JMRTEC-266; No.

of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

www.jmrt.com.br

Original Article

Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium

hydroxide: kinetics modeling

Seyed Mahyar Seyed Ghasemi, Asghar Azizi ∗

Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, 3619995161 Shahrood, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study was performed in two phases of work. In the first stage, alkaline leaching of
Received 17 October 2016 lead and zinc from an Iranian low-grade oxide ore was examined and the influence of the
Accepted 7 March 2017 operating variables including stirring speed, leaching temperature, NaOH concentration and
Available online xxx liquid to solid ratio was determined experimentally. The optimum condition was found to be
NaOH concentration of 4 M, liquid to solid ratio of 20 ml/g, temperature of 80 ◦ C and a stirring
Keywords: speed of 500 rpm for lead and 400 rpm for zinc, in the range of investigated parameters.
Alkaline leaching Under these conditions, the highest recovery of lead and zinc was obtained to be 72.15
Kinetics modeling and 85.52%, respectively. In the second stage, the dissolution kinetics of lead and zinc was
Shrinking core models evaluated by the shrinking core models. The finding reveals that diffusion through the fluid
Low-grade ore film was the leaching kinetics rate controlling step of lead and zinc. The activation energy
Recovery was found to be 13.6 kJ/mol for lead and 13.92 kJ/mol for zinc. Equations representing the
leaching kinetics of lead and zinc were achieved to be 1 − (1 − x)2/3 = 0.7272 × e(−13.6/(8.314×T)) × t
and 1 − (1 − x)2/3 = 0.9686 × e(−13.92/(8.314×T)) × t, respectively.
© 2017 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials
and Mining Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

were carried out to develop the hydrometallurgical method

1. Introduction
The increasing demand for metals and metallic compounds in
the world has required intensive studies for the extraction of
metals from ores. Lead and zinc are important metals which
are mostly extracted from sulfide ores. Lead and zinc resources
have been continuously exploited and the high-grade ores
have gradually become depleted, and low-grade oxide ores
have been developed as important sources. Leaching pro-
cess is the first step of hydrometallurgical methods which
are used for extraction of metals [1]. Many research efforts
for increasing the recovery rate of lead and zinc. Inorganic
acids have been commonly used as leach reagent in these
studies [1–4]. In addition to this, organic acids have also been
applied as leach reagents in recent years [5–8]. Additionally,
much attention has been focused on the alkaline treatment of
low-grade zinc oxide ores [9–14]. Meanwhile, there are many
other reports that the different reagents have been used in
the leaching of zinc-based research as discussed by Abkhoshk
et al. [15]. Moreover, some research studies have also been
conducted the treatment of lead ores by various leaching
agents especially on the recovery and dissolution kinetics of

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mails: azizi.asghar22@yahoo.com, aazizi@shahroodut.ac.ir (A. Azizi).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
2238-7854/© 2017 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
JMRTEC-266; No. of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
2 j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx
lead from oxidized resources and other lead-bearing renew-
able resources [16–20]. These efforts demonstrate that during
the leaching process, sulfuric acid leaching is the most viable.
Organic acids are attractive due to the ease of biodegrada-
tion and can be used at mildly acidic conditions (pH 3–5).
Alkaline leaching acts generally more selective. In addition,
it is considered to be cost-effective, simple and easy to be
operated and managed to extract zinc from oxidized zinc
ores or wastes, for the impurities such as Fe, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni,
etc. it can hardly be leached out in alkaline media and its
lower electricity consumption in electrowinning process com-
pared with acidic electrowinning [9–11]. Hence, this study was
focused on alkaline leaching of lead and zinc from a low-
grade ore. In this study, the dissolution kinetics is examined
according to the shrinking core models and the best kinetics
model is chosen to describe the leaching process of lead and
zinc.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
The required ore samples were obtained from the Irankuh
district (Goshfil mine tailings), which is located about 20 km
southwest of the city of Isfahan in Iran. The samples were
crushed and then ground to less than 150 ␮m. The phases of
sample were characterized by XRD, which the main phases of
lead and zinc identified from the XRD pattern included smith-
sonite (ZnCO3 ) and cerussite (PbCO3 ). The main chemical
composition of samples was characterized by X-ray fluores-
cence. The results showed that the sample contained 5.91%
ZnO and 5.32% PbO [21].
2.2. Experimental procedure
The dissolution process was carried out in a beaker of 500 ml,
which heated a hot plate, equipped with a digital controlled
magnetic stirrer and a thermometer for temperature control. A
series of sodium hydroxide solution with concentration from
0.5 to 4 M were prepared as leaching agent and put into the
beaker. According to the desired liquid to solid (L/S) ratio, 3 g
of solid was added into the sodium hydroxide solution. Then
solutions were mixed using a magnetic stirrer with a certain
speed at the required temperature. When the dissolution pro-
cess finished, the sample was filtered and the liquid phase was
analyzed with AAS for the content of lead and zinc. The leach-
ing rate of Pb and Zn was calculated according to the following
formula:
CM × V
R= × 100
C0 × M
where R is the leaching recovery percentage of metal (Pb or
Zn); CM (g/L) is the concentration of metal ion (Pb or Zn) in
the leach liquor; V (L) is the leach liquor volume; C0 (%) is the
metals content of Pb and Zn in oxide ore sample and M (g) is
the mass of the Pb and Zn oxide ore.
Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effect of sodium hydroxide concentration
The alkaline concentration plays a very important role in the
metals leaching process. To investigate the influence of NaOH
concentration on the leaching rate of lead and zinc, the exper-
iments were carried out in the leaching solutions containing
different NaOH concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 M) at tempera-
ture of 70 ◦ C, stirring speed of 500 rpm and L/S ratio of 20 ml/g,
which the results are plotted in Fig. 1. When sodium hydroxide
concentration increased from 0.5 M to 4.0 M, the percentage
of leached Zn increased significantly from 24.12% to 80.92%,
while the percentage of leached Pb increased from 23.55%
to 64.01%. In fact, when the concentration of NaOH solution
reaches 4 M, the hydroxyl ions are enough due to the further
formation of Zn(OH)4 2− and Pb(OH)4 2− (Eqs. (2) and (3)) and
therefore the leaching rate could be over 80.92% for zinc and
64.01% for lead.
PbCO3 + 4OH− = Pb(OH)4 2− + CO3 2− (2)
ZnCO3 + 4OH− → Zn(OH)4 2− + CO3 2− (3)
3.2. Effect of liquid to solid (L/S) ratio
The phase ratio of liquid to solid is another important factor
to influence the contact chance of hydroxyl ions with lead and
zinc oxides. These experiments were carried out in 4 M NaOH
solution for 90 min at 70 ◦ C with stirring of 500 rpm. The exper-
imental data for different L/S ratios ranging from 10 to 25 ml/g
are illustrated in Fig. 2. As observed, the recovery of lead and
zinc enhanced with increasing L/S ratio from 10 to 20 ml/g.
However, further increase the L/S ratio to 25 ml/g, the leach-
ing rate is reduced. Thus, L/S ratio of 20 is found to be optimal.
According to Rao et al. [22], a higher L/S ratio is expected to
reduce the viscosity of the slurry by facilitating better mix-
ing, contributing to the reduction in diffusional mass transfer
resistance. This phenomenon also can be understood from the
mass transportation equilibrium between ZnO and PbO and
the coordination ions Zn(OH)4 2− and Pb(OH)4 2− in the leaching
solution.
3.3. Effect of stirring speed
The effect of stirring speed on the dissolution performance of
lead and zinc samples was evaluated by regulating the stirring
speed to 200, 300, 400 and 500 rpm at 70 ◦ C, NaOH concentra-
tion of 4 M, and L/S ratio of 20 ml/g. Fig. 3 demonstrates that the
(1) stirring speed has an appreciable effect on the dissolution of
lead and zinc. It can be seen that, after 90 min of dissolution,
the leaching fraction of lead increases from 53.65 to 80.92%
when the stirring speed increased from 200 to 500 rpm. It is
also observed that, the stirring speed of 400 rpm is beneficial
for the extraction of zinc to bring mineral particles into ade-
quate contact with NaOH solution. According to Zhang et al.
JMRTEC-266; No. of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx 3

100 100
0.5 M 0.5 M
90 1M 90 1M
2M 2M
80 4M 80 4M
Pb recovery (%)

Zn recovery (%)
70 70

60 60

50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min) Leaching time (min)

Fig. 1 – Effect of NaOH concentration on the leaching recovery of lead and zinc at temperature of 70 ◦ C, L/S ratio of 20 ml/g
and stirring speed of 500 rpm.

[14], increasing the stirring speed promotes reactants diffu-
sion from bulk solution to mineral surface and improves the
leaching rate.
3.4. Effect of temperature
In order to investigate the effect of temperature on the disso-
lution of low-grade lead and zinc oxide ore, temperature was
varied from 50 ◦ C to 80 ◦ C and experiments were performed
at NaOH concentration of 4 M and L/S ratio of 20 ml/g with
stirring speed of 500 rpm for lead and 400 rpm for zinc. The
variation in the leaching ratio with various temperatures is
shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen that, with increasing the tem-
perature from 50 ◦ C to 80 ◦ C, the leached zinc increases from
49.28% to 72.15% after 90 min. It is also observed that the zinc
leaching rate by NaOH is only 60.32% at 50 ◦ C, but quickly
enhances to 85.52% when the temperature is increased to
80 ◦ C. According to Rao et al. [22], with enhancing the leaching
temperature, the energy available for atomic and molecu-
lar collisions increases. In addition, mass transfer coefficient,
reaction constant and diffusivity are all improved with the
development of temperature. Thus, it can be found that a high
enough temperature is necessary to activate the reagent and
accelerate the reaction of hydroxyl ions with lead and zinc
oxides in the alkaline leaching.
3.5. Kinetic modeling
Leaching kinetics plays an important role in the extraction of
metals and compounds in an economical way. According to
Wang et al. [23], it can be concluded that the leaching process
in NaOH solution involves: (i) transport of NaOH from the bulk
solution to the particle surface, (ii) diffusion of NaOH through
the solid residual layer from the particle surface to the surface

100 100
L/S = 10 ml/g L/S = 10 ml/g
90 L/S = 15 ml/g 90 L/S = 15 ml/g
80 L/S = 20 ml/g 80 L/S = 20 ml/g
Pb recovery (%)

Zn recovery (%)

L/S = 25 ml/g L/S = 25 ml/g

70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40

30 30
20 20
10 10

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min) Leaching time (min)

Fig. 2 – Effect of L/S ratio on the leaching recovery of lead and zinc at temperature of 70 ◦ C, NaOH concentration of 4 M and
stirring speed of 500 rpm.

Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
JMRTEC-266; No. of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4 j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

100 100
200 rpm 200 rpm
90 300 rpm 90 300 rpm
80 400 rpm 80 400 rpm
Pb recovery (%)

Zn recovery (%)
500 rpm 500 rpm
70 70
60 60

50 50
40 40

30 30

20 20
10 10

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min) Leaching time (min)

Fig. 3 – Effect of stirring speed on the leaching recovery of lead and zinc at temperature of 70 ◦ C, NaOH concentration of 4 M
and L/S ratio of 20 ml/g.

of unreacted core, (iii) reaction between NaOH and low-grade
oxide ore on the surface of the unreacted core (Eqs. (2) and
(3)), (iv) diffusion of the resultants through the solid residual
layer from the reaction interface to the particle surface, and
(v) transport of the resultants from the particle surface to the
bulk solution. The reactions occurring during the leaching pro-
cess are typically heterogeneous [24] and the relevant kinetics
follows the shrinking core model which was described by Lid-
dell in detail [25]. The following expressions can be used to
describe the leaching process kinetics [3,26]:
For diffusion control through the fluid film :
2/3
1 − (1 − x) =k×t
For solid product diffusion control :
2/3
1 − 3(1 − x) + 2(1 − x) = k × t
For surface chemical reaction control :
1/3
1 − (1 − x) =k×t (6)
where x is the fractional conversion of lead and zinc, t is
the reaction time (min) and k is the apparent rate constant
(min−1 ). The overall rate of dissolution is controlled by the
slowest of these sequential steps.
Values of Eqs. (4)–(6) versus the reaction time were plotted
to determine the kinetic parameters and leaching rate control-
ling step, which the results are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Leaching
experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 50
to 80 ◦ C in steps of 10 ◦ C at NaOH concentration of 4 M and L/S
(4)
ratio of 20 ml/g with a stirring speed of 400 rpm for zinc and
500 rpm for lead.
From the slopes of the straight lines the apparent rate
constants, k, were evaluated, which the rate constants calcu-
(5) lated and their correlation coefficients are given in Figs. 5 and 6

100 100
50 °C 50 °C
90 60 °C 90 60 °C
80 70 °C 80 70 °C
80 °C 80 °C
Pb recovery (%)

Zn recovery (%)

70 70
60 60

50 50
40 40

30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min) Leaching time (min)

Fig. 4 – Effect of temperature on the leaching recovery of lead and zinc at NaOH concentration of 4 M, stirring speed of
400 rpm for zinc and 500 rpm for lead and L/S ratio of 20 ml/g.

Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
JMRTEC-266; No. of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx 5

0.8 0.4
50 °C 50 °C
0.7 60 °C 60 °C
Y80 = 0.0072x - 0.0529
70 °C R2 = 0.9786 70 °C Y80 = 0.0034x - 0.0544
0.3 R2 = 0.8988
0.6 80 °C 80 °C

1–3(1–x)2/3+2(1–x)
1–(1–x)2/3

0.5

0.4 0.2 Y70 = 0.0025x - 0.0388

R2 = 0.9041
Y70 = 0.0061x - 0.0358
0.3
R2 = 0.9852
Y50 = 0.0047x - 0.038 Y60 = 0.0017x - 0.0274
0.2 R2 = 0.9695 0.1 R2 = 0.9051

Y60 = 0.0052x - 0.034

0.1 Y50 = 0.0017x - 0.0221
R2 = 0.9847
R2 = 0.8874
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min) Leaching time (min)
0.4
50 °C
60 °C
70 °C
0.3 Y80 = 0.0043x - 0.0385
80 °C R2 = 0.9741
1–(1–x)1/3

0.2
Y70 = 0.0036x - 0.0261
R2 = 0.9815
Y50 = 0.0026x - 0.0233
0.1 R2 = 0.9664
Y60 = 0.0029x - 0.0226
R2 = 0.9824
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min)

Fig. 5 – Plot of the shrinking core models vs. leaching time at different temperatures for the dissolution reactions of lead
with NaOH solution.

and Table 1. As seen, the highest R2 values obtain for the fluid to distinguish between these two reaction models. Addition-
film diffusion and the surface chemical reaction. On the other ally, in leaching processes, dissolution ratio directly depends
hand, due to the small difference between surface chemical on the activation energy, which can be calculated based on the
reaction control and liquid film diffusion control, it is difficult Arrhenius equation (k = A × e−Ea /R×T ). Based on the Arrhenius

Table 1 – Apparent rate constant (k) for kinetic models and correlation coefficient values.
Metal Temperature (◦ C) Diffusion through the liquid film Diffusion through the product layer Surface chemical reaction

k (min−1 ) R2 k (min−1 ) R2 k (min−1 ) R2

50 0.0047 0.9695 0.0014 0.8874 0.0029 0.9824

60 0.0052 0.9847 0.0017 0.9051 0.0026 0.9664
Zinc
70 0.0061 0.9852 0.0025 0.9041 0.0036 0.9815
80 0.0072 0.9786 0.0034 0.8988 0.0043 0.9741

50 0.0055 0.9854 0.0022 0.9248 0.0032 0.9852

60 0.0061 0.9853 0.0029 0.9559 0.0037 0.9915
Lead
70 0.0077 0.9773 0.0046 0.9613 0.0049 0.9881
80 0.0083 0.9711 0.0056 0.9736 0.0055 0.9886

Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
JMRTEC-266; No. of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
6 j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

1 0.6
50 °C 50 °C
0.9
60 °C 60 °C
0.5
0.8 70 °C Y80 = 0.0083x + 0.046 70 °C
R2 = 0.9711 Y80 = 0.0056x - 0.0534
80 °C 80 °C

1–3(1–x)2/3+2(1–x)
0.7 R2 = 0.9736
0.4
1–(1–x)2/3

0.6
Y70 = 0.0077x + 0.0275 Y70 = 0.0046x - 0.0492
0.5 R2 = 0.9773 0.3 R2 = 0.9613
0.4 Y60 = 0.0029x - 0.032
0.2 R2 = 0.9559
0.3
Y50 = 0.0055x - 0.044
0.2 R2 = 0.9854
0.1
0.1 Y60 = 0.0061x + 0.0191 Y50 = 0.0022x - 0.0295
R2 = 0.9853 R2 = 0.9248
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min) Leaching time (min)
0.6
50 °C
60 °C
0.5
70 °C Y80 = 0.0055x + 0.0075
80 °C R2 = 0.9886
0.4
1–(1–x)1/3

0.3 Y70 = 0.0049x + 0.0009

R2 = 0.9881

0.2
Y50 = 0.0032x - 0.0085
R2 = 0.9852
0.1
Y60 = 0.0037x + 0.0021
R2 = 0.9915
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Leaching time (min)

Fig. 6 – Plot of the shrinking core models vs. leaching time at different temperatures for the dissolution reactions of zinc
with NaOH solution.

activation energy theory, Arrhenius equation was plotted as
Ln (k) vs. (1/T) for each temperature and the activation ener-
gies were calculated from the slopes of straight lines where
the slope is −Ea /R. The values of activation energies calcu-
lated from Arrhenius plot are shown in Table 2. For example,
the Arrhenius plot of lead dissolution in NaOH solution based
on the film diffusion model is shown in Fig. 7. It has been
previously stated that the typical activation energy for a chem-
ically controlled process is greater than 40 kJ/mol, while the
activation energy of a diffusion controlled process is usually

Table 2 – Values of activation energies calculated for leaching process of lead and zinc from low-grade oxide ores in
sodium hydroxide solution.
Kinetic equations Metal Arrhenius equation coefficients

Activation energy (Ea , kJ/mol) Frequency factor (A, min−1 )

1 − (1 − x)2/3 13.92 0.9686

1 − 3(1 − x)2/3 + 2(1 − x) Zn 30.97 221.54
1 − (1 − x)1/3 18.07 2.641

1 − (1 − x)2/3 13.6 0.7272

1 − 3(1 − x)2/3 + 2(1 − x) Pb 25.32 17.003
1 − (1 − x)1/3 16.31 1.097

Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
JMRTEC-266; No. of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
-Ln(k)
5 The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Mostafa Paymard
Y = 1.6357x + 0.3185
R2 = 0.9827
4.8
Ea = 8.314×1.6357=13.60kJ/mol
4.6
4.4
2.8 2.9 3 3.1
1/T×1000 (K–1)
Fig. 7 – Arrhenius plot for leaching of lead using NaOH
solution based on the liquid film diffusion model
(1 − (1 − x)2/3 ).
below 40 kJ/mol [24]. According to Table 2, it can be concluded
that leaching process of lead and zinc from low-grade oxide
ore using sodium hydroxide is controlled by diffusion pro-
cess. Consequently, the equations representing the kinetics of
leaching process of lead and zinc can be expressed as accord-
ing to Eqs. (7) and (8), respectively.
= 0.7272 × e−13.6/8.314×T × t
2/3
1 − (1 − x)
= 0.9686 × e−13.92/8.314×T × t
2/3
1 − (1 − x)
4. Conclusion
This study was carried out on alkaline leaching of an Iranian
low-grade lead and zinc ore using sodium hydroxide solution.
The results of this investigation can be summarized as follows:
(i) In the range of studied parameters, the most suitable con-
ditions for the leaching process of lead and zinc attained
at temperature 80 ◦ C, 4 M NaOH, L/S ratio = 20 ml/g and an
agitation speed of 500 rpm for lead leaching and 400 rpm
for zinc dissolution. Under these conditions, it was found
that a zinc leaching recovery of 85.52% with a lead leach-
ing recovery of 72.15% could be obtained.
(ii) The dissolution kinetics of lead and zinc was examined
according to the shrinking core models and it was dis-
tinguished that the leaching process of lead and zinc in
sodium hydroxide solution followed the kinetic law of the
shrinking core model with the fluid film diffusion as the
rate-controlling step. The activation energies were deter-
mined to be 13.6 and 13.92 kJ/mol for the leaching of lead
and zinc, respectively.
(iii) According to diffusion model through the fluid film
and Arrhenius equation, equations representing the
leaching process kinetics for lead and zinc were
determined to be 1 − (1 − x)2/3 = 0.7272 × e−13.6/8.314×T and
1 − (1 − x)2/3 = 09686 × e−13.92/8.314×T , respectively.
Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
7
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgement
from Bama Mining and Industrial Company for providing the
sample and his continuous help during this research.
references
3.2
[1] Abdel-Aal EA. Kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching of low-grade
zinc silicate ore. Hydrometallurgy 2000;55:247–54.
[2] Ju S, Motang T, Shendhai Y, Yingian L. Dissolution kinetics of
smithsonite ore in ammonium chloride solution.
Hydrometallurgy 2005;80:67–74.
[3] Espiari S, Rashchi F, Sadrnezhaad S. Hydrometallurgical
treatment of tailings with high zinc content.
Hydrometallurgy 2006;82:54–62.
[4] Ruixiang W, Motang T, Shenghai Y, Wenhai Z, Chaobo T,
Jing H, et al. Leaching kinetics of low grade zinc oxide ore in
NH3 –NH4 Cl–H2 O system. J Cent South Univ Technol
2008;15:679–83.
[5] Hursit M, Lacin O, Sarac H. Dissolution kinetics of
smithsonite ore as an alternative zinc source with an organic
leach reagent. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:6–12.
(7) [6] Larba R, Boukerche I, Alane N, Habbache N, Djerad S,
Tifout L. Citric acid as an alternative lixiviant for zinc oxide
dissolution. Hydrometallurgy 2013;134–135:117–23.
(8)
[7] Irannajad M, Meshkini M, Azadmehr A. Leaching of zinc
from low grade oxide ore using organic acid. Physicochem
Probl Miner Process 2013;49:547–55.
[8] Wu DD, Wen SM, Yang J, Deng JS. Investigation of dissolution
kinetics of zinc from smithsonite in 5-sulphosalicylic acid
solution. Can Metall Q 2015;54:51–7.
[9] Youcai Z, Stanforth R. Production of Zn powder by alkaline
treatment of smithsonite Zn–Pb ores. Hydrometallurgy
2000;56:237–49.
[10] Youcai Z, Stanforth R. Selective separation of lead from
alkaline zinc solution by sulfide precipitation. Sep Sci
Technol 2001;36:2561–70.
[11] Chenglong Z, Youcai Z. Mechanochemical leaching of
sphalerite in an alkaline solution containing lead carbonate.
Hydrometallurgy 2009;100:56–9.
[12] Chen A, Zhao ZW, Jia X, Long S, Huo G, Chen X. Alkaline
leaching Zn and its concomitant metals from refractory
hemimorphite zinc oxide ore. Hydrometallurgy
2009;97:228–32.
[13] Santos FMF, Peina PS, Porcaro A, Oliviera VA, Silva CA, Leão
VA. The kinetics of zinc silicate leaching in sodium
hydroxide. Hydrometallurgy 2010;102:43–9.
[14] Zhang Y, Deng J, Chen J, Yu R, Xing X. Leaching of zinc from
calcined smithsonite using sodium hydroxide.
Hydrometallurgy 2013;131–132:89–92.
[15] Abkhoshk E, Jorjani E, Al-Harahsheh MS, Rashchi F, Naazeri
M. Review of the hydrometallurgical processing of
non-sulfide zinc ores. Hydrometallurgy 2014;149:
153–67.
[16] Turan MD, Altundoğan HS, Tümen F. Recovery of zinc and
lead from zinc plant residue. Hydrometallurgy
2004;75:169–76.
JMRTEC-266; No. of Pages 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS
8 j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 7;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx
[17] Badanoiu G, Buzatu T, Buzatu M, Butu M. Study concerning
PbO solubility in NaOH solution for the treatment of
sulfate-oxide pastes obtained from dismantling used
lead-acid batteries. Rev Chim (Bucharest) 2013;64:1004–10.
[18] Zárate-Gutiérrez R, Lapidus GT. Anglesite (PbSO4 ) leaching in
citrate solutions. Hydrometallurgy 2014;144–145:124–8.
[19] Feng Q, Wen S, Wang Y, Zhao W, Deng J. Investigation of
leaching kinetics of cerussite in sodium hydroxide solutions.
Physicochem Probl Miner Process 2015;51:491–500.
[20] Feng Q, Wen Sh, Wang Y, Zhao W, Liu J. Dissolution kinetics
of cerussite in acidic sodium chloride solutions. Bull Korean
Chem Soc 2015;36:1100–7.
[21] Seyed Ghasemi M, Azizi A. Investigation of leaching kinetics
of zinc from a low-grade ore in organic and inorganic acids. J
Min Environ 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.22044/jme.2016.767.
[22] Rao Sh, Yang T, Zhang D, Liu WF, Chen L, Hao Z, et al.
Leaching of low grade zinc oxide ores in NH4 Cl–NH3
Please cite this article in press as: Seyed Ghasemi SM, Azizi A. Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling. J
Mater Res Technol. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
solutions with nitrilotriacetic acid as complexing agents.
Hydrometallurgy 2015;158:101–6.
[23] Wang R, Tang M, Yang S, Zhagn W, Tang C, He J, et al.
Leaching kinetics of low grade zinc oxide ore in
NH3 –NH4 Cl–H2 O system. J Cent South Univ Technol
2008;15:679–83.
[24] Ekmekyapar A, Aktaş E, Künkül A, Demirkıran N.
Investigation of leaching kinetics of copper from malachite
ore in ammonium nitrate solutions. Metall Mater Trans B
2012;43:764–72.
[25] Liddell KC. Shrinking core models in hydrometallurgy: what
students are not being told about the pseudo-steady
approximation. Hydrometallurgy 2005;79:62–8.
[26] Levenspiel O. Chemical reaction engineering. 3rd ed. New
York: John Wiley & Sons; 1999.