Bad Luck, Bad Ethics, and Cheating in Chess

In the 1561, Ruy Lopez de Segura (c. 1540- c. 1580), in his treatise on chess, advised his chess students
to “place your opponent with the sun in his eyes if you play by day, and with the candle at his right side
if you play at night.”

In 1851, at the first international chess tournament held in London, Adolf Anderssen (1818-1879) of
Germany and Jozsef Szen (1805-1857) of Hungary agreed that if either player took 1st place, he would
pay 1/3 of his prize money to the other person. Anderssen easily won his game from Szen in round
2. Szen took 5th place. This may not have been considered unethical. First place was 183 British pounds
and a silver cup.

In January 1880, at the 5th American Chess Congress in New York, Preston Ware (1821-1890), a wealthy
banker of Boston, testified to the tournament committee that his last-round opponent, James Grundy
(1855-1919) of England, offered him $20 if he agreed to play for a draw in their game that had been
adjourned. A draw would give Grundy, who needed the money, at least 2nd place prize money. Ware
agreed, but complained that Grundy then reneged on the deal and went on to win the game in 64
moves, and tied for 1st place (with George Mackenzie). 1st place was $500 and 2nd place was
$300. Grundy lost the playoff match with Mackenzie to take 2nd. When Grundy admitted his guilt, he
was forbidden from ever again taking part in an American tournament. Grundy played in other
tournaments, but under false names. Ware was suspended for one year from playing chess. Preston
Ware didn’t need the money, but agreed to the shady deal because he wanted his friend, Captain
George Mackenzie, to take first place.

In 1913, at a tournament in Havana, Charles Jaffe (1879-1941) drew his game with Frank Marshall (1877-
1944) in the first round, and later, lost his next game to Marshall, blundering away his queen for a rook
and then promptly resigned. Jose Capablanca (1888-1942), who lost to Marshall and Jaffe, charged that
Jaffe intentionally lost his game to Marshall so that Marshall would win the tournament ahead of
Capablanca. It was alleged that Capablanca influenced tournament organizers in the USA and Cuba so
that Jaffe would be unable to be invited or play in major tournaments after this, especially tournaments
in which Capablanca was playing. Jaffe never played again in a tournament where Capablanca also
participated. In 1916, Jaffe was involved in a court battle involving non-inclusion for publication of some
of his chess analysis. Jaffe brought suit to recover $750 for work alleged to have been done in analyzing
the Rice Gambit that was never published for a book called “Twenty Years of the Rice Gambit.” Jaffe
lost the case, since the publisher never asked Jaffe to do any analytical work for him.

In 1935, Ilya Rabinovich (1891-1942) was ordered to lose against Mikhail Botvinnik (1911-1995), to
ensure that Botvinnik took 1st place at a Moscow tournament. Botvinnik refused to go along with the
plan, saying, “…then I will myself put a piece en prise and resign.” The plan was aborted, the game was
drawn, and Botvinnik shared 1st place with Salo Flohr (1908-1983) of Czechoslovakia. Rabinovich tied for
11th-14th. Earlier, Flohr had proposed to Botvinnik that they both draw their final game and share
1st place. It was Botvinnik’s first success in international chess.

In 1937, Botvinnik was playing a match with Grigory Levenfish (1889-1961). In his adjourned 13th game,
Botvinnik called the arbiter, Nikolai Grigoriev (1895-1938), saying that Botvinnik was going to resign his
adjourned game. Grigoriev, one of the strongest endgame composers in the world, told Botvinnik not to
resign and that he, Grigoriev, found some defensive moves that could lead to a draw or even a
win. Grigoriev then started telling Botvinnik his analysis of the adjourned position. Botvinnik tried to
cut Grigoriev off, saying an arbitrator, of all people, should not be giving analysis to a player during
adjournment. Grigoriev replied that is was OK, since Levenfish was getting help from several other
masters.

In 1942, during the U.S. chess championship in New York, Samuel Reshevsky was playing
Arnold Denker when Reshevky’s flag fell. The tournament director (Walter Stephens), who was standing
behind the clock, flipped it around and, looking at Reshevsky’s side of the clock (which he mistakenly
thought was Denker’s), announce “Denker forfeits!” He refused to correct his error. This erroneous
ruling by the director allowed Reshevsky to tie for first with Isaac Kashdan. Reshevsky then won the
playoff match against Kashdan 6 months later.

After World War II, there may have been an effort by the Russians to execute Paul Keres for playing in
German tournaments during the war, but Mikhail Botvinnik may have intervened to prevent
this. Keres may have owed Botvinnik his life. In 1948, in the world championship match-tournament,
Paul Keres (1916-1975) may have been ordered by the Soviets to throw his games to Mikhail Botvinnik
for the world championship. Keres played well against his three other rivals, but lost his first four games
to Botvinnik. Years later, Botvinnik gave an interview stating that Stalin had given orders
for Keres and Smyslov to lose to Botvinnik so that Botvinnik would become world champion.

In 1950, Samuel Reshevsky (1911-1992) was playing Fotis Mastichiadis, a minor master from Greece, at
the chess Olympiad in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Reshevsky made his 24th move too fast, then noticed that
the move was a blunder and that it would lose immediately. Without hesitation, as his opponent was
busy writing down the move on his score sheet, Reshevsky offered a draw. His opponent, happy to
draw with Grandmaster Reshevsky, accepted the draw immediately without examining the position
before accepting the draw. Of course, there is nothing unethical or illegal in offering a draw from a
clearly lost position.

In the 1950s, Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) played a chess game against a friend at a restaurant and
lost. He then went home, phoned his friend and bet some money on a new game played over the
phone. Bogart won the game, but then admitted he cheated. At the time, U.S. Champion Herman
Steiner (1905-1955) was visiting Bogart at his house, who helped Bogart with the moves. Bogart himself
said that he liked chess better than poker because you couldn’t cheat at chess.

In 1959, the Candidates’ tournament was held in Bled. Mikhail Tal (1936-1992) tried to unnerve his
opponents by staring at them while they were thinking. Some players thought he was trying to
hypnotize his opponents. When he had to play Pal Benko, Benko brought a pair of dark sunglasses to
wear during their game. Later, Benko explained that he wore the glasses not to ward of Tal’s “evil eye,”
but as a stunt. A couple of Yugoslav reporters asked Benko to wear them to provide an eye-catching
photo and a lively story for their newspapers.

In 1962, Bobby Fischer (1943-2008) complained that the Russian prearranged draws against each other
in order to conserve energy for play against him. Fischer’s article “The Russian Have Fixed World Chess,”
appeared in Sports Illustrated. This led to the tournament system being scrapped in favor of a series of
elimination matches. Years later, Viktor Korchnoi, after he defected, accused Soviet players of cheating,
of ganging up on Westerners in tournaments and throwing key games when necessary.

In the early 1960s, the first recorded computer chess cheating occurred at MIT. Some MIT students
went to Professor John McCarthy and another professor (both chess players), stating that they had a
breakthrough in chess algorithms and that they should come to the lab immediately to see their
discovery. McCarthy was led into one lab room and the other professor was led into another lab
room. One of the professors was placed in from in a TX-0 computer, and the other in front of a PDP-1
computer. They were then asked to enter chess moves. Unknown to them, their computers were
connected to each other by a single wire and the two professors were playing each other.

In 1967, Grandmaster Milan Matulovic of Yugoslavia was playing against Istvan Bilek in the 9th round at
the Interzonal in Sousse, Tunisia. Matulovic moved his bishop (38.Bf3??), pressed his chess clock, and
soon realized he had made a mistake. So he took back his bishop move, moved his king (38.Kg1), and
only then said “J’Adoube” (“I adjust” – which is said before adjusting pieces on a square). Matulovic
then wrote his move on his score sheet as if nothing happened. Bilek went to the tournament director
to protest, but Matulovic replied, “But I said j’adoube!” There was an argument, but the tournament
director, having only Bilek’s word against Matulovic, refused to require Matulovic to make his original
move with his bishop, as the rules of chess state. Bilek protested three times to the tournament
director, but was ignored. The game ended in a draw. After this incident, even the Yugoslav players
shunned Matulovic. Ever since this incident, Matulovic has been referred as “J’adoubovic.”

A few days after the game with Bilek, Matulovic choked on a bone and had to be taken to a
doctor. From then on, the joke in the tournament was that the doctor couldn’t find a bone, but the
world “j’adoube” was found stuck in Matulovic’s throat.

In 1968, at a tournament in Athens, two Greek players were trying to qualify for International Master at
the event. During the opening ceremony, invited players to the tournament were asked to draw or lose
their games to the Greek players. In return, they would be paid a sum of money or points would be
thrown in their direction by other accommodating players. Some players cooperated, others
refused. The two Greek players did get their International Master title.

In 1970, at the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal, Mark Taimanov was paired with Milan (J’adoubovic)
Matulovic in the final round. It was alleged that Taimanov or his Soviet Federation paid Matulovic $300
to lose the game so that Taimanov would qualify for the 1971 Candidates matches. Taimanov needed a
win to qualify. Matulovic showed up 20 minutes late, lingered at the board, looked at the previous day’s
tournament bulletin, then finally made a move. Matulovic, normally a slow player, played at a fast pace
and lost after about an hour of play. Taimanov qualified for the Candidates match and then lost to
Bobby Fischer in Vancouver, with a 0-6 score. In 1971, Matulovic was sentenced to 9 months for killing
a woman by dangerous driving. No evidence that he said “J’adoube” before hitting her.

In 1970, Bobby Fischer was playing White against Vlatko Kovacevic at a tournament in Zagreb. On his
18th move, Fischer had a chance to win if Black made the obvious move. Petrosian and Korchnoi, who
were watching the game, spotted Fischer’s deadly intention and were analyzing the position in a
different room. Petrosian’s wife had followed the analysis of the Petrosian and Korchnoi, then walked
across to the board and whispered the lines to Kovacevic. Kovacevic then played another, less obvious,
but stronger move, and actually won the game. It was Fischer’s only loss in the 17-round tournament.

In 1972, the Soviets claimed that Bobby Fischer was using an electronic “brain disruption” device in his
chair that affected Boris Spassky. The device was supposedly activated when Fischer got up to walk
around during Spassky’s turn to move. The Soviets ordered that Fischer’s chair be dismantled and
examined, but the Soviet technician did not find any device.

In 1973, the police raided a chess tournament in Cleveland, Ohio. The arrested the tournament director
and confiscated the chess sets on charges of allowing gambling (cash prizes to winners) and possession
of gambling devices (the chess sets).
In 1974, the candidates match between Henrique Mecking and Tigran Petrosian was played in Augusta,
Georgia. During the match, Mecking made a formal protest. He accused the former world champion of
kicking the table, shaking the chessboard, stirring the coffee too loudly, and rolling a coin on the
table. Mecking went to the arbiter twice to complain that Petrosian was breathing too
loudly. Mecking kicked back at the table and made noises of his own. Petrosian responded by turning
his hearing aid off.

At the 1976 World Open in New York, a stronger player used the identity of a weaker friend in one of
the lower sections. The stronger player was winning all his games until his identity was found
out. Director Bill Goichberg had a talk with the person who disappeared before the end of the
tournament.

In 1978, Anatoly Karpov had a parapsychologist in the audience against his world championship match
with Korchnoi in Baguio, Philippines. Korchnoi claimed the parapsychologist was distorting his brain
waves. Korchnoi then hired his own psychics to counteract the negative vibrations. During the match,
Korchnoi also accused Karpov of cheating by receiving different flavors of yogurt during the game. The
different flavors were part of coded instructions that Karpov followed. The arbiter treated the
accusation seriously and imposed a fixed time of sending yogurt to Karpov. The flavors had to be in
writing from Karpov to the arbiter.

In 1980, a chess computer was used for the first time to clandestinely help a human player during a
game. It occurred in Hamburg, Germany. German grandmaster Helmut Pfleger was giving a
simultaneous exhibition at the Hamburg chess festival. One of the players who was playing in
the simul hid a radio receiver on himself while he received moves from BELLE. As soon as Pfleger mad a
move, the move was immediately relayed by phone to Ken Thompson, who entered it into the computer
BELLE. When Pfleger approached the board again, a move was dictated by radio transmission to the
player’s earphone. The computer won in 68 moves. It was Pfleger’s only loss. The game was not
strictly an example of cheating. It was an experiment in which the deception was immediately
revealed. Immediately after the game, Pfleger was asked if he noticed anything unusual in the
games. He had not. He was then told that one of the games was played by a machine,
surprising Pfleger. He was amazed to hear that it was the game he lost.

In 1981, at the Lone Pine tournament in California, Sammy Reshevsky offered a draw to John
Fedorowicz. After letting his time tick down, Fedorowicz accepted. Reshevsky then denied he made the
offer. There were several witnesses to Reshevsky’s offers, but the tournament director, Isaac Kashdan,
eliminated all the witnesses, saying they were all Fedorowicz’s friends, and upheld Reshevsky’s
fabrication. However, the game was resumed with Fedorowicz almost out of time and Reshevsky lost!

In 1983, Anna Akhsharumova was playing the final round of the Soviet Women’s Chess championship
against her main competitor, Nana Ioseliani. Anna won the game on time forfeit and should have won
the title. But the next day, Ioseliani filed a protest alleging a malfunction in the chess clock. Ioseliani
demanded a new game be played. Anna refused to play, so the result of her game with Ioseliani was
reversed by the All-Union Board of Referees in Moscow (the tournament itself was being played in
Tallinn), thereby forfeiting her title. Anna went from 1st place to 3rd place over this decision.

In 1985, Nick Down, a former British Junior Correspondence champion, entered the British Ladies
Correspondence Championship as Miss Leigh Strange and won the event (and 15 British pounds along
with the Lady Herbert trophy). He then signed up to represent Britain in the Ladies Postal Olympiad. He
was later caught when one of his friends mouthed off about it and Nick confessed. The whole thing had
been cooked up by Nick Down and a group of undergraduates at Cambridge, where Nick was a
student. Nick returned the Lady Herbert trophy and was banned from the British Correspondence Chess
Association for two years.

In 1986, at the New York Open, Pal Benko was playing Hungarian Grandmaster Gyula Sax in the final
round. If Benko won, he would have earned $12,000. If Benko drew, he would only get $3,000. Sax
offered Benko a draw at a critical position. Benko turned it down, blundered in time pressure, and
lost. He got nothing.

In 1988, undercover police arrested a chess player at a park in New York City after he won a marked $5
bill against a cop posing as a construction worker during a blitz game. The chess player was jailed for 3
days, his medication was confiscated, and he had a heart attack. The arrest was finally tossed out by a
judge. Five years later, the city settled the wrongful arrest lawsuit out of court for $100,000.

In 1989, the police raided a chess a chess tournament in Los Angeles. The L.A.P.D. vice officers raided a
nightly chess tournament held at Dad’s Donuts. They cited three men for gambling after finding $1.50
on the table. The police staged the raid after an undercover detective tried unsuccessfully to join a blitz
chess game. The detective then pulled out his badge and said “all of you are under arrest,” as the
L.A.P.D. swooped in.

In 1992, Grandmaster and former world junior champion Pablo Zarnicki of Argentina was disqualified
from a Dos Hermanas Internet Chess Club tournament, accused of cheating by using a computer, which
he denied.

In 1993, an unrated black player named John von Neumann was playing at the World Open in
Philadelphia and scored 4/5 out of 9 in the Open section, including a draw with a grandmaster (Helgi
Olafsson) and a win against a 2350-rated player. He wore a large pair of headphones and seemed to
have something in his pocket that buzzed at critical points of the game. When quizzed by Bill Goichberg,
the tournament director, von Neumann was unable to demonstrate very much knowledge about simple
chess concepts, and was disqualified and received no prize money. It appeared he was using a strong
chess computer to cheat and play his games. It was alleged that he was entering moves on a
communication device whose signal was being sent up to a hotel room where an accomplice was
operating a chess computer. Von Neumann has never been seen or heard from since. John von
Neumann is the same name as the noted mathematician and pioneer in artificial intelligence.

In 1994, at Linares, Spain, Garry Kasparov made a move against Judit Polgar, momentarily letting go of
the piece (in violation of the “touch move” rule), then made a move to another square once he realized
his original move was a blunder. Kasparov went on to win the game. Judit Polgar waited a day before
issuing her complaint instead of during the game. A videotape of the incident proved that Kasparov did
let go of the piece.

In 1996, Claude Bloodgood, at the age of 71, became the 9th highest ranked chess player in the United
States, by playing 1,700 rated games against other inmates. He was an inmate in a Virginia prison and
just strong enough to beat other inmates, but was not a strong master. He built up a high numerical
rating by organizing chess tournaments and matches in prison, and consistently beat the other weaker
players. His rating highlighted flaws in the U.S. Chess Federation (USCF) grading system. From 1993 to
1999, he played 3,174 rated games in prison, almost always winning.
In 1997, Kasparov lost to Deep Blue. Kasparov later claimed that the team of chess players assembled
by IBM had intervened in move selections that they were not computer selections because the moves
were too human.

In 2001, Grandmaster Alexandru Crisan was accused of faking his Elo rating of 2635 (number 33 in the
world) by fixing chess matches for his own benefit and falsifying chess tournament results.

In 2002, at the World Open in Philadelphia, a Russian player was caught going outside and getting advice
from another player. His opponent followed the Russian player outside and caught him speaking in
Russian to the same man intently watching the game. They had been discussing the last move of the
game, which was heard by 30-40 onlookers. The Russian then said he would forfeit the game.

In 2003, at the Lampertsheim Open, a player was caught with a handheld PC which displayed a running
chess program. The player often left the tournament room for protracted periods of time to go to the
bathroom. The tournament director caught him when he entered a neighboring stall, stood on the toilet
bowl and looked over the dividing wall, where he observed the player using a stylus to operate the
program.

In 2003, former world champion Ruslan Ponomariov lost a game when his cell phone rang during the
European team championship. He lost his game to Evgeny Agrest (who lost a game in 2004 when his cell
phone rang) in his Ukrainian team match versus Sweden. Ponomariov was the first player penalized
under this rule at a major event.

In 2004, Grandmaster Arkadi Naiditsch admitted cheating by using a computer in an Internet

tournament, claiming that everyone else was doing it.

In 2004, top seed Christine Castellano was playing in the Philippine Women’s National Chess
Championship when her cell phone rang. She was disqualified from the event.

In 2005, at the HB Global Chess Challenge in Minneapolis, a player was caught receiving chess moves
over his cell phone during his game. The rules were published that cell phones were prohibited.

In 2005,one of the competitors in the San Luis World Championship tournament accused Topalov of
cheating with a computer. It was alleged that Topalov’s delegation was using a laptop computer in the
playing hall to analyze the moves and sometimes signaling the moves to him.

In 2006, at a New Delhi tournament, an Indian player was caught using a chess computer via a
Bluetooth-enabled device which as sewn in his cap. He had a Bluetooth headset sewn into the cap
which he typically pulled down over his ears. An accomplice had been communicating with him outside
the playing location. He was relaying moves from a computer chess program. The player was banned
from competitive chess in India for 10 years.

In July 2006, at the World Open in Philadelphia, two players were accused of cheating in chess by using
computer assistance. One player was found to be using a wireless transmitter and receiver called
“Phonito.” He had a wireless device in his ear, claiming it was a hearing aid. He was disqualified from
the event. The other player, wearing a hat, was suspected of cheating. The tournament director
wanted to search this person. The suspect agreed, but first ducked into a bathroom. Although no
device was found, there were suspicions that he used the bathroom visit to dispose of a miniature
wireless receiver that might have been hidden in the hat he wore.
In 2006, at the world championship match, Veselin Topalov questioned Kramnik’s numerous bathroom
trips, suggesting that Kramnik was receiving computer assistance. Kramnik visited the bathroom more
than 50 times during one of the games. The bathroom was the only room that did not have surveillance
cameras. This incident was called “Toiletgate.”

In 2006, research from two Ph.D. economists at Washington University in St. Louis offered strong
evidence that the Soviets cheated during the world chess championships from 1940 through
1964. Titled “Did the Soviets Collude? A Statistical Analysis of Championship, 1940-64,” the study was
presented at several academic meetings. It concluded by saying, “We have shown that such collusion
clearly benefited the Soviet players and let to performances against the competition in critical
tournaments that were noticeably better than would have been predicted on the basis of past
performances and on their relative ratings.”

In February 2007, a burglary of the hotel room of Grandmaster Radjabov forced him to withdraw from
the Morelia-Linares tournament. The burglary occurred in Patzcuaro, Mexico only a few days before
the start of the tournament. Radjabov and his father left for a quick dinner and returned to their room
within 30 minutes. All of their valuable items were stolen. They reported the crime, but got neither
help from the local authorities, or even a police investigation.

In 2007, the Rochester Chess Center was the official vendor at the World Open in Philadelphia. They
had 21 expensive chess clocks stolen during the event. Some of the clocks were being used to pay off
gambling debts from backgammon and poker.

In 2007, a Dutch player was caught using PocketFritz on his PDA. The tournament director caught him
when the player went outside to get some fresh air.

In 2007, $73,000 was donated on behalf of a chess program and team at an elementary school in
Washington, DC. It turned out that the school business manager who handled the funds was a
thief. The business manager ripped off most of the $73,000 that was supposed to go to the chess
program. The person used the school’s ATM card more than 100 times to steal from the chess
fund. When the pillage was discovered, the school security and the police were immediately notified,
but the authorities did little or nothing until an anonymous tipster told the D.C. government’s inspector
general about the missing money. Before the plundering, the money was used to fund 12 Washington
D.C. kids to Nashville to take part in the national scholastic chess tournament. The children of the chess
team never competed in another tournament after the theft of their funds.

In December 2007, the tournament director’s laptop was stolen at the 34th Eastern Open in Washington,
D.C. It had occurred shortly after round 3, when the 6-month-old laptop was stolen from the director’s
room. Generous chess players at the event contributed $600, which was matched by a generous donor
to pay for a new laptop.

In December, 2007, Anna Rudolf, a Hungarian Woman Grandmaster and International Master, was
accused of cheating by some of the male players in the Vandoeuvre Open chess tournament in
France. She was allegedly receiving transmissions of chess moves through her container of lip
gloss. One of the male players even refused to shake hands with her in the final game and demanded
that the arbiter take further actions against her. At the time, Rudolf was leading the tournament by ½
point. She was so shocked by the accusations that she lost the final round and ended up in 9rd place.

In 2008, at the Dubai Open, an Iranian player was caught receiving suggested moves by text message on
his mobile phone. The game was being relayed live over the Internet and a friend was following it and
guiding the player using a computer. The player was caught when he was looking into his mobile
handset. When confronted, he immediately dropped his cell phone. On examining the handset, it was
found that he had received SMS instructions in Farsi.

In 2008, Grandmaster Nigel Short lost a game when his cell phone rang. The Nokia phone had been a
gift from a sponsor at a recent chess tournament and Short had only started using it.

In 2008, Grandmaster Vassily Ivanchuk (ranked 3rd in the world at the time) refused to submit a urine
sample for a drug test at the Chess Olympiad in Dresden, Germany. He was then considered guilty of
doping while playing chess and faced a two-year ban. It was the last day of the tournament and
Ivanchuck had just lost to Gata Kamsky. He was then asked to submit to a drug test. Instead, Ivanchuk
stormed out of the room in the conference center, kicked a concrete pillar in the lobby, pounded a
countertop in the cafeteria with his fists and then vanished into the coatroom.

In 2009, in a match between Bulgaria and England, the Bulgarian Grandmaster Alexander Delchev’s cell
phone went off, leading to an immediate forfeit of the game.

In 2009, the 2nd Gedeon Barcza Memorial was supposed to take place in Budapest. Although the first
round was actually played with 5 International Masters and 7 Grandmasters, it soon became clear that
the main organizer did not have the money to play with the hotel or the players. The Ramanda Resort
Hotel, where the players were staying and where the tournament was held, never received any money
from the organizer. On the second day, the hotel decided to close the playing hall. The hotel manager
said, “no money, no business.” All 12 chess players were financially harmed and the top GMs were still
waiting for their appearance fees. The organizer blamed the situation on lost potential sponsors.

In 2009, at the Aeroflot Open, GM Shakhriyar Mamedyarov of Azerbaijan, the top seed, lost quickly to
Igor Kurnosov of Russia. After the game, Mamedyarov accused his opponent of cheating, saying that his
opponent went to the bathroom after every move, taking his coat with him. Mamedyarov said he
examined the game against the computer program Rybka, and that every move in the game matched
the computer’s recommendations every time. Kurnosov’s pockets were searched, and the organizers
only found cigarettes, a lighter and a pen in his pockets. After the protest, Mamedyarov withdrew from
the tournament and Kurnosov was allowed to finish the tournament.

In 2009, a 14-year old chess player from Australia was caught cheating with a Playstation Portable with a
chess program (Chessmaster). He was caught using the hand held computer in the toilet cubicle by a
deputy arbiter who followed him in the bathroom. Suspicions were first aroused when the player
visited the bathroom 6 times in 20 moves. The player was in the under-1600 section of the Norths
Chess Club Centenary Year Tournament.

In 2011, the French Chess Federation suspended two Grandmasters and one International Master,
finding them “guilty of a violation of sporting ethics” for allegedly cheating during the 2010 Chess
Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk. They may have been texting each other chess moves on their mobile
phones.

In 2011, a FIDE master was caught using a chess program on his smartphone during the 2011 German
Chess Championship.