Unsana, Marifer Rose A.

Topics 3/Evaporation

Linked Problem 1-2

A single effect evaporator evaporates 10 000 lb/hr of a 10% aqueous solution of NaOH to 50%. The
absolute pressure of 3 in Hg and under these conditions are boiling point of a 50% solution of NaOH is
190⁰F

 Calculate the amount of the bottom product?

 What is the heat-transfer rate in the evaporator?

V
Pv= 3 in Hg

F= 10 000 lb/hr
Xf=0.10
Tf=70⁰F P
Xp=0.50
Tp=190⁰F

Solution:

OMB:

10 000 = 𝑉 + 𝑃
SB:

10 000 ( 0.10) = 𝑂. 50 (𝑃)

𝑃 = 2 000 𝑙𝑏/ℎ𝑟
10 000 = 𝑉 + 2 000
𝑉 = 8 000
 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐻𝑝 + 𝑉𝐻𝑣 + 𝐹𝐻𝐹
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐻𝑝 = 218
𝑙𝑏
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐻𝐹 = 28
𝑙𝑏

25.4 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 0.101325 𝑀𝑃𝑎

3 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔 ( )( ) = 0.1016 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑦 = 46.553 ( ) (1 000) = 2 856.28
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 18 𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝑣 = 107.33 ⁰𝐹
𝐵𝑃𝐸 = 190 − 107.33 = 82.670 𝐹 = 45.93⁰𝐶
𝐻𝑣 = 2 586.28 + 1.884 (45.93)
𝑘𝐽 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 1 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐻𝑣 = 2 672.82 ( )( ) = 1 151.58
𝑘𝑔 1.055 𝑘𝐽 2.2 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑄 = 𝑃𝐻𝑝 + 𝑉𝐻𝑣 + 𝐹𝐻𝐹

𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈

𝑄 = 2 000 (218 ) + 8 000 (1151.58 ) − 10 000 (28 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑙𝑏 ℎ𝑟 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄 = 9 368 640 𝑜𝑟 2 602.4
ℎ𝑟 𝑠
Linked Problem 3-5

A continuous single-effect evaporator concentrates 9072 kg/hr of a 1% solution entering at 311K to a final
concentration of 1.5%. The vapor space of the evaporator is at 101.325 kPa and the steam supplied is at
143.3 kPa. The overall coefficient U is 1704 W/m2.K. Assume that heat capacity of feed is 4.14 kJ/kg.K

 Calculate the amount of vapor product

 Calculate the heat Q transferred through the heating surface area
 Calculate the heat-transfer area required

Ps=143.3 kPa

F = 9072 kg/hr
Xc=0.01
Tf=311K P
Xp=0.015
T=373.15 K

Solution:

Assume No BPE

OMB:

9 072 = 𝑉 + 𝑃

SB:

9 072 (0.01) = (0.015) (𝑃)

𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 6 048
ℎ𝑟
 𝑉 = 9 072 − 6 048

𝑘𝑔
𝑉 = 3 024
ℎ𝑟

𝑄 = 𝐹𝐶𝑃𝐹 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝐹 ) + 𝑉 ⋏ 𝑉

𝑘𝐽
@101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎; ⋏ 𝑉 = 2 258
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 4.14 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 9 072 ( ) (373.15 − 311)𝐾 + 3 024 (2 258 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)
ℎ 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 9 162 426.672 𝑜𝑟 2 545.12 𝑘𝑊
ℎ
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇)

𝑇𝑠 @ 143.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 382.85 𝐾

𝑊
2 545.12𝑥103 = 1 704 (𝐴)(382.85 − 373.15)𝐾
𝑚2 . 𝐾
𝐴 = 153.98 𝑚2
Linked 6-8

A feed of 4 535 kg/hr of a 2.0 wt% salt solution at 311 K enters continuously a single effect evaporator
and is being concentrated to 3.0 wt% the evaporation is at atmospheric pressure and the area of the
evaporator is 69.7 m2. Saturated steam at 383.2 K is supplied for heating, since the solution is dilute, it
can be assumed to have the same boiling point as water. The heat capacity of the feed can be taken as
Cp=4.10 kJ/kg.K

 Calculate the amount of vapor product

 Calculate the amount of liquid product
 The overall heat transfer coefficient, µ.

Pv=1 atm
Tv=100⁰C = 373.15K

TS=383.2 K

BPE = 0 = (T=Tv=373.15)
A=69.7 m2
Mf=4 535 kg/hr
Xf=0.02
Tf=311K
Cp=4.10 kJ/kg.K M
X = 0.03

Solution:

OMB:

𝑀𝑓 = 𝑀 + 𝑀𝑣

SB:

𝑀𝑓 𝑋𝑓 = 𝑀𝑥

(4 535)(0.02) = 𝑀(0.03)
𝑀 = 3 023.33 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
 𝑀𝑣 = 𝑀𝑓 − 𝑀

𝑀𝑣 = 4 535 − 3023.33
𝑀𝑣 = 1 511.67
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇
𝑄
𝑈=
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇)
𝑄 = 𝐹𝐶𝑃𝐹 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝐹 ) + 𝑉 ⋏ 𝑉

⅄𝑉 = 𝐻𝑉 − 𝐻𝐿
HL=7.55 kJ/mol

T,K H, kJ/mol
370 7.3121
373.15 HL
380 8.0701

HV = 48.20 kJ/mol

T,K H, kJ/mol
370 48.111
373.15 HV
380 48.393

𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 000 𝑔
⋏ 𝑉 = (48.20 − 7.22 ) ( )( ) = 2 258.33 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 18 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 4 535 (4.10 ) (373.15 − 311)𝐾 + (1 511.67 ) (2 258.33 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 4 569 435.736 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝐽 ℎ𝑟
(4 569 435.736 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟) (1 000 )( ) 𝑊
1 𝑘𝐽 3 600 𝑠
𝑈= 2
= 1 812.01 2
(69.7 𝑚 )(383.2 − 373.15)𝐾 𝑚 .𝐾
Linked Problem 9-10

an evaporator having an area of 83.6 m2 and U = 2 270 W/m2.K is used to produced distilled water for a
boiler feed. Tap water having a 400ppm dissolve solids at 15.6⁰C is fed to the evaporator operating at 1
atm pressure absolute. Saturate steam at 115.6⁰C is available for use.

 Calculate the heat Q, transferred.

 Calculate the amount of distilled water produced per hour if the outlet liquid contains 800 ppm
solids.

Pv=1 atm
Tv=100⁰C = 373.15K
⋏V= 540 cal/g

TS=115.6 K

U=2 270 W/m2.C

A=83.6 m2

F
Xf=40 ppm
M
Tf=15.6⁰C
X = 800 ppm

Solution:

𝑄 = 𝐹𝐶𝑃𝐹 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝐹 ) + 𝑉 ⋏ 𝑉
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 4.18
𝑘𝑔0 𝐶
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽 𝑘𝐽
⅄𝑉 = 540 (4.186 ) = 2 257.2
𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇)
𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑠 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 2 270 2
(83.6 𝑚2 )(115.6 − 100)0 𝐶 ( ) (36 000 ) = 10 657 595.52
𝑠. 𝑚 . 𝐶 1 000 𝐽 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
OMB:

𝑀𝑓 = 𝑀 + 𝑀𝑣

2𝑚 = 𝑀 + 𝑀𝑣
𝑀𝑣 = 𝑀
SB:

𝑀𝑓 𝑋𝑓 = 𝑀𝑥

𝑀𝑓 (400) = 𝑀(800)

𝑀𝑓 = 2𝑀 = 2𝑀𝑉
𝑘𝐽
10 657 595.52 = (2𝑀𝑉)(4.18)(100 − 15.6) + 𝑀𝑣(2 257.2)
ℎ𝑟
𝑀𝑣 = 3 597.16 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
11. A single effect evaporator concentrates 1 MT of 10% wt sucrose solution to 50%. The feed enters
the evaporator at 20°C and has a specific heat of 1.0. The evaporator is maintained at a vacuum of
800 mm Hg against a barometric reading of 760 mm Hg. The heat is provided by saturated steam at
8.8 kg/cm2 gage. Assuming that no sensible heat is recovered in the evaporator, calculate the
weight of heating steam, in kg, needed for concentrating the sucrose solution.

Vapor, V

S
8.8 kg/cm2

Pvacuum = 600 mm Hg
Pbarometric= 760 mm Hg

F
F=1 MT
Xp=0.10 P
Tf=20 Xp = 0.50
Sp ht = 1.0

Solution:

SB:

𝐹𝑋𝑓 = 𝑃𝑋𝑃

(1 000)(0.10) = 𝑃(0.50)

𝑃 = 200 𝑘𝑔
𝐹 =𝑉+𝑃
1 000 = 𝑉 + 200
𝑉 = 800
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑉

𝑄 = 𝐹𝐶𝑝𝐹 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝐹 )
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚= 760 − 600 = 160 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
From the steam table, @ 160 mm Hg,
 𝑇1 = 142.44 0𝐹 = 61.36⁰𝐶

𝑇1 = 𝑇1 + 𝐵𝑃𝐸 = 61.36 + 0 = 61.360 𝐶

𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑓 = (1 000 𝑘𝑔) (1.0 ) (61.36 − 20)0 𝐶 = 41 360 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑘𝑔.0 𝐶
𝑄𝑣 = 𝑉⅄𝑉
From steam table at 160 mm Hg, 𝜆 = 1012.56 BTU/lb
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑣 = (800 𝑘𝑔) (1 012.56 ) (2.2 ) (0.25216 ) = 449 375.75 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄 = 41 360 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 449 373.75 = 490 735.75 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄 = 𝑆⅄𝑆
From steam table at 8.8 kg/cm2 gage
8.8𝑘𝑔𝑓 𝑁
𝑝𝑠 = [ 𝑥9.80665𝑁/𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑥(100 𝑐𝑚)^2/𝑚2] + 101 325 = 964 310.2 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑐𝑚2 𝑚2
⅄𝑆 = 868.85 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
490 735.75 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑆=
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
(868.85 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏)(2.2 )(0.25216 )
𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑆 = 1 018.13 𝑘𝑔
Linked Problems 12 – 14

A solution of organic colloids is to be concentrated from 20 to 65% wt solids in an evaporator.

Saturated steam is available at 172 kPa absolute and the pressure in the condenser is 61.07
vacuum. The feed enters at 25°C and its specific heat is 4.0 J/g·°C. The solution has a negligible
elevation in boiling point. OHTC is 1,000 W/m2·°C and the evaporator must evaporate 9,000 kg/h.

 Determine the steam consumption, kg/h

 How many square meters of heating surface are required?
 What is the steam economy?

Vapor,
V = 9 000 kg/h

Steam
172 kPa abs

Pvacuum=61.07 cm

F
Xf=0.20
Tf=25⁰C P
Sp ht = 4 J/g.⁰C Xp = 0.65

Solution:

SB:

𝐹𝑋𝑓 = 𝑃𝑋𝑃

(𝐹)(0.20) = 𝑃(0.65)

𝑃 = 0.3077 𝑘𝑔

OB:

𝐹 =𝑉+𝑃
𝐹 = 9 000 + 0.3077 𝐹
 𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 13 000
ℎ
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑉

𝑄 = 𝐹𝐶𝑝𝐹 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝐹 )
10𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚= 760 − (30 𝑐𝑚 𝑥 ) = 460 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑐𝑚
From the steam table, @ 460 mm Hg,

𝑇1 = 187.56 0𝐹 = 86.42⁰𝐶

𝑇1 = 𝑇1 + 𝐵𝑃𝐸 = 86.42 + 0 = 86.420 𝐶

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑓 = (13 000 ) (4.0 ) (86.42 − 25)0 𝐶 = 3 193 840 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
ℎ 𝑘𝑔.0 𝐶
𝑄𝑣 = 𝑉⅄𝑉
From steam table at 460 mm Hg, 𝜆 = 985.59 BTU/lb
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑣 = (9 000 𝑘𝑔) (985.59 ) (2.2 ) (1.05506 ) = 20 589 160.39 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄 = 3 193 840 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 20 589 160.39 = 23 783 000.39 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄 = 𝑆⅄𝑆
From steam table at 172 kPa abs

𝑇𝑠 = 239.960 𝐹 = 115.53⁰𝐶
𝐵𝑇𝑈
⅄𝑆 = 952.32
𝑙𝑏

23 783 000.39 𝑘𝐽/ℎ

𝑆=
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝐽
(952.32𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏)(2.2 )(1.05506 𝐵𝑇𝑈)
𝑘𝑔
𝑆 = 10 759.30 𝑘𝑔/ℎ

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇
𝑞
𝐴=
𝑈(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇1 )
 23 783 000.39 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
𝐴=
𝐽
𝑊 1 1 𝑘𝐽 3 600 𝑠
(1 800 2 0 𝑥 𝑊𝑠 𝑥 1 000 𝐽 𝑋 )(115.53 − 86.42)⁰𝐶
𝑚 . 𝐶 ℎ
𝐴 = 126.08 𝑚2
𝑉
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 =
𝑆
9 000 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 =
10 759.30 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 = 0.84
15. Glycerine is to be concentrated from 12% to 72% in a single-effect evaporator. The inlet steam used is
at 25 psig and comes out at 170°F. The vapor space in the evaporator has 25 inches Hg vacuum. Ten metric
tons of glycerine per hour are fed at 85°F. The concentrated product is at 125°F. Calculate the amount of
water evaporated in kg/h.

Vapor,
V

Steam, S
25 psig

P= 25⁰C Hg vac
T=170⁰F
F= 10 MT/h
Xf=0.12
Tf=85⁰F
P
Xp = 0.72
TF=125 F

Solution:

SB:

𝐹𝑋𝑓 = 𝑃𝑋𝑃

(10 000 𝑘𝑔)(0.12) = 𝑃(0.72)

𝑃 = 1 666.67 𝑘𝑔

OMB:

𝑉 =𝐹−𝑃
𝑉 = 10 000 − 1 666.67
𝑘𝑔
𝑉 = 8 333.33
ℎ
Linked Problems 16 – 18

In order to concentrate 4,536 kg/h of an NaOH solution containing 10 wt % NaOH to a 20 wt %

solution, a single effect evaporator is being used with an area of 37.6 m2. The feed enters at 21.1 °C.
Saturated steam at 110 °C is used for heating and the pressure in the vapor space of the evaporator is
51.7 kPa abs. Calculate the kg/h of steam used and the over-all heat transfer coefficient.

Vapor,
V

Steam, S
110 C

P= 51.7 kPa (abs)

NaOH soln
F= 4 536 kg/h
Xf = 0.10
Tf=21.1 C P
Xp = 0.20

Solution:

SB:

𝐹𝑋𝑓 = 𝑃𝑋𝑃

(4 536)(0.10) = 𝑃(0.20)

𝑃 = 2 268 𝑘𝑔
OMB:

𝑉 =𝐹−𝑃
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑉 = 4 536 − 2 268
ℎ ℎ
𝑘𝑔
𝑉 = 2 268
ℎ
@𝑃𝑠 = 51.7, 𝑇 = 82.06⁰𝐶

𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 89⁰𝐶
 𝐵𝑃𝐸 = 𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑇𝑣

𝐵𝑃𝐸 = 89 − 82.06 = 6.94⁰𝐶

𝑄𝑉 = 𝑉[𝐻𝑣60.06 + 𝐶𝑝,𝑣 (𝐵𝑃𝐸)]

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑣 = (2 268 ) (2 647.08 + (1.884 ) (6.940 𝐶)) = 6 033 231.449 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
ℎ 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔.0 𝐶

Enthalphy Balance:

𝑆 = 2 918.13 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑉
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 =
𝑆
2 268 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 = = 0.78
2 918.13 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛)
𝑞
𝑈=
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛) )

𝑘𝐽 1ℎ
(2 918.13 𝑘𝑔/ℎ)(2 230.2 )( )(1 000𝐽/𝑘𝐽)
𝑘𝑔 3 600 𝑠
𝑈=
(37.6 𝑚2 )(110 − 89)⁰𝐶

𝑊
𝑈 = 2 289.49
𝑚2 . ⁰𝐶
Linked Problems 19-20

A single effect evaporator is concentrating a feed solution of organic colloids from 5 to 50 wt %.

The solution has a negligible boiling point elevation. The heat capacity of the feed is Cp= 4.06 kJ/kg·K
and the feed enters at 15.6°C. Saturated steam at 101.32 kPa is available for heating, and the pressure in
the vapor space of the evaporator is 15t.3 kPa. A total of 4,536 kg/h of water is to be evaporated. The
over-all heat transfer coefficient is 1,988 W/m2.K. What is the required surface area in m2 and the
steam consumption?

Vapor,
V= 4 536 kg/h

Steam, S
101.32

Pv= 15.3 kPa (abs)

F
Xf = 0.05
Tf=15.6 C
P
Xp = 0.50

Solution:

SB:

𝐹𝑋𝑓 = 𝑃𝑋𝑃

(𝐹)(0.05) = 𝑃(0.50)

𝑃 = 0.1𝐹
𝐹 =𝑉+𝑃
𝐹 = 4 536 + 0.1 𝐹
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 5 040
ℎ
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 505
ℎ
 for Evaporato 15.3 kPa, Tv=82.2⁰C
𝑘𝑗
⅄𝑉 = 2 372.19
𝑘𝑔
For steam at 101.32 kPa,

Ta=99.99⁰C

⅄s=2 256.94 kJ/kg

Heat Balance:

𝑄 = 𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑉

𝑄 = 𝐹𝐶𝑝𝐹 (𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑇𝐹 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑓 = (5 040 ) (4.06 0
) (82.2 − 15.6)0 𝐾 = 1 362 795.84
ℎ 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 ℎ

𝑄𝑣 = 𝑉⅄𝑉
𝑘𝑔 2372.19𝐾𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑣 = (4 536 )( ) = 10 760 253.84
ℎ 𝑘𝑔 ℎ
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 1 362 795.84 + 10 760 253.84 = 12 123 049.68
ℎ
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛)

𝑘𝐽 𝐽
12 123 049.68 𝑥1000 𝑥1ℎ/3600𝑠
ℎ 𝑘𝐽
𝐴= = 95.22 𝑚2
𝑙
𝑤 1
(1 988 𝑚2. 𝐾 𝑋 𝑤𝑆)(99.99 − 82.3)𝑘

𝑞 = 𝑆⅄𝑆
12 123 049.68 𝑘𝑗/ℎ 𝑘𝑔
𝑆= = 5 371.45
𝑘𝐽 ℎ
2 256.94
𝑘𝑔