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UNIT I

Introduction to Industrial
waste
INDUSTRY
• 1. The production side of business activity is referred as
industry.
• 2. It is a business activity, which is related to the
raising, producing, processing or manufacturing of
products.
• 3. The products are consumer's goods as well as
producer's goods.
• 4. Consumer goods are goods, which are used finally by
consumers. E.g. Food grains, textiles, cosmetics, VCR,
etc.
• 5. Producer's goods are the goods used by
manufacturers for producing some other goods. E.g.
Machinery, tools, equipment’s, etc.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
• Industrial waste is the waste produced by
industrial activity which includes any material
that is rendered useless during a
manufacturing process such as that
of factories, industries, mills, and mining
operations.
QUATERNARY INDUSTRY
1. Involve the use of high tech industries.
2. People who work for these companies are
often highly qualified within their field of work.
3. Research and development companies are the
most common types of businesses in this sector.
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
1. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, humans were able to
advance further into the 21st century.
2. Technology developed rapidly, science became advanced and the
manufacturing age came into view.
3. With all of these came one more effect, industrial pollution.
4. Earlier, industries were small factories that produced smoke as the
main pollutant.
5. Since the number of factories were limited and worked only a certain
number of hours a day, the levels of pollution did not grow significantly.
6. But when these factories became full scale industries and
manufacturing units, the issue of industrial pollution started to take on
more importance.
7. Any form of pollution that can trace its immediate source to industrial
practices is known as industrial pollution.
8. Industrial pollution takes on many faces.
9. It contaminates many sources of drinking water, releases unwanted
toxins into the air and reduces the quality of soil all over the world.
Causes of Industrial Pollution
• 1. Lack of Policies to Control Pollution: Lack of
effective policies and poor enforcement drive allowed
many industries to bypass laws made by pollution
control board which resulted in mass scale pollution
that affected lives of many people.
• 2. Unplanned Industrial Growth: In most industrial
townships, unplanned growth took place wherein
those companies flouted rules and norms and polluted
the environment with both air and water pollution.
• 3. Use of Outdated Technologies: Most industries still
rely on old technologies to produce products that
generate large amount of waste. To avoid high cost and
expenditure, many companies still make use of
traditional technologies to produce high end products.
• 4. Presence of Large Number of Small Scale
Industries: Many small scale industries and
factories that don’t have enough capital and rely
on government grants to run their day-to-day
businesses often escape environment regulations
and release large amount of toxic gases in the
atmosphere.

• 5.Inefficient Waste Disposal: Water pollution and


soil pollution are often caused directly due to
inefficiency in disposal of waste. Long term
exposure to polluted air and water causes chronic
health problems, making the issue of industrial
pollution into a severe one. It also lowers the air
quality in surrounding areas which causes many
respiratory disorders.
• 6. Leaching of Resources From Our Natural
World: Industries do require large amount of
raw material to make them into finished
products. This requires extraction of minerals
from beneath the earth. The extracted
minerals can cause soil pollution when spilled
on the earth. Leaks from vessels can cause oil
spills that may prove harmful for marine life.
Effects of Industrial Pollution
• 1. Water Pollution: The effects of industrial pollution
are far reaching and liable to affect the eco-system for
many years to come. Most industries require large
amounts of water for their work. When involved in a
series of processes, the water comes into contact with
heavy metals, harmful chemicals, radioactive waste
and even organic sludge.
• These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers. As
a result, many of our water sources have high amount
of industrial waste in them which seriously impacts the
health of our eco-system. The same water is then used
by farmers for irrigation purpose which affects the
quality of food that is produced.
• 2. Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is creating problems in
agriculture and destroying local vegetation. It also causes
chronic health issues to the people that come in contact
with such soil on a daily basis.
• 3. Air Pollution: Air pollution has led to a steep increase in
various illnesses and it continues to affect us on a daily
basis. With so many small, mid and large scale industries
coming up, air pollution has taken toll on the health of the
people and the environment.
• 4. Wildlife Extinction: By and large, the issue of industrial
pollution shows us that it causes natural rhythms and
patterns to fail, meaning that the wildlife is getting affected
in a severe manner. Habitats are being lost, species are
becoming extinct and it is harder for the environment to
recover from each natural disaster. Major
industrial accidents like oil spills, fires, leak of radioactive
material and damage to property are harder to clean-up as
they have a higher impact in a shorter span of time.
• 5. Global Warming: With the rise in industrial
pollution, global warming has been increasing at
a steady pace. Smoke and greenhouse gases are
being released by industries into the air which
causes increase in global warming. Melting of
glaciers, extinction of polar beers, floods,
tsunamis, hurricanes are few of the effects of
global warming.
TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE
1. Solid waste from the mining industry
2. Industrial solid waste from the metallurgy
industry - slag from the metallurgy procedure and
processing of metals and non-metals.
3. Solid waste from power industry - includes coal
fly ash, coal slag, flue ash from power plants
4. Solid waste from chemical industry – includes
semi-finished products, waste additives, impurity in
raw materials etc.
5. Solid waste from oil chemical industry - include
oil mud, tar shale, waste catalysts, etc.
6. Solid waste from light industry – includes sludge,
animal residue, waste acid, waste alkali, etc.
7. Other industrial solid waste – mainly include
metal doors from mechanical processing, planting
sludge, construction wastes, and slag from other
industries.
SOLID WASTE
INDUSTRY WASTE PRODUCED TYPES OF POLLUTION

Caustic Soda Mercury, Chlorine gas Air, water and land

Cement dust, smoke Particulate matter Air

Distillery Organic waste Land and water

Fertilizer Ammonia, cyanide, Air and water


oxides of nitrogen, Air and
water oxides of Sulphur

Dye Inorganic waste pigment Land and water

Iron and steel Smoke, gases, coal dust, fly Air, water and land
ash, fluorine
Effects of Industrial Pollution
On human health
1. It causes irritation of eye, nose, throat respiratory
tracts, etc.
2. It increases mortality rate and morbidity rate.
3. A variety of particulates mainly pollens, initiate
asthmatic attacks.
4. Chronic pulmonary diseases like bronchitis and asthma
are aggravated by high concentration of SO2, NO2,
particulate matter and photo-chemical smog.
5. Certain heavy metals like lead may enter the body
through lungs and cause poisoning.
On animal health
1. In case of animals, the pollutants enter in two steps.
2. Accumulations of the airborne contaminants in the vegetation
forage and prey animals.
3. Subsequent poisoning of the animals when they eat the
contaminated food.
4. In case of animals, three pollutants namely fluorine, arsenic and
lead are responsible for most livestock damage.

On plants
1. Industrial pollution has been shown to have serious adverse effects
on plants.
2. In some cases, it is found that vegetation over 150 Km. away from
the source of pollutants have been found to be affected.
3. The major pollutants affecting plants are SO2, O3, MO, NO2, NH3,
HCN, Ethylene, Herbicides, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl nitrate) etc.
4. In the presence of pollutants, the healthy plants suffer from
neurosis, chlorosis, abscission, epinasty etc.
Control of Industrial Pollution
Control at Source:
1. It involves suitable alterations in the choice of raw materials and process in treatment of exhaust gases
before finally discharged.
2. Increasing stock height up to 38 meters in order to ensure proper mixing of the discharged pollutants.

Selection of Industry Site


1. The industrial site should be properly examined considering the climatic and topographical
characteristics before setting of the industry.

Treatment of Industrial Waste


1. The industrial wastes should be subjected to proper treatment before their discharge.

Plantation
Intensive plantation in the region considerably reduces the dust, smoke and other pollutants.

Stringent Government Action:


Government should take stringent action against industries which discharge higher amount of pollutants
into the environment than the level prescribed by Pollution Control Board.
POPULATION EQUIVALENT
Population Equivalent
• Population equivalent or unit per capita loading, (PE),
in waste-water treatment is the number expressing
the ratio of the sum of the pollution load produced
during 24 hours by industrial facilities and services to
the individual pollution load in household sewage
produced by one person in the same time.
• Population equivalent is a parameter used in the
conversion of contribution of wastes from industrial
establishments for accepting into sanitary sewer
systems. The strength of industrial sewage is, thus,
written as
• Std. BOD5(industrial) = (Std. BOD5 of domestic sewage
per person per day) x (population equivalent)
• The average BOD5 for domestic sewage is taken as
0.08 kg/person/day. If BOD5 for industrial sewage is
worked out to be 300 kg/day.
• Then Population equivalent will be worked out to be:
Std. BOD5(industrial)
• Population equivalent=
Std. BOD5(domestic)

300 kg/day
• = 𝑘𝑔
0.08𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑎𝑦

• = 3750
NUMERICAL
Question: The average sewage flow from a city
is 80MLD. If average BOD5 is 285 mg/l.
Compute the total 5 day oxygen demand in kg
and population equivalent of sewage. Assume
per capita BOD of sewage per day as 75g.
• Solution:
Given flow of sewage = 80 MLD = 80x10^6 l/day
Average BOD5 = 285 mg/l
Total 5 day oxygen demand = 22800 kg
22800
= Population equivalent =
0.075
= 3,04,000
What is Bioassay studies
• Determination of the strength or biological
activity of a substance, such as a drug, by
comparing its effects with those of a standard
preparation on a test organism.
• Potency or concentration of an active principle
in unit quantity of preparation by measuring
its biological response on living tissues
• A test used to determine such strength or
activity
Principles of bioassay
• To compare the test substance with the
International Standard preparation of the same
• To find out how much test substance is required
to produce the same biological effect, as
produced by the standard
• Activity assayed should be the activity of interest
• Standard & test sample - similar pharmacological
effects & mode of action
• Both should be compared for their established
pharmacological effect using specified technique
• Problem of biological variation must be
minimized
– Experimental conditions - kept constant
– Animals - same species, sex and weight
– Number of animals - large enough to minimize
error (individual variation)
– Isolated preparations - sensitive
Characteristics of a good assay
method
• Sensitivity
• Specificity
• Repeatability
• Reproducibility
• Precision
• Accuracy
• Stability – tissue has to stay “bioassay-fit
Bioassay can be performed on
Types of Bioassay
Quantal assay
• Quantal response - the response is in the form of "all or
none", i.e. either no response or maximum response
• Drugs producing quantal effect can be bio assayed by
end point method
• The threshold dose producing a predetermined effect
is measured
• Comparison between the results of standard and the
test
• E.g: Bioassay of digitalis in cats, Insulin induced
• hypoglycemic convulsions in rat
Graded assay
• Graded response - response is proportional to the
dose and response may lie between no response
and the maximum response.
• Types:
• Bracketing /direct matching
• Interpolation
• Multiple point assays
– Three point assay
– Four point assay
– Six point assay
• Cumulative dose response
Bracketing or Direct Matching
• A constant dose of the standard is bracketed by varying
dose of test sample
• until an exact matching between the response of std & that
of the sample is achieved
• Strength of unknown/test drug can be found by simple
interpolation of bracketed response.
• ADVANTAGES
– Simple & Faster
– Amount of test drug available is small
– Does not involve complicated calculations
– Does not depend on DRC
• Disadvantages
– less accurate, time consuming, troublesome
– cannot get exact match of response
– quantitative difference b/w test & std not obtained
Interpolation assay
• A log dose-response curve is plotted with the standard
on a simple graph paper or Semi-log paper
• The concentration of the test is then read from the
graph
• Advantages
– Sensitivity of tissue is 1st determined by prior plotting of a
conc-response curve with known agonist
– Dose can be plotted even if it varies over thousand fold
range
– Error is normally distributed
• Disadvantages
– Sensitivity of tissue changes with time
– Timing of doses not taken into account
– Variation in mode of application of drugs
Multiple point assays
• Responses are repeated several times and the
mean of each is taken
• Chances of error are minimized
– 3 point method - 2 doses of std+1 dose of test
– 4 point method - 2 doses of std+2 doses of test
– 6 point method - 3 doses of std+3 doses of test
• Latin square method of randomization to
avoid any bias
Uses of Bioassay
• to measure the pharmacological activity of new/
chemically undefined substances
• to investigate the function of endogenous
mediators
• to measure drug toxicity and unwanted effects
• to measure the conc of drugs and other active
substances in the blood or other body fluids
• Determination of potency, ED50/LD50 of drugs
• New drug development
• Measure clinical effectiveness
Drawbacks
• Biological variation
• Troublesome
• Time consuming
• Expensive
• Less accurate than physico-chemical methods
Approach of bio-assay
1. A broad range of bio tests for the evaluation of water and wastewater
quality is available.
2. An important goal of this project was to identify appropriate bioassays
sensitive enough to detect the effects of micro pollutants.
3. The selection of eco toxicological test systems was based on preliminary
studies conducted before the first pilot study by measuring specific cellular
effects, as well as integrative tests with whole organisms group on
ecotoxicology.
4. Bioassays were selected based on one or more of the following selection
criteria.
– Test sensitivity is Standardized test methods are available.
– Consideration of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, macrophytes,
invertebrates, vertebrates)
5. Application of different types of sample processing and test systems:
– Assessment of enriched wastewater samples
– High enough to detect contaminant effects in treated wastewater in the
preliminary studies
– Assessment of wastewater samples without sample enrichment
– Effect measurements with organisms in flow-through systems (channels,
microcosms)
Performance Analysis of Advanced
Wastewater Treatment
Toxicity Parameters
1. Biological parameters measured in bioassays, such as mortality, number of
offspring, cell number, weight, and cellular receptor activity, are commonly
referred to as ‘endpoints’.
2. The term ‘toxicity parameter’ refers to effect values, which are calculated
using statistical or mathematical methods.
3. The calculation is done by regression analysis and gives, additionally to the
respective derived toxicity parameter, a confidence interval
4. NOEC The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) is the highest tested
concentration that does not yet because a statistically significant effect
compared to the control.
5. LOEC The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) is the lowest tested
concentration that elicits a statistically significant effect compared to the
control.
6. TEQ The toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) is defined as the
concentration of a reference substance, which would have the same effect as
the environmental sample.
CONCLUSION
• Successful tool in estimation & discovery of
biologically active substances
• Sensitivity & Specificity – important tool in
pharmacology
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS
• India is the first country that has integrated the
protection and improvement of the environment
in its constitution.
• There are no specific environmental laws for
textile industry sector alone.
• Industry specific standards, which the textile
industry is required to comply with while setting
up or operating an industrial unit.
• The regulatory authorities are
– Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
– Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at central level
– State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) at state level.
– Enforcement is done by SPCBs.
Indian Environmental Legislation
Tolerance limits for industrial
effluents
Air Pollution legislation
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, as amended
by Amendment Act, 1987
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982
• This law defined an air pollutant as any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may
be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures
or plants or property or environment.
• This Act requires approval prior to operating any industrial plant.
• Government may suggest “control equipment” prior to giving its
consent to any industry for its operation. It may include chimney
etc.
• In case there is any new technology for emission control, then the
Board may insist on this to being installed. Standards specific to
industries have been specified.
Penalty
• Penalties are minimum of six months imprisonment to
a maximum of seven years and fine up to Rs. 5,000 for
every day during which violation continues after
conviction
• This law makes it clear that when offences are
committed by a company, its director, manager,
secretary or other officers could be held guilty and
punished accordingly.
• As the industries are running on age-old processes,
outdated technology, fuel, coal as their source of
energy where there are no proper installations for
measurement and treatment of emissions like SO2,
oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate, etc it
becomes harder and impossible to fulfill the norms of
the legislative standards.
Noise Pollution
• The legislation under this includes the newly
established:
– Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
– Increasing noise levels in public places from various
sources,
– industrial activity, construction activity, generator sets,
other mechanical devices have deleterious effects on
human health and the psychological well being of the
people,
• The GoI has considered necessary to regulate and
control noise producing and generating sources with
the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality
standards in respect of noise.
Noise Pollution
• The state government may categorize the areas into
– industrial,
– commercial,
– residential or
– silence areas/zones
– for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for
different areas.
• The state government shall take measures to control
noise including noise emanating from vehicular
movements and ensure that the specified noise levels
do not exceed the prescribed units
Norms for noise pollution

• Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100


metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The
silence zones are declared as such by the competent authority.
Ozone Depletion
• The legislation refers to the: Ozone Depletion Substances
(Regulation) Rules, 2000
• Ozone (O3) is a form of oxygen in the atmosphere about 20
kms above the earth’s surface that efficiently screens out
almost all the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
• This radiation has the potential to cause skin cancer, eye
damage; suppress body’s immune system; decrease crop
yield; cause damage to forests and affect ocean life.
• In accordance with the National Strategy for Ozone depletion
substances (ODS) phase out the GoI - MoEF, have framed
comprehensive draft rules, covering various aspects of
– production,
– sale,
– consumption,
– Export and
– import of ODS.
Important provisions of the proposed
draft ODS rules
• ODS continue to be used in developing countries in
refrigeration and air-conditioning, preparation of foam
and spray products, fire extinguishing, and as solvents
in electronics and other industries.
• Provisions:
– Compulsory to register with MoEF
– Restriction on production levels
– Ban on creating new capacity or expansion of capacity
– Export restricted to countries who are signatory to
Montreal Protocol
– Quantity produced in excess of maximum allowable
consumption for the respective years, if any, to be for
export purposes only.
Environment Protection Act
• Act and rules related to environment protection
– • The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
– • The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986
• Environment includes “water, air, land and the
inter-relationship which exists between “water,
air and land, and human beings, other living
creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property.”
• It also defined a hazardous substance as “any
substance which is liable to cause harm to human
beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-
organisms, property or the environment.”
Penalty
• penalty for violation of the act may be
punishable by imprisonment up to seven years
or fine up to Rs 100.000
• Additional fine of up to Rs 5,000 for every day
of violation.
Hazardous Substance/Waste
• Legislation related to hazardous waste: Hazardous Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
• Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemical
Rules, 1989
• Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling)
Amendment Rules, 2000 – Draft Notification
• Manufacture, Storage, transport and Import of Hazardous
• Chemical Amendment Rules, 2000 – Draft Notification
• Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
• Public Liability Insurance Rules,1991
• Proper handling, transport, storage and disposal of
hazardous waste is probably the most important aspect of
any industry. For this reason, guidelines have been issued
under this set of rules.

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