4G Mobile Networks

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Vladimir Settey

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
•  The revolution is here (smartphones / tablets / netbooks)

•  Broadband, anytime, anywhere

•  Flat-rate data ?

•  Data growth exponential; revenue growth linear.

•  Scaling the network for data

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
 Evolution of Mobile Networks
LTE Architecture Overview
EPC Mobility
Services in LTE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4
 Home Location Service Control
Register (HLR) Point (SCP)

•  There was wireless ISDN (aka GSM)

Base Station Mobile Switching Center +

Mobile Base Transceiver Controller Visitor Locatio(MSC/VLR)
Station System (BTS) (BSC) n Register

TUP

ISUP

INAP
MAP
Connection Connection
Mgmt Mgmt

BSSMAP
  Voice oriented architecture
Mobility Mobility
  Re-define
Mgmt fixed wireline services (e.g. SS and IN) Mgt

  SMS is a signalling transport rather

Radio RR’ than a data service
DTAP
Resource BSSAP TCAP
  Network transport
Mgmt RR’ based on TDM
BTSM BTSM BSSAP
SCCP SCCP SCCP
LAP-Dm LAP-Dm LAP-D LAP-D MTP/b MTP/MTPb MTP
GSM GSM 16/64 16/64 64/2048 64/2048 64 kbps
Radio Radio kbps kbps kbps kbps
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
 •  One burst every TDMA frame was sufficient to transport a speech
frame with source rate of 13 kbit/s
•  GSM Phase 2 (circa 1996) added Circuit Switched Data support
offering 9.6 kbit/s service
•  High Speed CSD consisted in aggregating multiple timeslot for a
single user but resource intensive
Modem Interworking Function (IWF)

Modified V.110

3.1 kHz audio

or
V110 64k UDI

BSC MSC

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 MSC/VLR Gateway MSC
BSC
BTS

IP

Packet Control Gateway GPRS

Serving GPRS Support Node
Unit (PCU)
Support Node (GGSN)
(SGSN)
IP IP
Relay
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
LLC Relay LLC UDP UDP
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP
MAC Relay MAC Nw Services Nw Services L2 L2
GSM GSM
Radio 64 kbps 64 kbps L1bis L1bis L1 L1
Radio
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 •  First step towards an all IP network

•  Designed to accommodate greater packet throughput (up to

2Mbits/s announced… In reality, can support up to 384 kbit/s)
•  Core network remains largely unchanged from 2.5G

•  Migration to ATM for Radio Access Transport

3G MSC
•  More control into the RNC
PSTN

ATM/AAL2
ATM/AAL5
3G RNC
Node B IP

3G SGSN GGSN

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 •  So hopefully WCDMA got it right on packet services…

Iu-ps Gn/Gp

NodeB Radio Network 3G SGSN GGSN

Controller (RNC)

IP IP

PDCP PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U

RLC RLC UDP UDP UDP UDP

MAC Frame MAC IP IP IP IP

Protocol
AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 L2 L2
WCDMA WCDMA ATM ATM ATM ATM L1 L1
Radio Radio
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 HLR

MSC-s MSC-s

Iu-cs
IP

MGW MGW

INAP
MAP
BICC or SIP-T
H.248
Nb-UP
TCAP
•  Still Voice overRTP
CS bearer on the radio access, data
SCCPbearer not
suitable
Iu-UP (latency,
UDPoverhead) M3UA
•  Option IP Voice over IP in the Core
AAL2 to transport (see
SCTPTS 23.205)
ATM L1/2 IP
•  Introduction of SS7oIP transport
L1/2

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 HSPA+: Distribute RNC
Data plane to NodeHSDPA
B Removes Drift RNC and
adds intelligence to the Node B

Iu-ps Gn

Drift RNC
Node B Serving RNC 3G SGSN GGSN

IP Direct Tunnel allows IP

SGSN to remove itself
PDCP from data plane PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
RLC RLC UDP UDP UDP UDP
MAC MAC
Frame Frame IP IP IP IP
FP FP
MAC-HS MAC-HS Protocol Protocol
AAL2/ATM AAL2 AAL2 AAL2/ATM AAL5/ATM
L2 AAL5/ATM L2 L2
WCDMA WCDMA L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11
 Rel-99 Rel-5 Rel-6 Rel-7 Rel-8

WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA MIMO 2x2 64 QAM

HSDPA: HSDPA: Always HSDPA: HSDPA:

16 QAM DL on scaling 64 QAM, MIMO 64 QAM
14.4 Mbps and MIMO
HSUPA: HSUPA: 16QAM
5.7 Mbps Always on
scaling

DL: 384 kps DL: Up to DL:Up to

14.4 Mbps DL: 28 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 384 kbps 14.4 Mbps
UL: 384 kbps UL: 5.7 Mbps UL: 11 Mpbs UL: 11 Mpbs

2007 2008 2009 2010+

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 •  Highlighting the growing importance of IP transport

3G MSC-S HLR/HSS

SGW PSTN
IP RAN
w/ ATM PW
or Native IP 3G MGW Core IP
3G RNC

Node B 3G SGSN GGSN

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
•  Evolved Packet System (EPS) is the technology direction for 3GPP
based networks
•  Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation 3GPP radio access
network
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)

•  System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the 3GPP next generation

standard for mobile networks providing:
Increased Bandwidth
End-to-End IP
Simplified Architecture
Support for multiple radio access technologies

•  Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is the next generation 3GPP packet core
Consists of (3) main components (MME, SGW, and PGW)

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•  Radio Side (Evolved UTRAN - EUTRAN)
Improvements in spectral efficiency, user throughput, latency
Simplification of the radio network
Efficient support of packet based services: Multicast, VoIP, etc.

•  Network Side (Evolved Packet Core - EPC)

Improvement in latency, capacity, throughput, idle to active transitions
Simplification of the core network
Optimization for IP traffic and services
Simplified support and handover to non-3GPP access technologies

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
•  Higher Bandwidth (>100 kbps per user on average) and improved
latency
Transmission and transition delays <10 & 100ms resp. in unloaded conditions
•  Service independent and data-only architecture
Strict data QoS mechanism with no voice dedicated bearer identifictaion
•  Always-on model
All registered users have a default bearer established used for signalling
•  IP addressing
IPv6 by default with dual stack sessions (IPv4v6)
•  Support of alternative access technologies
3GPP and non-3GPP architecture, including possible wireline access
•  Local breakout
Part of the traffic may be routed directly in the visited network

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
 Duplex FDD and TDD
Channel Bandwidth 1.25 – 20 MHz
Modulation Type QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Multiple Access Technique DL: OFDMA, UL: SCFDMA
TDMA Frame Duration 10ms with 1ms subframe
Number of symbols per frame 140
Sub-carrier Spacing 15 kHz
Symbol Duration 66.7 us
Cyclic Prefix 4.69 us, 16.67 us
Multipath Mitigation OFDM / Cyclic Prefix
eNB Synchronization Frequency (FDD, TDD)
Time (TDD, MBSFN)
Forward Error Correction 1/3 Convolutional and Turbo
Advanced Antenna Techniques MIMO 2x2, 4x4

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
 Frequency"

Frequency"

Frequency"

Sub-Channel"
Frequencies)"
(Group of"

Sub-Channel"
Frequencies)"
(Group of"
FDMA"

TDMA"
(2G)"
CDMA"
(3G)" Time
"
user A OFDM"
user B
OFDMA"
user C
(LTE & WiMAX)"

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
 Sub-carrier Spacing
15 kHz

Frequency One Resource Element

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 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

1.4 MHz

20 MHz

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 256QAM (14% of cell area) 16QAM (18% of cell area)
64QAM (13% of cell area) QPSK ( 55% of cell area)
  Maximising the bandwidth made available to the users by selecting the
optimum modulation scheme (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, etc.)

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22
•  Downlink
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

•  Uplink
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24
 3GPP Access
SWx (DIAMETER)
HSS
S12 (GTP-U)
UTRAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U) S6a PCRF
SGSN (DIAMETER)
GERAN Rx+ (DIAMETER)
S3
(GTP-C)
MME S11
Gxc
(GTP-C)
S10 Gx (DIAMETER) Gxa Gxb S6b AAA
S1-MME
(GTP-C) (DIAMETER)
(S1-AP)
Operator’s
S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)
eNodeB SGW PGW IP Services
E-UTRAN S1-U S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) SGi
(e.g. video, IMS)
(GTP-U)
SWm
(DIAMETER)

S2a
S2b
UE (PMIPv6, GRE SWa
(PMIPv6,
MIPv4 FACoA)
GRE) ePDG

SWn S2c

Trusted Untrusted STa (RADIUS,

Non-3GPP Non-3GPP DIAMETER)
IP Access IP Access

UE UE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25
 3GPP Access
SWx (DIAMETER)
HSS
S12 (GTP-U)
UTRAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U) S6a PCRF
SGSN (DIAMETER)
GERAN Rx+ (DIAMETER)
S3
(GTP-C)
MME S11
Gxc
(GTP-C)
S10 Gx (DIAMETER) Gxa Gxb S6b AAA
S1-MME
(GTP-C) (DIAMETER)
(S1-AP)
Operator’s
S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)
eNodeB SGW PGW IP Services
E-UTRAN S1-U S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) SGi
(e.g. video, IMS)
(GTP-U)
SWm
(DIAMETER)

S2a
S2b
UE (PMIPv6, GRE SWa
(PMIPv6,
MIPv4 FACoA)
Mobility Management Entity GRE) ePDG
E-UTRAN Control Plane with 2G/3G interworking SWn S2c
(no user plane handling)
•  Interacts with HSS for user Trusted Untrusted STa (RADIUS,
authentication, profile download, etc. Non-3GPP Non-3GPP DIAMETER)

•  Interacts with eNodeB and SGW for IP Access IP Access

SGW selection, tunnel control, paging,
handovers, etc.
•  Interacts with SGSN for 2G/3G
UE UE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26
 3GPP Access
SWx (DIAMETER)
HSS
S12 (GTP-U)
UTRAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U) S6a PCRF
SGSN (DIAMETER)
GERAN Rx+ (DIAMETER)
S3
(GTP-C)
MME S11
Gxc
(GTP-C)
S10 Gx (DIAMETER) Gxa Gxb S6b AAA
S1-MME
(GTP-C) (DIAMETER)
(S1-AP)
Operator’s
S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)
eNodeB SGW PGW IP Services
E-UTRAN S1-U S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) SGi
(e.g. video, IMS)
(GTP-U)
SWm
(DIAMETER)

S2a
S2b
UE (PMIPv6, GRE SWa
(PMIPv6,
MIPv4 FACoA)
Home Subscriber Services (HSS) GRE) ePDG
Centralised database holding user profile: SWn S2c
•  Interacts with MME for user
authentication and profile download Trusted Untrusted STa (RADIUS,
•  Stores current location information (e.g. Non-3GPP Non-3GPP DIAMETER)
assigned MME, Serving SGW) IP Access IP Access
•  One or more subscription profiles
containing IMSI, QoS, Services, etc.

UE UE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27
 3GPP Access
SWx (DIAMETER)
HSS
S12 (GTP-U)
UTRAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U) S6a PCRF
SGSN (DIAMETER)
GERAN Rx+ (DIAMETER)
S3
(GTP-C)
MME S11
Gxc
(GTP-C)
S10 Gx (DIAMETER) Gxa Gxb S6b AAA
S1-MME
(GTP-C) (DIAMETER)
(S1-AP)
Operator’s
S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)
eNodeB SGW PGW IP Services
E-UTRAN S1-U S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) SGi
(e.g. video, IMS)
(GTP-U)
SWm
(DIAMETER)

S2a
S2b
UE (PMIPv6, GRE SWa
(PMIPv6,
MIPv4 FACoA)
Serving Gateway GRE) ePDG
Data plane anchoring for 3GPP access and 2G/ SWn S2c
3G bearer plane interworking
•  Anchor point in visited network for Trusted Untrusted STa (RADIUS,
3GPP Access (2G/3G/LTE) Non-3GPP Non-3GPP DIAMETER)

•  Processes all IP packets to/from UE IP Access IP Access

(QoS control, LI)
•  Uses network-based mobility towards
PDNGW (GTP or PMIPv6)
UE UE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28
 3GPP Access
SWx (DIAMETER)
HSS
S12 (GTP-U)
UTRAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U) S6a PCRF
SGSN (DIAMETER)
GERAN Rx+ (DIAMETER)
S3
(GTP-C)
MME S11
Gxc
(GTP-C)
S10 Gx (DIAMETER) Gxa Gxb S6b AAA
S1-MME
(GTP-C) (DIAMETER)
(S1-AP)
Operator’s
S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)
eNodeB SGW PGW IP Services
E-UTRAN S1-U S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) SGi
(e.g. video, IMS)
(GTP-U)
SWm
(DIAMETER)

S2a
S2b
UE (PMIPv6, GRE SWa
(PMIPv6,
MIPv4 FACoA)
Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) GRE) ePDG
Subscriber-aware data plane anchoring for all SWn S2c
access networks
•  Anchor point in home or visited network Trusted Untrusted STa (RADIUS,
for all IP-based access (3GPP or not) Non-3GPP Non-3GPP DIAMETER)
•  Session-based user authentication and IP Access IP Access
IP address allocation (IPv4/v6)
•  Processes all IP packets to/from UE
(QoS control, PCEF, LI)
UE UE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29
 3GPP Access
SWx (DIAMETER)
HSS
S12 (GTP-U)
UTRAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U) S6a PCRF
SGSN (DIAMETER)
GERAN Rx+ (DIAMETER)
S3
(GTP-C)
MME S11
Gxc
(GTP-C)
S10 Gx (DIAMETER) Gxa Gxb S6b AAA
S1-MME
(GTP-C) (DIAMETER)
(S1-AP)
Operator’s
S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)
eNodeB SGW PGW IP Services
E-UTRAN S1-U S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) SGi
(e.g. video, IMS)
(GTP-U)
SWm
(DIAMETER)

S2a
S2b
UE (PMIPv6, GRE SWa
(PMIPv6,
Policy&Charging Rule Function (PCRF) MIPv4 FACoA)
GRE) ePDG
User and application-aware policy decision point: SWn S2c
•  Interacts with PGW to enforce per
session or per flow policies Trusted Untrusted STa (RADIUS,
•  Gets event notification from PGW Non-3GPP Non-3GPP DIAMETER)
(mobilty and/or traffic related) IP Access IP Access
•  Interacts with application for admission
control and policy definitiion
•  Supports roaming capabilities
UE UE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30
 3GPP Access
SWx (DIAMETER)
HSS
S12 (GTP-U)
UTRAN
S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U) S6a PCRF
SGSN (DIAMETER)
GERAN Rx+ (DIAMETER)
S3
(GTP-C)
MME S11
Gxc
(GTP-C)
S10 Gx (DIAMETER) Gxa Gxb S6b AAA
S1-MME
(GTP-C) (DIAMETER)
(S1-AP)
Operator’s
S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)
eNodeB SGW PGW IP Services
E-UTRAN S1-U S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) SGi
(e.g. video, IMS)
(GTP-U)
SWm
(DIAMETER)

S2a
S2b
UE (PMIPv6, GRE SWa
(PMIPv6,
MIPv4 FACoA)
GRE) ePDG
Enhanced Packet Data Gateway (ePDG)
Support for untrusted non-3GPP access SWn S2c
•  EPC point of attachment for user
Trusted Untrusted STa (RADIUS,
accessing over other non-owned access DIAMETER)
Non-3GPP Non-3GPP
•  Terminates IPSec tunnel from UE IP Access
IP Access
established with IKEv2 & EAP-AKA
•  Supports network-based IP mobility
towards the selected PGW (PMIPv6)
UE UE

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31
 HSS
S6a EPS AKA via S6a
(Auth Vectors)
Challenge and keys
exchange
MME

E- UTRAN Mutual Authentication

RRC Integrity and ciphering NAS Integrity/Ciphering

eNB

U-Plane Ciphering

UE

•  USIM required for LTE

•  Different set of keys used for ciphering, derived from the same
original K stored in the USIM/HSS
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32
 HSS
MME PCRF

S1-MME

UE
eNodeB PDN-GW
S-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

NAS NAS
S1-MME
RRC RRC S1-AP S1-AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP 36.413 SCTP
RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2
OFDMA OFDMA L1 L1

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33
 HSS
MME PCRF

S1-U S5/S8
UE
eNodeB PDN-GW
S-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

IP (user) S5/S8 IP (user)

S1-U
PDCP PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U PMIP PMIP GTP-U
36.414 29.274
RLC RLC UDP UDP UDP GRE (GTP) UDP GRE
IP IP IP - IP
MAC MAC
L2 L2 L2 29.275 L2
L1 L1 L1 (PMIPv6) L1
OFDMA OFDMA

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34
 HSS
MME PCRF

X2
UE
eNodeB PDN-GW
S-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

X2-AP X2-AP GTP-U GTP-U

SCTP SCTP UDP UDP
X2-C X2-U
IP IP IP IP
L2 36.423 L2 L2 36.424 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35
 HSS
MME PCRF

S6a
Gx

UE
eNodeB PDN-GW
S-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

DIAMETER DIAMETER DIAMETER DIAMETER

SCTP SCTP SCTP SCTP
S6a Gx
IP IP IP IP
L2 L2 L2 L2
29.272 29.212
L1 L1 L1 L1

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36
Extract from 3GPP TS 23.401 V8.3.0 (2008-09)
•  A UE shall perform the address allocation procedures for at least one IP
address (either IPv4 or IPv6)
•  PDN types IPv4, IPv6 and IPv4v6 are supported

•  /64 IPv6 prefix allocation via IPv6 Stateless Address autoconfiguration

according to RFC 4862, if IPv6 is supported (Mandatory)
•  IPv6 parameter configuration via Stateless DHCPv6 according to
RFC 3736 (Optional)
“During default bearer establishment, the PDN GW sends the IPv6 prefix
and Interface Identifier to the SGW, and then the S-GW forwards the
IPv6 prefix and Interface Identifier to the MME or to the SGSN. The MME
or the SGSN forwards the IPv6 Interface Identifier to the UE.”

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38
•  Idle Mode Mobility procedures
UE Initial Attach
Periodic Location Update / Inter- and intra-RAT reselection
UE Detach

•  Active Mode Mobility

Intra-RAT Intra- and inter-area handover
Inter-RAT handover

•  RRC States
RRC-IDLE
RRC-CONNECTED

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39
 3G UE 3G RNC 3G SGSN 3G GGSN HLR

1. Attach Request

2. Identity Request/Response

3. UE Authentication (EAP-AKA) and Ciphering Start

4. User Profile Download

5. Attach Accept/Complete

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40
3G UE MME S-GW P-GW HSS
1. Attach Request

2. Identity Req/Rsp

3. UE Authentication (EAP-AKA) and Ciphering Start

4. User Profile Download

5. Bearer Request
6. Bearer Request
PCRF
Bearer Authorisation
(inc. IP @, policy)
8. Bearer Accept
9. Bearer Accept

10. Attach Accept/Complete

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41
3G UE Old RNC Target RNC Old SGSN Target SGSN GGSN
1. HO Preparation 2. Relocation Required 3. Fwd Reloc Req
4. Relocation Request

5. RAB establishment at target NodeB

6. Relocation Request Ack
7. Fwd Reloc Ack
8. Relocation Command
9. Reconfig Radio
10. SRNS Context Transfer

11. Relocation Detected

12. Relocation Detected 13. Update PDP Req
14. Policy Ctrl
(optional)
15. Update PDP Ack

Relocation Completion including Radio resource release at Old RNC and RAU procedure
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42
3G UE Old eNB Target eNB MME Old S-GW Target S-GW P-GW
Established 2-way Bearer
1. HO prep and exec
Fwd Data
DL Data
2. Path Switch Req
3. Create Session Req
4. Modify Bearer Req
5. Policy Ctrl
6. Modify Bearer Ack
7. Create Session Resp

8. Path Switch Resp

9. Release
10. Delete Session Req/Resp

Established 2-way Bearer

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43
3G UE Old MME Target MME Old S-GW Target S-GW P-GW
1. HO preparation
2. Fwd Reloc Req
3. Create Session Req/Resp

4. HO prep at Target eNB

5. Create Indirect TunnelReq/Resp
6. Fwd Reloc Resp

7. Create Indirect TunnelReq/Resp

9. HO Command 8. HO Command

10. eNB context transfer

11. HO Notify
12. Reloc Complete Req/Resp
13. Update Session Req 14. Modify Bearer Req
15. Policy Ctrl
17. Update Session Resp 16. Modify Bearer Resp

Relocation Completion including radio resource release at Old

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. eNB and Session and Fwd tunnel tear down at old MME/SGW Cisco Public 44
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 45
•  The EPS architecture (3GPP Rel 8)
is the first 3GPP all-IP architecture
•  Voice and SMS are still
the cash cows for mobile operators
Migration is critical
User experience must be preserved

•  CSFB is the interim solution recommended by NGMN

•  IMS is the target solution for Telephony and Multimedia Services

•  OneVoice IMS profile ‘simplifies’ implementation for VoLTE

•  NGMN and OneVoice initiatives reduce risk of industry fragmentation

•  SMS typically required before voice due to EU regulatory requirements

for data roaming services

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46
 1
Incoming SMS

UTRAN / IuCS / A
MSC
GERAN

SGs
2
SMS is delivered via SGs interface

S6a
MME HSS

S1-MME S11

S1-U Serving/
CSFB UE E-UTRAN
PDN GW

•  During EPC attach, CSFB UE’s are also attached over SGs to MSC
•  MME maintains mapping of TA to LA to determine appropriate MSC to
establish SGs association with
•  SMS can be delivered/sent without FallBack to legacy radio (SGs interface
includes SMS payload capability)
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47
 1
Incoming Call – delivered to VMSC which
4 UE Responds to paging – has SGs association for this subscriber
incoming call terminated via
standard 2G/3G procedures
UTRAN / IuCS / A
CSFB UE MSC
GERAN

SGs
2
UE is paged via the SGs interface

3 S6a
UE retunes to 2G/3G RAT on receipt MME HSS
of page

S1-MME S11

S1-U Serving/
CSFB UE E-UTRAN
PDN GW

•  Additional complexity / upgrades required on CS core to support use-

case where the MSC sending Page is different to MSC receiving Page
response (i.e. TA to LA mapping is inaccurate due to cell breathing or
other circumstances)
•  This capability (Roaming Retry) requires upgrades on GMSC, VMSC
and HLR. Introduces further termination latency.
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48
 1 IMS (HPLMN)
Subscriber has already registered
into IMS following EPC attach

UTRAN / IuCS / A MSC Server SCC AS TAS IP-SM-GW

GERAN (SR-VCC)

IuPS / Gb Sv Mg ISC

I/S-CSCF MGCF
Cx
SGSN S3 S6a
MME HSS Mw
(SR-VCC)

P-CSCF
S11
S1-MME SGi
(Gm from UE)
S1-U Serving/
2
SR-VCC UE E-UTRAN
UE Originates PDN GW
Call

•  To enable mid-call mobility, S-CSCF anchors call at SCC AS

•  TAS provides end-user services (e.g. IR.92)
•  MGCF provides breakout to PSTN or other CS networks

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49
 IMS (HPLMN)

3
SCC AS performs
bearer management
2
NewUTRAN
call leg/ IuCS / A and tears down original
MSC Server SCC AS TAS IP-SM-GW
SR-VCC UE established leg
GERAN (SR-VCC)

IuPS / Gb Sv Mg ISC

I/S-CSCF MGCF
1 Cx
S3 S6a
UE retunes to 2G/3G SGSN MME HSS Mw
RAT during active call (SR-VCC)
P-CSCF
S11
S1-MME SGi
(Gm from UE)
S1-U Serving/
SR-VCC UE E-UTRAN
PDN GW

•  SCC AS performs leg management – hides mobility events from other IMS
application servers
•  SR-VCC only works in one direction – LTE  2G/3G
•  Requires upgrades on legacy MSC infrastructure

© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50
 CSFB
End-User Services Re-use legacy implementation
Regulatory Re-use legacy implementation
Service Differentiation Restricted to only services deliverable from
legacy core.
End-user Experience Significant post-dial delay. Retuning from
CS back to LTE may take some time –
impact to data services.
Complexity Medium – CS core requires upgrades for
SGs interface and also to support Roaming
Retry.
Cost Unknown – upgrades must come from
existing CS vendors. Believed that legacy
vendors are using this to their advantage
to seek premium.
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
VoIMS
OneVoice (IR.92) provides baseline. All
operator proprietary services and extensions
must be ported to IMS.
National regulatory services must be
implemented in IMS.
IR.92 services can be blended with other IMS
services such as presence, RCS, rich
messaging.
No retuning required to access CS equivalent
services. Still industry concerns regarding SR-
VCC latency.
High – Significant new network infrastructure
required. SR-VCC extremely complex.
Intensive service porting to ensure full legacy
parity.
High – large investment required for new
infrastructure. However, diverse range of
vendors opens door for innovative deals/
solutions.
Cisco Public 51
Thank you.