How to Create a P&ID

automation.isa.org/2012/04/how-to-create-pid/

April 14, 2012

The following technical discussion is part of an occasional series showcasing the ISA
Mentor Program, authored by Greg McMillan, industry consultant, author of numerous
process control books, 2010 ISA Life Achievement Award recipient and retired Senior Fellow
from Solutia Inc. (now Eastman Chemical). Greg will be posting questions and responses
from the ISA Mentor Program, with contributions from program participants.

In the ISA Mentor Program, I am providing guidance for extremely talented individuals from
countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and the U.S. This
question comes from Hector Torres.

Hector Torres is manager at Lighting & Controls Automation, Inc. and also, president of
Smart Integrated Engineering Solutions.

Hector Torres’ Question

I was wondering if you would have some sort of guides to construct a P&ID that one can
follow to design a new process and depict it in a P&ID. I found the InTech magazine article
P&ID: A roadmap for the rest of the trip.

Answer from Hunter Vegas

I looked at the article about P&IDs and generally agree with the guy with the exception that
I would always show fail position of the valves as the P&ID is the primary document that is
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used in Hazops here in the U.S. and the fail position is critical to the team’s understanding
of what the system will do in emergency situations. Let me provide you with some
examples of things I have seen that I consider both good and bad so you might learn from
others.

First and foremost, the P&IDs should generally follow ISA symbols for the basic
instruments. If you follow that symbology, most anyone can read and understand the
P&IDs quickly. However, there are a lot of “gray areas” where the ISA rules don’t specifically
say what you should do and this is where the engineer has some flexibility. Unfortunately,
engineers tend to be very detail oriented so often the I/E engineer tends to want to show
EVERYTHING in the interest of being thorough. While this is fine for a simple P&ID, it can
become a NIGHTMARE for a P&ID that is showing a batch reactor. Suddenly you can’t even
see the reactor for all the ISA symbols littering the page. Consider the examples below.

ON/OFF VALVES
VALVE_COMPLICATED shows how one client shows an on/off valve. I like the fact that the
P&ID indicates the fail position (FC) as well as the valve type (it is a ball valve). However,
going to the trouble of showing the solenoid as well as the air connections and both limit
switches takes up a lot of room. It’s fine if there are only a few valves on the page but think
what a batch reactor P&ID might look like with some 40 valves all over the page!

VALVE_COMPLICATED

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ID2_VALVES shows how another client
did it. Here the client still shows the fail
position but doesn’t indicate the valve
type. The solenoid is implied but not
shown and the limit switches are
grouped as a single bubble (ZSC/O). This
obviously takes up less room.

ID2_VALVES

ID3_VALVE shows yet another on/off valve. This version doesn’t even mention the
ZSC/ZSO, it just implies it with the “2DI” beside the bubble. What I do NOT like about this
version is the XV-09 tag. The P&ID is in the 120 series so the implication is that the actual
tag is 12009. I realize this method saves some room but it gets complicated and confusing
when you are referencing valves from one page on another.

ID3_VALVE

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Join the ISA Mentor Program
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INTERLOCKS
There are lots of ways to show interlocks but probably the best way is shown on SIS_ILOCK
and SIS_ILOCK_PUMP. This particular client has an interlock table in the bottom corner of
the P&ID with descriptions of the interlock and a number. SIS interlocks are indicated as
such, DCS interlocks look the same but have no “SIS” designation, and hardwired interlocks
are listed as such in the table and have no square around the interlock number. The use of
a unique interlock number makes for easy referencing in the hazops and when interlocks
span multiple pages. It is also very handy to have the interlock specifics listed right there
during design reviews. Some clients do a similar thing but assign interlock numbers that
are unique ONLY TO THAT P&ID. (So every P&ID has an “Interlock 1” that are different from
P&ID to P&ID. See P&ID2_ILOCKS.) While this is better than nothing, it gets confusing when
an interlock spans across multiple P&IDs. The unique number is a much better way to go.

SIS_ILOCK

SIS_ILOCK_PUMP

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ID2_ILOCKS

MISC
ID3_LT_VLV shows some interesting items that are worth mentioning. Look at the LI-08
instrument. It shows that the loop has 1 analog input, 1 digital output (that trips a pump
elsewhere), and shows high, low, and lolo alarms (including a LAH setting of 90%). While
this may be overkill, it is one way to indicate such detail if warranted on your project.
Another item worth noting on this P&ID is that the line number includes the line
specification in it. “S1B15” is a piping specification that the plant uses to indicate the
details of the material of construction for that pipe. Some plants use large piping schedules
on the drawing that indicate everything about the pipes (size, schedule, material of
construction, pressure, temp, etc.) but this takes up a lot of room on the drawing. If the line
number includes the spec number, you don’t have to have all of the other listed.

ID3_LT_VLV

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Additional Mentor Program Resources
See the ISA book 101 Tips for a Successful Automation Career that grew out of this Mentor
Program to gain concise and practical advice. See the InTech magazine feature article
Enabling new automation engineers for candid comments from some of the original
program participants. See the Control Talk column How to effectively get engineering
knowledge with the ISA Mentor Program protégée Keneisha Williams on the challenges
faced by young engineers today, and the column How to succeed at career and project
migration with protégé Bill Thomas on how to make the most out of yourself and your
project. Providing discussion and answers besides Greg McMillan and co-founder of the
program Hunter Vegas (project engineering manager at Wunderlich-Malec) are resources
Mark Darby (principal consultant at CMiD Solutions), Brian Hrankowsky (consultant
engineer at a major pharmaceutical company), Michel Ruel (executive director, engineering
practice at BBA Inc.), Leah Ruder (director of global project engineering at the Midwest
Engineering Center of Emerson Automation Solutions), Nick Sands (ISA Fellow and
Manufacturing Technology Fellow at DuPont), Bart Propst (process control leader for the
Ascend Performance Materials Chocolate Bayou plant) and Daniel Warren (senior
instrumentation/electrical specialist at D.M.W. Instrumentation Consulting Services, Ltd.).

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About the Author
Gregory K. McMillan, CAP, is a retired
Senior Fellow from Solutia/Monsanto
where he worked in engineering
technology on process control
improvement. Greg was also an
affiliate professor for Washington
University in Saint Louis. Greg is an ISA
Fellow and received the ISA Kermit
Fischer Environmental Award for pH
control in 1991, the Control magazine
Engineer of the Year award for the
process industry in 1994, was inducted
into the Control magazine Process
Automation Hall of Fame in 2001, was
honored by InTech magazine in 2003
as one of the most influential
innovators in automation, and received
the ISA Life Achievement Award in 2010. Greg is the author of numerous books on process
control, including Advances in Reactor Measurement and Control and Essentials of Modern
Measurements and Final Elements in the Process Industry. Greg has been the monthly
"Control Talk" columnist for Control magazine since 2002. Presently, Greg is a part time
modeling and control consultant in Technology for Process Simulation for Emerson
Automation Solutions specializing in the use of the virtual plant for exploring new
opportunities. He spends most of his time writing, teaching and leading the ISA Mentor
Program he founded in 2011.

Connect with Greg

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