR)
<< bit LEFT SHIFT
>> bit RIGHT SHIFT
Fra side om C-bitmanipulation: http://tom-itx.dyndns.org:81/~webpage/avr/c_bits/bits_index.php
Interrupt subrutine:
En interrupt service rutine definers som følgende:

ISR(Timerx_ COMPA_VECT) {
Do something
}
Eksempel:
Arduino timer compare match interrupts:
Eksempler på opsætning af Prescaler:
void setup(){
cli(); //stop interrupts
//set timer0 interrupt at 2kHz

TCNT0 = 0; //initialize counter value to 0

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OCR0A = 124; // set compare match register for 2khz

// increments
// = (16*10^6) / (2000*64) - 1 (must be <256)
setBit(TCCR0A, WGM01); // turn on CTC mode
setBit(TCCR0B, CS00); // Set CS01 and CS00 bits for 64 presc.
//set timer1 interrupt at 1Hz

OCR1A = 15624; // set compare match register for 1hz
// increments
// = (16*10^6) / (1*1024) - 1 (must be <65536)
setBit(TCCR1B, WGM12); // turn on CTC mode

setBit(TCCR1B, CS10); // Set CS10 og CS12 bits for 1024 presc.

OCR2A = 249; // set compare match register for 8khz
// increments
// = (16*10^6) / (8000*8) - 1 (must be <256)
setBit(TCCR2A, WGM21); // turn on CTC mode

setBit(TCCR2B, CS21); // Set CS21 bit for 8 prescaler
sei(); //allow interrupts
} //end setup
ISR(TIMER0_COMPA_vect){ //change the 0 to 1 for timer1 and 2 for timer2
//interrupt commands here

}
http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Timer-Interrupts/
Interrupts(); noInterrupts();

12/11-2015
Eksempel på beskyttelse af tidskritisk kode
volatile unsigned int count;
/* Det er altid tilrådeligt, at erklære variable, der optræder både i en ISR

og i et loop for globale ( Volatile )
Det får compileren til altid at placere variablene i RAM
*/
ISR (TIMER1_OVF_vect)
{
TCNT1 = 34286; // preload timer
count++;
} // end of TIMER1_OVF_vect
void setup ()
{
pinMode (13, OUTPUT);

TCCR1A = 0;
TCCR1B = 0;
TCNT1 = 34286; // preload timer 65536-16MHz/256/2Hz
} // end of setup
void loop ()
{
noInterrupts (); // ; Beskyt loop-koden: = cli();
if (count > 4){
digitalWrite(13, digitalRead(13) ^ 1); // Flip pin
count = 0;
}
interrupts (); // Enable interrupt igen = sei();
// end of loop
}
Oversigtstegninger og animationer over timer-opbygning i ATMEGA processoren.

12/11-2015
Der findes også andre

skitser over hvordan
interrupt-strukturen sættes
op.
Bemærk, at PWM1x vist

nu hedder WGM1x
http://www.kner.at/home/40.avr/_architektur/ztcpwm.html

12/11-2015
Her er animeret en compare

match.
http://www.kner.at/home/40.avr/_architektur/ztcbint.html

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Og en overflow match.
http://www.kner.at/home/40.avr/_architektur/ztcbint.html
Resten er endnu ikke helt gennemarbejdet, kan betragtes som Bonus Info
TIMSK1. This is the Timer/Counter1 Interrupt Mask Register. Setting the TOIE1 bit tells the timer to
trigger an interrupt when the timer overflows.
TIMSK and TIFR
The Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK) and Timer Interrupt Flag (TIFR) Register are used to control which interrupts
are "valid" by setting their bits in TIMSK and to determine which interrupts are currently pending (TIFR).

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Bit 7 Bit 0
TOIE1 OCIE1A --- --- TICIE1 --- TOIE0 ---
TOIE1: Timer Overflow Interrupt Enable (Timer 1); If this bit is set and if global interrupts are enabled, the micro will jump
to the Timer Overflow 1 interrupt vector upon Timer 1 Overflow.
OCIE1A: Output Compare Interrupt Enable 1 A; If set and if global Interrupts are enabled, the micro will jump to the
Output Compare A Interrupt vetor upon compare match.
TICIE1: Timer 1 Input Capture Interrupt Enable; If set and if global Interrupts are enabled, the micro will jump to the Input
Capture Interrupt vector upon an Input Capture event.
TOIE0: Timer Overflow Interrupt Enable (Timer 0); Same as TOIE1, but for the 8-bit Timer 0.
TCCR1A = 0x00;
// COM1A1=0, COM1A0=0 => Disconnect Pin OC1 from Timer/Counter 1 --
PWM11=0,PWM10=0 => PWM Operation disabled, ICNC1=0 => Capture Noise Canceler
disabled -- ICES1=0 => Input Capture Edge Select (not used) -- CTC1=0 => Clear
Timer/Counter 1 on Compare/Match, CS12=0 CS11=1 CS10=1 => Set prescaler to
clock/64
TCCR1B = 0x03;
// 16MHz clock with prescaler means TCNT1 increments every 4uS,
ICIE1=0 => Timer/Counter 1, Input Capture Interrupt Enable -- OCIE1A=0 => Output
Compare A Match Interrupt Enable -- OCIE1B=0 => Output Compare B Match Interrupt
Enable
TOIE1=0 => Timer 1 Overflow Interrupt Enable
TCCR3A register
COM3A1 COM3A0 COM3B1 COM3B0 COM3C1 COM3C0 WGM11 WGM10
TCCR3B register
ICNC3 ICES3 – WGM13 WGM12 CS12 CS11 CS10

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based on the AT90S2313.
16 bit timere er
lidt mere
complex.

12/11-2015
Timer overflow og interrupt udløses :
Output Compare Mode
The Output Compare mode is used to

perform repeated timing. The value in
TCNT1 (which is counting up if not
stopped by the prescaler select bits) is
permanently compared to the value in
OCR1A. When these values are equal to
each other, the Output Compare Interrupt
Flag (OCF in TIFR) is set and an ISR can
be called. By setting the CTC1 bit in
TCCR1B, the timer can be automatically
cleared upon compare match.

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http://www.nunoalves.com/classes/spring_2012_cpe355/cpe355-02-b.pdf
http://www.gammon.com.au/forum/?id=11488
http://www.protostack.com/blog/2010/09/timer-interrupts-on-an-atmega168/
Gode oversigter over register!
Example- the following sketch sets up and executes 3 timer interrupts:
//timer interrupts
//by Amanda Ghassaei
//June 2012
//http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Timer-Interrupts/
/*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
*/
//timer setup for timer0, timer1, and timer2.

//For arduino uno or any board with ATMEL 328/168.. diecimila, duemilanove,
lilypad, nano, mini...
//this code will enable all three arduino timer interrupts.

//timer0 will interrupt at 2kHz
//timer1 will interrupt at 1Hz
//timer2 will interrupt at 8kHz
//storage variables
boolean toggle0 = 0;
void setup(){
pinMode(8, OUTPUT); //set pins as outputs

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
cli(); //stop interrupts

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// set compare match register for 2khz
// increments
OCR0A = 124; // = (16*10^6) / (2000*64) - 1 (must be <256)
TCCR0A |= (1 << WGM01); // turn on CTC mode
TCCR0B |= (1 << CS01) | (1 << CS00); // Set CS01 and CS00 bits for 64
// prescaler
TIMSK0 |= (1 << OCIE0A); // enable timer compare interrupt
//set timer1 interrupt at 1Hz

// set compare match register for 1hz
// increments
OCR1A = 15624; // = (16*10^6) / (1*1024) - 1 (must be <65536)
TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM12); // turn on CTC mode
TCCR1B |= (1 << CS12) | (1 << CS10); // Set CS12 and CS10 bits for 1024
//prescaler

// set compare match register for 8khz
// increments
OCR2A = 249; // = (16*10^6) / (8000*8) - 1 (must be <256)
TCCR2A |= (1 << WGM21); // turn on CTC mode
TCCR2B |= (1 << CS21); // Set CS21 bit for 8 prescaler
sei();//allow interrupts
}//end setup
ISR(TIMER0_COMPA_vect){ //timer0 interrupt 2kHz toggles pin 8

//generates pulse wave of frequency 2kHz/2 =
//1kHz (takes two cycles for full wave- toggle
// high then toggle low)
if (toggle0){
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
toggle0 = 0;
}
else{
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
toggle0 = 1;
}
}
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect){ //timer1 interrupt 1Hz toggles pin 13 (LED)

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//generates pulse wave of frequency 1Hz/2 =

//0.5kHz (takes two cycles for full wave-
//toggle high then toggle low)
if (toggle1){
toggle1 = 0;
}
else{
toggle1 = 1;
}
}
ISR(TIMER2_COMPA_vect){ //timer1 interrupt 8kHz toggles pin 9

//generates pulse wave of frequency 8kHz/2 =
//4kHz (takes two cycles for full wave- toggle
// high then toggle low)
if (toggle2){
toggle2 = 0;
}
else{
toggle2 = 1;
}
}
void loop(){
//do other things here
}
The images above show the outputs from these timer interrupts. Fig 1 shows a square wave oscillating
between 0 and 5V at 1kHz (timer0 interrupt), fig 2 shows the LED attached to pin 13 turning on for one
second then turning off for one second (timer1 interrupt), fig 3 shows a pulse wave oscillating between
0 and 5V at a frequency of 4khz (timer2 interrupt).
Bike Speedometer
In this example I made an arduino bike speedometer. It works by attaching a magnet to the wheel and
measuring the amount of time it takes to pass by a magnetic switch mounted on the frame- the time for
one complete rotation of the wheel.
I set timer 1 to interrupt every ms (frequency of 1kHz) to measure the magnetic switch. If the magnet is
passing by the switch, the signal from the switch is high and the variable "time" gets set to zero. If the
magnet is not near the switch "time" gets incremented by 1. This way "time" is actually just a
measurement of the amount of time in milliseconds that has passed since the magnet last passed by
the magnetic switch. This info is used later in the code to calculate rpm and mph of the bike.
Here's the bit of code that sets up timer1 for 1kHz interrupts
Here's the complete code if you want to take a look:
//bike speedometer
//by Amanda Ghassaei 2012

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/*
*
*/
//sample calculations
//tire radius ~ 13.5 inches
//circumference = pi*2*r =~85 inches
//max speed of 35mph =~ 616inches/second
//max rps =~7.25
#define reed A0//pin connected to read switch
//storage variables
float radius = 13.5;// tire radius (in inches)- CHANGE THIS FOR YOUR OWN BIKE
int reedVal;
long time = 0;// time between one full rotation (in ms)
float mph = 0.00;
float circumference;
boolean backlight;
int maxReedCounter = 100;//min time (in ms) of one rotation (for debouncing)
int reedCounter;
void setup(){
reedCounter = maxReedCounter;
circumference = 2*3.14*radius;
pinMode(1,OUTPUT);//tx
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);//backlight switch
pinMode(reed,INPUT);//redd switch
checkBacklight();
Serial.write(12);//clear
// TIMER SETUP- the timer interrupt allows preceise timed measurements of the reed
switch
//for mor info about configuration of arduino timers see
http://arduino.cc/playground/Code/Timer1
cli();//stop interrupts

TCCR1A = 0;// set entire TCCR1A register to 0
TCCR1B = 0;// same for TCCR1B
TCNT1 = 0;//initialize counter value to 0;
// set timer count for 1khz increments
OCR1A = 1999;// = (16*10^6) / (1000*8) - 1
// turn on CTC mode
TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM12);
// Set CS11 bit for 8 prescaler
TCCR1B |= (1 << CS11);
// enable timer compare interrupt
TIMSK1 |= (1 << OCIE1A);
//END TIMER SETUP

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Serial.begin(9600);
}
void checkBacklight(){
backlight = digitalRead(2);
if (backlight){
Serial.write(17);//turn backlight on
}
else{
Serial.write(18);//turn backlight off
}
}
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) {//Interrupt at freq of 1kHz to measure reed switch

reedVal = digitalRead(reed);//get val of A0
if (reedVal){//if reed switch is closed
if (reedCounter == 0){//min time between pulses has passed
mph = (56.8*float(circumference))/float(time);//calculate miles per hour
time = 0;//reset timer
reedCounter = maxReedCounter;//reset reedCounter
}
else{
if (reedCounter > 0){//don't let reedCounter go negative
reedCounter -= 1;//decrement reedCounter
}
}
}
else{//if reed switch is open
if (reedCounter > 0){//don't let reedCounter go negative
reedCounter -= 1;//decrement reedCounter
}
}
if (time > 2000){
mph = 0;//if no new pulses from reed switch- tire is still, set mph to 0
}
else{
time += 1;//increment timer
}
}
void displayMPH(){
Serial.write(12);//clear
Serial.write("Speed =");
Serial.write(13);//start a new line
Serial.print(mph);
Serial.write(" MPH ");
//Serial.write("0.00 MPH ");
}
void loop(){
//print mph once a second
displayMPH();
delay(1000);
checkBacklight();
}
For this project, I used timer2 interrupts to periodically check if there was any incoming serial data, read
it, and store it in the matrix "ledData[]". If you take a look at the code you will see that the main loop of

12/11-2015
the sketch is what is actually responsible for using the info in ledData to light up the correct LEDs and
checking on the status of the buttons (a function called "shift()"). The interrupt routine is as short as
possible- just checking for incoming bytes and storing them appropriately.
Here is the setup for timer2:
//set timer2 interrupt every 128us
TCNT2 = 0;//initialize counter value to 0
// set compare match register for 7.8khz increments
OCR2A = 255;// = (16*10^6) / (7812.5*8) - 1 (must be <256)
// turn on CTC mode
TCCR2A |= (1 << WGM21);
TCCR2B |= (1 << CS21);
Here's the complete Arduino sketch:
//BUTTON TEST w/ 74HC595 and 74HC165 and serial communication

//by Amanda Ghassaei
//June 2012
/*
*
*/
//this firmware will send data back and forth with the maxmsp patch "beat slicer"
//pin connections
#define ledLatchPin A1
#define ledClockPin A0
#define ledDataPin A2
#define buttonLatchPin 9
#define buttonClockPin 10
#define buttonDataPin A3
//looping variables
byte i;
byte j;
byte k;
byte ledByte;
//storage for led states, 4 bytes

byte ledData[] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
//storage for buttons, 4 bytes
byte buttonCurrent[] = {0,0,0,0};
byte buttonLast[] = {0,0,0,0};
byte buttonEvent[] = {0,0,0,0};
byte buttonState[] = {0,0,0,0};
//button debounce counter- 16 bytes
byte buttonDebounceCounter[4][4];

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void setup() {
DDRC = 0xF7;//set A0-2 and A4-5 output, A3 input
DDRB = 0xFF;//digital pins 8-13 output
Serial.begin(57600);
//set timer2 interrupt every 128us

TCNT2 = 0;//initialize counter value to 0
// set compare match register for 7.8khz increments
OCR2A = 255;// = (16*10^6) / (7812.5*8) - 1 (must be <256)
// turn on CTC mode
TCCR2A |= (1 << WGM21);
TCCR2B |= (1 << CS21);
// buttonCheck - checks the state of a given button.

//this buttoncheck function is largely copied from the monome 40h firmware by brian
crabtree and joe lake
void buttonCheck(byte row, byte index)
{
if (((buttonCurrent[row] ^ buttonLast[row]) & (1 << index)) && // if the current
physical button state is different from the
((buttonCurrent[row] ^ buttonState[row]) & (1 << index))) { // last physical button
state AND the current debounced state
if (buttonCurrent[row] & (1 << index)) { // if the current

physical button state is depressed
buttonEvent[row] = 1 << index; // queue up a new button event
immediately
buttonState[row] |= (1 << index); // and set the debounced
state to down.
}
else{
buttonDebounceCounter[row][index] = 12;
} // otherwise the button was previously depressed and now
// has been released so we set our debounce counter.
}
else if (((buttonCurrent[row] ^ buttonLast[row]) & (1 << index)) == 0 && // if the
current physical button state is the same as
(buttonCurrent[row] ^ buttonState[row]) & (1 << index)) { // the last physical
button state but the current physical
// button state is different from the current debounce
// state...
if (buttonDebounceCounter[row][index] > 0 && --buttonDebounceCounter[row][index] ==
0) { // if the the debounce counter has
// been decremented to 0 (meaning the
// the button has been up for
// kButtonUpDefaultDebounceCount
// iterations///
buttonEvent[row] = 1 << index; // queue up a button state change event
if (buttonCurrent[row] & (1 << index)){ // and toggle the buttons

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debounce state.
buttonState[row] |= (1 << index);
}
else{
buttonState[row] &= ~(1 << index);
}
}
}
}
void shift(){
for (i=0;i<4;i++){
buttonLast[i] = buttonCurrent[i];
byte dataToSend = (1 << (i+4)) | (15 & ~ledData[i]);
// set latch pin low so the LEDs don't change while sending in bits
digitalWrite(ledLatchPin, LOW);
// shift out the bits of dataToSend
shiftOut(ledDataPin, ledClockPin, LSBFIRST, dataToSend);
//set latch pin high so the LEDs will receive new data
digitalWrite(ledLatchPin, HIGH);
//once one row has been set high, receive data from buttons
//set latch pin high
digitalWrite(buttonLatchPin, HIGH);
//shift in data
buttonCurrent[i] = shiftIn(buttonDataPin, buttonClockPin, LSBFIRST) >> 3;
//latchpin low
digitalWrite(buttonLatchPin, LOW);
for (k=0;k<4;k++){
buttonCheck(i,k);
if (buttonEvent[i]<<k){
if (buttonState[i]&1<<k){
Serial.write(((3-k)<<3)+(i<<1)+1);
}
else{
Serial.write(((3-k)<<3)+(i<<1)+0);
}
buttonEvent[i] &= ~(1<<k);
}
}
}
}
ISR(TIMER2_COMPA_vect) {
do{
if (Serial.available()){
ledByte = Serial.read();//000xxyys
boolean ledstate = ledByte & 1;
byte ledy = (ledByte >> 1) & 3;
byte ledx = (ledByte >> 3) & 3;
if (ledstate){
ledData[ledy] |= 8 >> ledx;
}
else{
ledData[ledy] &= ~ (8 >> ledx);
}
}//end if serial available
}//end do

12/11-2015
while (Serial.available() > 8);

}
void loop() {
shift();//updates leds and receives data from buttons
}
One last thing to note- certain timer setups will actually disable some of the Arduino library
functions. Timer0 is used by the functions millis() and delay(), if you manually set up timer0, these
functions will not work correctly.
Additionally, all three timers underwrite the function analogWrite(). Manually setting up a timer will stop
analogWrite() from working.
If there is some portion of your code that you don't want interrupted, considering using cli() and sei() to
globally disable and enable interrupts.
You can read more about this on the Arduino website.

12/11-2015
Stopwatch http://playground.arduino.cc/Code/Stopwatch
A sketch that demonstrates how to do two (or more) things at once by using millis().
/* StopWatch
* Paul Badger 2008
* Demonstrates using millis(), pullup resistors,
* making two things happen at once, printing fractions
*
* Physical setup: momentary switch connected to pin 4, other side
connected to ground
* LED with series resistor between pin 13 and ground
*/
#define ledPin 13 // LED connected to digital pin 13

#define buttonPin 4 // button on pin 4
int value = LOW; // previous value of the LED

int buttonState; // variable to store button state
int lastButtonState; // variable to store last button
state
int blinking; // condition for blinking - timer is
timing
long interval = 100; // blink interval - change to suit
long previousMillis = 0; // variable to store last time LED
was updated
long startTime ; // start time for stop watch
long elapsedTime ; // elapsed time for stop watch
int fractional; // variable used to store fractional
part of time
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin as output
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // not really necessary, pins default

to INPUT anyway
digitalWrite(buttonPin, HIGH); // turn on pullup resistors. Wire
button so that press shorts pin to ground.
void loop()
{
// check for button press
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); // read the
button state and store

12/11-2015
if (buttonState == LOW && lastButtonState == HIGH && blinking== fals

e){ // check for a high to low transition
// if true then found a new button press while clock is not running
- start the clock
startTime = millis(); // store

the start time
blinking = true; // turn on
blinking while timing
delay(5); // short
delay to debounce switch
lastButtonState = buttonState; // store
buttonState in lastButtonState, to compare next time
else if (buttonState == LOW && lastButtonState == HIGH &&blinking == t

rue){ // check for a high to low transition
// if true then found a new button press while clock is running -
stop the clock and report
elapsedTime = millis() - startTime; // store

elapsed time
blinking = false; // turn off
blinking, all done timing
// routine to report elapsed time

Serial.print( (int)(elapsedTime / 1000L)); // divide by
1000 to convert to seconds - then cast to an int to print
Serial.print("."); // print decimal

point
// use modulo operator to get fractional part of time

fractional = (int)(elapsedTime % 1000L);
// pad in leading zeros - wouldn't it be nice if

// Arduino language had a flag for this? :)
if (fractional == 0)
Serial.print("000"); // add three zero's
else if (fractional < 10) // if fractional < 10 the 0 is
ignored giving a wrong time, so add the zeros
Serial.print("00"); // add two zeros
else if (fractional < 100)
Serial.print("0"); // add one zero
Serial.println(fractional); // print fractional part of time
else{

12/11-2015

}
// blink routine - blink the LED while timing

// check to see if it's time to blink the LED; that is, the difference
// between the current time and last time we blinked the LED is larger
than
// the interval at which we want to blink the LED.
if ( (millis() - previousMillis > interval) ) {
if (blinking == true){
previousMillis = millis(); // remember
the last time we blinked the LED
// if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa.

if (value == LOW)
value = HIGH;
else
value = LOW;
digitalWrite(ledPin, value);
}
else{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn off
LED when not blinking
}
}
Brug af milis: cykelcomputer: Interrupt Triggers hver puls fra føler:
To calculate the circumference – use the formula:
circumference = 2πr
where r is the radius of the circle. Now that you have the wheel circumference, this value can be considered as our
‘fixed distance’, and therefore the speed can be calculated by measuring the elapsed time between of a full
rotation.
Your sensor – once fitted – should act in the same method as a normally-open button that is pushed every
rotation. Our sketch will measure the time elapsed between every pulse from the sensor. To do this, our example
will have the sensor output connected to digital pin 2 – as it will trigger an interrupt to calculate the speed.
(Interrupts? See chapter three). The sketch will otherwise be displaying the speed on a normal I2C-interface

12/11-2015
LCD module. The I2C interface is suggested as this requires only 4 wires from the Arduino board to the LCD –
the less wires the better.
Example 37.3
/*
Example 37.3 – Basic speedometer using millis();
http://tronixstuff.wordpress.com/tutorials > chapter 37
John Boxall | CC by-sa-nc
*/
#include "Wire.h" // for I2C bus LCD

#include "LiquidCrystal_I2C.h" // for I2C bus LCD module - http://bit.ly/m7K5wt
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); // set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16
chars and 2 line display
float start, finished;

float elapsed, time;
float circMetric=1.2; // wheel circumference relative to sensor position (in
meters)
float circImperial; // using 1 kilometer = 0.621371192 miles
float speedk, speedm; // holds calculated speed vales in metric and imperial
void setup()
{
attachInterrupt(0, speedCalc, RISING); // interrupt called when sensors sends
digital 2 high (every wheel rotation)
start=millis();
// setup LCD
lcd.init(); // initialize the lcd
lcd.backlight(); // turn on LCD backlight
lcd.clear();
lcd.println(" Wear a helmet! ");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
Serial.begin(115200);
circImperial=circMetric*.62137; // convert metric to imperial for MPH
calculations
}
void speedCalc()
{
elapsed=millis()-start;
start=millis();
speedk=(3600*circMetric)/elapsed; // km/h
speedm=(3600*circImperial)/elapsed; // Miles per hour
}
void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(int(speedk));
lcd.print(" km/h ");
lcd.print(int(speedm));

12/11-2015
lcd.print(" MPH ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(int(elapsed));
lcd.print(" ms/rev ");
delay(1000); // adjust for personal preference to minimise flicker
}
There isn’t that much going on – every time the wheel completes one revolution the signal from the sensor will go
from low to high – triggering an interrupt which calls the function speedCalc(). This takes a reading of millis() and
then calculates the difference between the current reading and the previous reading – this value becomes the time
to cover the distance (which is the circumference of the wheel relative to the sensor – stored in
float circMetric=1.2;
and is measured in metres). It finally calculates the speed in km/h and MPH. Between interrupts the sketch
displays the updated speed data on the LCD as well as the raw time value for each revolution for curiosity’s sake.
In real life I don’t think anyone would mount an LCD on a bicycle, perhaps an LED display would be more relevant.
In the meanwhile, you can see how this example works in the following short video clip. Instead of a bike wheel
and reed switch/magnet combination, I have connected the square-wave output from a function generator to the
interrupt pin to simulate the pulses from the sensor, so you can get an idea of how it works:
http://letsmakerobots.com/node/28278
1 Reset
2 External Interrupt Request 0 (pin D2) (INT0_vect)
3 External Interrupt Request 1 (pin D3) (INT1_vect)
4 Pin Change Interrupt Request 0 (pins D8 to D13) (PCINT0_vect)
5 Pin Change Interrupt Request 1 (pins A0 to A5) (PCINT1_vect)
6 Pin Change Interrupt Request 2 (pins D0 to D7) (PCINT2_vect)
7 Watchdog Time-out Interrupt (WDT_vect)
8 Timer/Counter2 Compare Match A (TIMER2_COMPA_vect)
9 Timer/Counter2 Compare Match B (TIMER2_COMPB_vect)
10 Timer/Counter2 Overflow (TIMER2_OVF_vect)
11 Timer/Counter1 Capture Event (TIMER1_CAPT_vect)
18 SPI Serial Transfer Complete (SPI_STC_vect)
19 USART Rx Complete (USART_RX_vect)
20 USART, Data Register Empty (USART_UDRE_vect)
21 USART, Tx Complete (USART_TX_vect)

12/11-2015
22 ADC Conversion Complete (ADC_vect)

23 EEPROM Ready (EE_READY_vect)
24 Analog Comparator (ANALOG_COMP_vect)
25 2-wire Serial Interface (I2C) (TWI_vect)
26 Store Program Memory Ready (SPM_READY_vect)
Fra: http://www.gammon.com.au/forum/?id=11488
God og stor samling Tutorials: http://tronixstuff.com/tutorials/
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
int ledPin = 8;
volatile int compAval = 10;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
sei(); //Enable interrupts
TCCR2A |= 3; //Fast PWM mode 3.
TCCR2A |= (3 << 6); //fire INT on Compare match
TCNT2 = 0; //initialize Timer2 to 0
OCR2A = compAval; //Set compare A value
TIMSK2 |= (1 << 1); //Enable CompA interrupt
TIMSK2 |= 1; //Enable OVF interrupt
}
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
ISR(TIMER2_OVF_vect)
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
compAval = compAval + 4;
if(compAval > 254)
compAval = 10;
OCR2A = compAval;
}
void loop()
{
//Serial.println(TCNT2, DEC);
}

12/11-2015
TCCR1B:
Bit 7 Bit 0
ICNC1 ICES1 --- --- CTC1 CS12 CS11 CS10

12/11-2015
ICNC1: Input Capture Noise Canceler; If set, the Noise Canceler on the ICP pin is activated. It will trigger the input
capture after 4 equal samples. The edge to be triggered on is selected by the ICES1 bit.
ICES1: Input Capture Edge Select;
When cleared, the contents of TCNT1 are transferred to ICR (Input Capture Register) on the falling edge of the ICP pin.
If set, the contents of TCNT1 are transferred on the rising edge of the ICP pin.
CTC1: Clear Timer/Counter 1 on Compare Match; If set, the TCNT1 register is cleared on compare match. Use this bit
to create repeated Interrupts after a certain time, e.g. to handle button debouncing or other frequently occuring events.
Timer 1 is also used in normal mode, remember to clear this bit when leaving compare match mode if it was set.
Otherwise the timer will never overflow and the timing is corrupted.
http://www.let-elektronik.dk/tutorials
en samling links til Jeremy Bloms videos:
Se: http://harperjiangnew.blogspot.dk/2013/05/arduino-using-atmegas-internal.html
http://tom-itx.dyndns.org:81/~webpage/abcminiuser/articles/avr_timers_index.php
CTC mode: http://maxembedded.com/2011/06/28/avr-timers-timer1/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRJUdf5TTQQ
http://www.uchobby.com/index.php/2007/11/24/arduino-interrupts/
http://www.protostack.com/blog/2010/09/timer-interrupts-on-an-atmega168/
http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Timer-Interrupts/step2/Structuring-Timer-Interrupts/
http://arduino-info.wikispaces.com/Timers-Arduino
Links:
God side om timere:

https://sites.google.com/site/qeewiki/books/avr-guide/timer-on-the-atmega8
Se eksempel på Cykel-computer:
http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Bike-Speedometer/?ALLSTEPS
http://letsmakerobots.com/node/28278

12/11-2015
God og stor samling Tutorials:

http://tronixstuff.com/tutorials/
http://www.let-elektronik.dk/tutorials
en samling links til Jeremy Bloms videos:
http://harperjiangnew.blogspot.dk/2013/05/arduino-using-atmegas-internal.html
http://tom-itx.dyndns.org:81/~webpage/abcminiuser/articles/avr_timers_index.php
CTC mode: http://maxembedded.com/2011/06/28/avr-timers-timer1/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRJUdf5TTQQ
Link til datablad:

Arduino Timer Interrupts PDF

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 Arduino interrupts Version

Her er en forklaring til timer-interrupt, + en masse eksempler:

Arduino Timer Interrupts.

Et Interrupt er en programstump, der udløses af en hændelse og kører asynkront, ikke i et loop.

Interrupts udløses – og udføres et vilkårligt sted i et kørende program – og uafhængig heraf.

/ Valle Thorø Side 1 af 50

Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)

Der findes to generelt forskellige interrupts: Pinudløste, - og timer/counter udløste interrupts.

Kilder til afsnittet:

/ Valle Thorø Side 2 af 50

Der kan vælges rising, falling edge, eller pinchange.

Et eksempel, ” the Arduino Way”:

void blink1(){ // Interrupt service routine

void blink2(){ // Interrupt service routine

detachInterrupt(0); // stopper interrupt !

Arduino-funktionerne attachInterrupt() og detachInterrupt() bruges kun til pin-udløste interrupts.

De SFR´s der bruges hertil er:

/ Valle Thorø Side 3 af 50

I External Interrupt Control Register

Eks: EICRA = 0b00000011 ;

I External Interrupt Mask Register

Og når et INTF flag bliver høj,

Her forsøgt vist grafisk – og med eksempler på at sætte bit:

Extern Interrupt setup

/ Valle Thorø, Juni 2014

/ Valle Thorø Side 4 af 50

Men det er muligt, at få flere pins til at udføre interrupts. Se

int pbIn = 0; // Interrupt 0 is on DIGITAL PIN 2!

/ Valle Thorø Side 5 af 50

//Simulate a long running process or complex task

/ Valle Thorø Side 6 af 50

En Timer/Counter kan arbejde på to forskellige måder, når en tid skal udmåles.

Counter Overflow Counter Compare Match

Timerens startværdi indstilles, og når timeren Counteren starter på 00 00h

Arduino Uno har 3 timere indbygget, timer0, timer1 og timer2.

AT Mega 2560 har yderligere timer 3, 4 og 5, som er 16 bit

/ Valle Thorø Side 7 af 50

Hver counter ” har sin egen prescaler ”.

Prescaleren styres af nogle

CSn0, CSn1 og CSn2, hvor

CS står for Clock Select bit.

/ Valle Thorø Side 8 af 50

Forklaring af formlen Skal forbedres!

Udregningen sker som flg:

(timer speed (Hz)) = (Arduino clock speed (16MHz)) / prescaler

( + 1 fordi det tager 1 clock cycle at resette.

Ligningen løst for Compare match register, CMR:

Timer 1 giver overflow ved FFFFh + 1 = 65536d.

Frekvensen på krystallet er 16 MHz. Dvs. på 0,1 sek. kommer 1.600.000 pulser.

Der skal mindst deles med ( 1.600.000 / 65.536 ) = ca. 24,8

Prescaleren kan indstilles til 1, 8, 64, 256, 1024.

derfor kommer på 1/10 sekund 1.600.000/64 = 25.000 pulser.

Vælges overflow mode, må tællerens startværdi indstilles til:

/ Valle Thorø Side 9 af 50

Clock select and timer frequency

1. CPU frequency 16Mhz for Arduino

Eksempel på opsætning til 1 HZ interrupt:

Interrupt every second (frequency of 1Hz):

Control registrere til counterne mm.

Hver timer har et antal registre tilknyttet.

Består af 2 x 8 bit registre !!

Hjælp til valg af prescaler til

Prescaler kan vælges til 1, 8,