Electric Circuit I_EEC- 1003

LO3 (Chapter 8)

Slides prepared by Electric Circuit Team @

Sharjah Colleges
LO3
LO3 Objectives:
1. State and apply superposition theorem to simplify and
analyze multisource linear circuits.

2. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit of various single

source linear circuits.

3. Determine the Norton equivalent circuit of various single

source linear circuits.

4. Determine the required load resistor for maximum power

transfer from various linear circuits.
 Voltage sources

A practical voltage source is drawn as an ideal source

in series with the source resistance. When the internal
resistance is zero, the source reduces to an ideal one.

RS

VS +
 Voltage sources

If the source resistance of a 5.0 V power supply is 0.5

Ω, what is the voltage across a 68 Ω load?

RS VOUT
Use the voltage-
VS + 0.5 Ω
divider equation:
5.0 V RL
 RL  68 Ω
VL =   VS
 RL + RS 
 68 Ω 
=  5 V = 4.96 V
 68 Ω + 0.5 Ω 
Current sources

A practical current source is drawn as an ideal source with a

parallel source resistance. When the source resistance is
infinite, the current source is ideal.

IS RS
 Current sources

If the source resistance of a 10 mA current source is 4.7

kΩ, what is the voltage across a 100 Ω load?

Use the current-divider

equation:
IS RS RL
 RS 
IL =   IS 10 mA 4.7 kΩ 100 Ω
 RL + RS 
 4.7 kΩ 
= 10 mA = 9.8 mA
 100 Ω + 4.7 kΩ 
Vl=980mV
 Source conversions

Any voltage source with an internal resistance can be

converted to an equivalent current source and vice-
versa by applying Ohm’s law to the source. The
source resistance, RS, is the same for both.

VS
To convert a voltage source to a current source, IS =
RS

To convert a current source to a voltage source, VS = I S R S

Example 8.4&
8.4& 8.5 pages 291 & 292

Convert the voltage source in figure 1 to an equivalent
current source and show the equivalent circuit

Convert the current source in figure 2 to an equivalent
voltage source and show the equivalent circuit

Figure1 Figure 2
 Superposition theorem

The superposition theorem is a way to determine

currents and voltages in a linear circuit that has
multiple sources by taking one source at a time and
algebraically summing the results.

R1 R3
What does the 6.8 kΩ
2.7 kΩ I2
ammeter read for I2? VS1 +
- VS2 +

1.56 mA 12 V -
+
18 V -
R2
6.8 kΩ
 Steps in applying the superposition

Step 1. Leave one voltage (or current) source at a time in the circuit and
replace each of the other voltage (or current) sources with its internal
resistance. For ideal sources a short represents zero internal resistance and an
open represents infinite internal resistance.

Step 2. Determine the particular current (or voltage) that you want just as if
there were only one source in the circuit.

Step 3. Take the next source in the circuit and repeat Steps 1 and 2. Do this for
each source.

Step 4. To find the actual current in a given branch, algebraically sum the
currents due to each individual source. (If the currents are in the same
direction, they are added. If the currents are in opposite directions, they are
subtracted with the direction of the resulting current the same as the larger of
the original quantities.)

Once you find the current, you can determine the voltage using Ohm's law.
 Example 8.6 page 295

Use superposition theorem to find the current through R2 in the figure below :

Find the current I2 due to Vs1 then find I2 due to Vs2 and then add the two currents.
Superposition example
Example 8.6 page 295

Step 1: Find the current through R2 due to

voltage source VS2 by replacing
VS1 with a short, as shown

I 2 (SI) = 33.3mA
Example 8.6 page 295

Step 2: Find the current through R 2 due to

voltage source V S2 by replacing V S1
with a short, as shown

l2(S2) = 16.7mA
Example 8.6 page 295

Step 3: Now add the calculated I2 from each source.

Both component currents are downward through R2, so they
have the same algebraic sign. Therefore, add the values to get
the total current through R2.

I(tot) = I 2 (SI) + l2(S2)
= 33.3 mA + l6.7mA = 50 mA
Example 8.7 page 296

Find the current through R2 in the circuit of figure below
Example 8.7 page 296

Step 1: Find the current

through R2 due to Vs
by replacing Is with an open,
as shown

l2(VS)=31.2mA
Example 8.7 page 296

Step 2: Find the current

through R 2 due to Is
by replacing V s with
a short, as shown

I2(Is )= 68.8mA
Example 8.7 page 296

Step 3: Both currents are in the same direction through R2' so

add them to get the total.

I 2 (101) = I2 (vs ) + I2 (Is)
= 31.2 mA + 68.8 mA = 100 mA

Related Problem If the polarity of Vs is reversed, how is the

value of Is affected? Try this!
 Try this at home !
Example 8.8 page 297

Find the current through the 100Ω resistor in the figure below:

ans. = 7mA
 Try this at home !

Find the total current through R3

Ans. 0.91 mA
 Thevenin’s theorem

Thevenin’s theorem states that any two-terminal,

resistive circuit can be replaced with a simple
equivalent circuit when viewed from two output
terminals. The equivalent circuit is:

RTH
VTH
Thevenin’s theorem

VTH is defined as the open circuit voltage between the two output terminals
of a circuit.

RTH is defined as the total resistance appearing between the two output
terminals when all sources have been replaced by their internal
resistances.

RTH
VTH
 Thevenin’s theorem

What is the Thevenin voltage for the circuit? 8.76 V

What is the Thevenin resistance for the circuit? 7.30 kΩ
Ω

Output terminals
R1
Remember, the load
VS 10 kΩ resistor has no affect on
the Thevenin
12 V R2 RL parameters.
27 kΩ 68 kΩ
 Example 8.10 page 303
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit between A and B of the circuit in the figure :
Thevenin’s Example
Step 1: Find VTH between A & B following the steps in the previous slide
Step 2: Find RTH
Step 3: Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Example 8.11 page 305
Thevenin’s equivalent depends on the output terminals from which the circuit is
viewed
Follow the steps in this slide to solve the previous question
A. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the circuit in the figure
below viewed from terminal A and C
B. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the circuit in the figure
below viewed from terminal B and C
 Norton’s theorem

Norton’s theorem states that any two-terminal,

resistive circuit can be replaced with a simple
equivalent circuit when viewed from two output
terminals. The equivalent circuit is:

IN RN
 Norton’s theorem

IN is defined asthe output current when the output terminals are shorted.

RN is defined as the total resistance appearing between the two output

terminals when all sources have been replaced by their internal
resistances.

IN RN
Norton’s theorem

17.9 mA
What is the Norton current for the circuit?
What is the Norton resistance for the circuit? 359 Ω

Output terminals
R1

VS + 560 Ω
10 V R2 RL
1.0 kΩ
820 Ω

The Norton circuit is shown on the following slide.

 Norton’s theorem

The Norton circuit (without the load) is:

IN RN
17.9 mA 359 Ω
 Example 8.14 Page 313
Determine IN , RN and Draw the complete Norton equivalent for the original circuit for the circuit
below
Maximum power transfer

The maximum power is transferred from a source to

a load when the load resistance is equal to the
internal source resistance.( RL = RS)
RS

VS +
RL

The maximum power transfer theorem assumes

the source voltage and resistance are fixed.
Example: Find RL for maximum power transfer
Hint: Use the same method used to find RTH
Home work

Chapter 8page 330: 2,6,9,11,12,18,19,25,26,31,32,33