Classification of microprocessors:

According to the number of instructions they can process

According to the clock speed, and according to the number of bits used per
instruction.

Systems using MPs have 3 parts:

CPU, I/o interface (for comms with the outside world) and memory (to hold
prog instructions and data)
Microprocessors which have memory units and various input output
arrangements on the same chip are called microcontrollers.
Bus – path along which digital signals move from one section to another –
physically, they are a number of parallel conductors along which electrical
signals can be carried and are paths that can be shared by all the chips on the
system.
Using shared connection buses – when one chip puts data, other chips have to
wait
3 forms of buses:
Data bus – The data that is associated with the processing function of the cpu
is carried by the data bus. They are used to transport a word to and from the
cpu and memory or input output interfaces. Each wire in the bus carries a
binary signal 0 or 1, hence a 4 fire bus can carry for example a word like 1010,
each bit being carried by separate wire.
0 LSB
1
0
1 MSB

Address bus : Address bus carries signals which indicate where data is to be
found, and so selection of memory locations or input/output ports. Each
storage location will have its own identification, termed its address so that
system is able to select a particular item or data in the memory. Each input and
output interface also has an address. When a particular address is selected by
placing its address on the address bus, only that location is open to comms
with the cpu. CPU – comms with 1 loc at a time.

Control bus – signals relating to control action are carried by the control bus.
Example, MP informs a memory device whether they should read from I or
write to the O. They also carry clock signals – to synchronize the actions. Clock
produces pulses at regular intervals.

ALU – Arithmetic and logic unit – perform data manipulations

Registers – internal data that the cpu is currently using is temporarily stored in
a group of registers while the instructions are being executed. These are mem
locs in a microprocessors that are used to store data related to program
execution.
Control unit – timing and sequence of ops
Types of registers:
Common types of registers:
1) Accumulator registers – register where the data for an input to ALU is
stored. Data to be operated on by the ALU and the results also to be
stored temporarily
2) Flag register – contains info relating to the latest process carried out by
the ALU. Contains individual bits with each bit having special
significance. The bits are called flags. Status of op indicated by flag, each
flag being set or rest to indicate the status.
3) Program counter register – Allows the cpu to keep track of its pos in the
prog. Contains address of the mem loc, that contains next prog to be
exec. Incremented each time for sequential execution of programs.
4) Memory Address register – MAR – contains address of the data
5) Instruction register –
6) General purpose register
7) Stack pointer
Memory –
ROM – Data stored permanently,