 Various types of cement are produced

by following ways :
 Use of additives
 Changing chemical composition
 Use of different raw material
 Following are the various kinds of cement
that are available:
ORDINARY PORTLAND
CEMENT(OPC)
 It is the most commonly used cement in
general concrete construction when there is
no exposure to sulphates in the soil or
groundwater.
 Classified based on the 28 days strength as
follows:
GRADE STRENGTH(N/mm2 )
33 ≥33
43 ≥43
53 ≥53
RAPID HARDENING CEMENT
 Gains strength faster than OPC. In 3 days
develops 7 days strength of OPC with
same water cement ratio.
 After 24 hours – not less than 16 N/mm2
 After 72 hours – not less than 27.5 N/mm2
 Initial and final setting times are same as
OPC.
 Contains higher C3S,lower C2S and finely
ground(≥3250 cm2/gm)-contributing to
rapid strength development.
 Emits more heat during setting,
therefore unsuitable for mass
concreting.
 Lighter and costlier than OPC. Short
curing period makes it economical.
 Used for structures where immediate
loading is required e.g. repair works,
pre-fabricated concrete construction, in
cold weather concreting.
EXTRA RAPID HARDENING
CEMENT
 Obtained by intergrinding calcium chloride
with rapid hardening cement.
 Calcium chloride ≤ 2% of weight of RHC.
 Initial setting time – 20 min
 Strength is 25% greater than RHC at 24 hrs
and 10-20 % greater at 7 days.
 90 days strength is same as OPC
 Suitable for cold weather concreting as it
sets and hardens fast and huge amount of
hydration heat is evolved in a short time.
SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT
 Percentage of tri-calcium aluminates (C3A) is
kept below 5% resulting in increase in resisting
power against sulphates.
 2 C3A + C4AF should not exceed 25%
 Heat developed is almost same as Low Heat
Cement.
 Theoretically ideal cement. Costly
manufacturing because of stringent composition
requirements.
 Used for structures likely to be damaged by
severe alkaline conditions like bridges, culverts,
canal lining, siphons, sewage treatment and
pipelines in sulphate bearing soils etc.
PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT
 Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker,
gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag.
 Cheaper than OPC, blackish grey in colour.
 Lesser heat of hydration. Initial setting in 1 hr
and final setting 10 hrs.
 Better resistance to soil agents, sulphates of
alkali metals, alumina, iron and acidic waters.
 Suitable for marine works, mass concreting.
 Due to low early strength, not suitable for
RCC.
QUICK SETTING CEMENT
 Sets faster than OPC.
 Initial setting time is 5 minutes.
 Final setting time is 30 minutes.
 Used for concreting underwater and in
running water.
 Mixing and placing has to be faster to
avoid initial setting prior to laying.
SUPER SULPHATED CEMENT
 Manufactured by grinding together
following mixture
80-85 % - granulated slag
10-15% -hard burnt gypsum
5 % -Portland cement clinker
 It is finer than ordinary Portland
cement(specific surface area ≥ 4000
cm2/gm).
 More sensitive to deterioration during
storage.
 Its physical and other properties are almost
same as are of ordinary Portland cement
except the heat of hydration which is
considerably lower(40-45 calories/gm at 7
days and 45-50 at days).
 It is a slag cement and is resistant to
majority of chemicals found in construction
industry. It is also resistant to Sulphate
attack.
 Needs more water for hydration reaction so
wet curing not less than 3 days in
essential(w/c≥ 0.5 )
 It is used in:
 Marine Structures.
 Mass concrete works subjected to aggressive
waters.
 Reinforced concrete pipes in ground water.
 Concrete construction in Sulphate bearing soils.
 In factories where concrete is exposed to highly
concentrated Sulphates.
 Construction of concrete sewers carrying
industrial effluents.
 Underside of railway bridges.
 Under tropical conditions, its use is
recommended only below 40`C.
 Can be used as a general purpose
cement with adequate precautions.
 It should never be used for casting
‘steam cured concrete’ products.
 LOW HEAT CEMENT
 Low percentage (5%) of tri-calcium aluminates
(C3A) and silicate (C3S) and high (46%) of di-
calcium silicate (C2S) to keep heat generation low.
 It has low lime content and less compressive
strength.
 Initial and final setting times nearly same as OPC.
 Very slow rate of developing strength.
 Not suitable for ordinary structures.
 Shuttering required for long duration so cost will increase.
 Prolonged curing is required.
 Structure utilization will be delayed.
PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT
 PPC is manufactured by blending 15% to
35% reactive pozzolana like flyash or
calcined clay with OPC.

 Pozzolana + calcium hydroxide +water  C-S-H(gel)

(non cementitious (pdt of hyd reaction) (cementitious)
silicious or aluminous)
 PPC are sensitive to curing and hence
take longer curing time than OPC.
 Produces less heat of hydration and
offers great resistance to attacks of
Sulphates and acidic waters.
 Used in marine works, hydraulic
structures, sewers and mass concreting.
ADVANTAGES:
 Economical (costly clinker replaced by
cheaper pozzolana).
 soluble CH is converted to insoluble CSH-
improves permeability-durability.
 Finer than OPC, so reduces micro cracks in
transition zone.
 Gives more volume than OPC.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Rate of strength development is slightly
slower than OPC initially.
 Reduces resistance to corrosion of
reinforcement as it has reduced
alkalinity
 AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT
 OPC with small quantity(0.025-0.1 % by weight of
clinker) of air entraining materials (resins, oils, fats,
fatty acids ,synthetic detergent ,calcium
lignosulphate) ground together.
 Air is entrained in the form of tiny air bubbles during
chemical reaction.
 Concrete is more plastic, more workable, more
resistant to freezing.
 Strength of concrete reduces to some degree.
 Quantity of air entrained should not be more than 5%
to prevent excess strength loss.
COLOURED CEMENT
 Suitable pigments used to impart desired
colour(5-10%).
 Pigments used should be chemically inert
and durable under light, sun or weather.
WHITE CEMENT :
 OPC with pure white colour produced with
white chalk or clay free from iron oxide.
 Instead of coal, oil fuel is used for burning.
 Much more costlier than OPC.
HYDROPHOBIC CEMENT
 Manufactured by grinding OPC clinker with
water repellant film-forming
substance(oleic acid, stearic acid).
 The water repellant film reduces rate of
deterioration during storage and transport.
 Film broken when cement and aggregate
are mixed and then undergo normal
hydration.
 Improves workability
 Properties nearly same as OPC except for
air entrainment.
MASONARY CEMENT
 Unlike ordinary cement, it is more
plastic.
 Made by mixing hydrated lime, crushed
stone, granulated slag or highly colloidal
clays are mixed with it.
 Addition of above mentioned materials
reduces the strength of cement.
EXPANSIVE CEMENT
 The main difference in that this cement does
not undergo shrinkage on drying.
 Developed by using an expanding and a
stabilizer.
 8-20 parts of sulpho aluminate clinker with 100
parts of portland cement and 15 parts of
stabilizer are mixed.
 Used to neutralize drying shrinkage of
concrete made from ordinary cement so as
to eliminate cracks. It is specially desirable
for hydraulic structures.
 In repair work, it is essential that the new
concrete should be tight fitting in the old
concrete. This can be done by using this
cement.
 Some types are shrinkage compensating
cement and self stressing cement.
IRS-T-40 SPECIAL GRADE
CEMENT
 Manufactured as per specification laid
down by Ministry of Railways.
 Very finely ground cement with high C3S
content.
 High early strength for railway sleepers
 Used for pre-stressed concrete
elements ,high rise buildings and high
strength concrete.
OIL WELL CEMENT
 Used for oil grouting or oil cementing.
 Made from portland cement clinker or
blended hydraulic cement by adding
retarders or adjusting the composition.
 Slow setting
 Resistant to high temperature and
pressure.
REDISET CEMENT
 Develops high strength in few hours
without showing retrogression.
 Initial setting time-8 to 10 min
 Achieves 7 day strength of OPC mortar
in 3 to 6 hours.
 Gives out high amount of heat.
 Rate of shrinkage is fast but final
shrinkage same as OPC.
 Poor sulphate resistance.
 Used for,
 very high strength concrete
 emergency or patch repairs
 slip form construction
 precast concrete products to remove
forms quickly.
HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
 High alumina content of 35-55 %.
 Rapid gain of strength. About 20%
strength in 24 hours.
 Has good resistance to sulphate and
frost.
 Used in mass concreting, refractory
concrete.
VERY HIGH STRENGTH CEMENT
 Macro defect free cement(MDF):
 Absence of relatively large voids or defects.
 4-7 % of water soluble polymer (eg.
polyacrylamide) is added with cement.
 Entrapped air is removed by applying 5 MPa
pressure
 Strength-150 MPa for portland cement
system
 Densely packed system (DSP):
 Densified system containing homogeneously
arranged ultra fine particles.
 Mixture of OPC and silica fume(5 to 25%).
 Compressive strength-250MPa .
 Pressure densification and warm
pressing:
 Heat and pressure is simultaneously applied
to the cement paste.
 Compressive strength-650 MPa.
 Tensile strength-68 MPa.
 Porosity -1.7%
 High early strength cement:
 Lithium salts are used as accelerators.
 Very high early strength and marginal
reduction in later strength.
 4 MPa in 1 hour and 27 MPa in 3hours.
 49 MPa in 1 day.
 Pyrament cement:
 Blended hydraulic cement with high early
strength and durability.
 No chlorides are added.
 Used in repair of air field runways.
 Magnesium phosphate cement(MPC):
 Rapid repair of damaged roads and airfield
pavements.
 Controlled rapid set and early strength
development
 Prepacked mixture of dead burnt magnesite
with fine aggregate with phosphate.
 It cures and opens for traffic in 4 to 5 hours.