Application Notes P34x/EN AP/I96

P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391 (AP) 6-77

Figure 37: Connection for 3rd harmonic undervoltage and overvoltage for 100% stator
earth fault protection

2.21.1 Setting guidelines for 100% stator earth fault protection

AP
The 100% stator earth fault protection element can be selected by setting the 100% St
EF Status cell to Enabled.
The third harmonic undervoltage threshold, 100% St EF VN3H<, must be set below the level
of third harmonic voltage present under normal conditions. This voltage can be determined
by viewing the VN 3rd Harmonic cell in the MEASUREMENTS 3 menu. A typical value for
this threshold could be 0.5 V.
The third harmonic overvoltage threshold, 100% St EF VN3H>, must be set above the level
of third harmonic voltage present under normal conditions. This voltage can be determined
by viewing the VN 3rd Harmonic cell in the MEASUREMENTS 3 menu. A typical value for
this threshold could be 1 V.
A time delay for these elements can be set in the VN3H< Delay and VN3H> Delay cells.
The terminal voltage interlock threshold, used to prevent operation of the element when the
machine is not running, 100% St EF V<Inh, should typically be set to 80% of machine rated
voltage.
The power interlock thresholds, used to prevent operation of the element until there is
sufficient load current, P<Inhibit set, Q<Inhibit set, S<Inhibit, should be enabled if required
to prevent operation under no load conditions. One or more of the thresholds can be used
as an interlock. They should be set during commissioning by increasing the load current
until the 3rd harmonic undervoltage element is reset and setting the power thresholds above
the measured power values. The power values can be determined by viewing the three-
phase Watts, three-phase Vars, three-phase VA cells in the MEASUREMENTS 2 menu.

Note: Other earth fault protection (residual overvoltage or current operated stator
earth fault protection) must also be enabled to provide coverage for earth
faults across the complete stator winding.

2.22 100% stator earth fault protection (low frequency injection method) (64S)
The 100% stator earth fault protection using a low frequency injection technique detects
earth faults in the entire winding, including the generator neutral point. If an earth fault in the
generator starpoint or close to the starpoint is not detected the generator is effectively
running with a low impedance earth bypassing the high impedance earth typically used on
 P34x/EN AP/I96 Application Notes

(AP) 6-78 P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391

large machines. A second earth fault can then cause a very high current to flow which can
cause a lot of damage to the machine. This is why 100% stator earth fault protection is a
common requirement for large machines.
The low frequency injection technique can be used to provide protection for 100% of the
stator winding compared to only 20-30% of the winding using the 3rd harmonic technique.
Also, the low frequency injection technique provides protection when the machine is stopped
and running and also when the machine is running up and down. The 3rd harmonic
technique has to be blocked or is not operational when the machine is stopped and when the
machine is running up and down. Also, some machines only produce a low level of 3rd
harmonic voltage (<1% Vn) and for these machines the 3rd harmonic method of 100% stator
earth fault protection can not be used. So in these applications only the low frequency
injection method can provide 100% stator earth fault protection.
100% stator earth fault protection can be provided by injecting an external low frequency
alternating voltage into the starpoint or the terminals of the machine. Under normal healthy
conditions only a very small current flows via the stator earth capacitance due to the high
impedance of this path at low frequencies (Xc = 1/2fc). In the event of an earth fault the
measured current increases due to the smaller impedance of the earth fault path. From the
injected voltage and the fault current the relay can determine the fault resistance. The
protection can also detect earth faults at the generator terminals including connected
components such as voltage transformers.
A loading device with a low frequency generator is required for implementation. The output
of the low frequency signal generator (approx 25 V) is connected via a bandpass filter in
parallel with a loading resistor to a neutral transformer at the generator starpoint or an
earthing (broken delta) transformer at the terminals of the generator.
AP The loading resistor is connected in parallel with the low frequency generator to generate a
defined neutral current in normal healthy conditions.
The voltage to be injected into the generator starpoint depends on the driving 20 Hz voltage
(voltage divider, load resistor and bandpass), and on the transformation ratio of the neutral
or earthing transformer. To prevent the secondary load resistance from becoming too small
(it should be > 0.5  where possible to minimize measurement errors) a high secondary
voltage, such as 500 V, should be chosen for the neutral or earthing transformer.

Note: The voltage withstand of the bandpass filter voltage divider is 550 V ac for ≤
30s
It is important that the earthing transformer never becomes saturated otherwise
ferroresonance may occur. It is sufficient that the transformer knee point voltage be equal to
the generator rated line voltage. The low frequency voltage is fed to the relay via a voltage
divider and the low frequency measuring current is fed via a miniature current transformer.
All interference deviating from the nominal low frequency signal is filtered out.
The 100% stator earth fault protection can also be applied with a primary loading resistor.
The 20 Hz voltage is connected via a voltage transformer and the neutral starpoint current is
directly measured via a CT, see section 2.22.2.3.
From the measured current and voltage vectors the complex impedance can be calculated
and from this the ohmic resistance is determined. This eliminates disturbances caused by
the stator earth capacitance and ensures high sensitivity. The relay algorithm can take into
account a transfer resistance 64S Series R, that may be present at the neutral or earthing
voltage transformer. An example of the series resistance is the total leakage resistance of
the earthing or neutral transformer, through which the injected voltage is applied to the
generator neutral. The algorithm can also account for parallel resistance, 64S Parallel G (G
= 1/R), such as an additional earthing transformer connected on the LV side of the step-up
transformer. Other error factors can be taken into account by the angle error compensation,
64S Angle Comp.
The relay includes a 20 Hz overcurrent element which can be used as a back-up to the
20 Hz under resistance protection. The overcurrent element is not as sensitive as the under
resistance elements as it does not include any transfer resistance compensation or any
compensation for capacitance affects.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/I96

P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391 (AP) 6-79

In addition to the determination of the earth resistance, the relay also includes 95% stator
earth fault protection as a back-up to the 100% stator earth fault protection. The neutral
voltage protection from the measured earthing/neutral transformer or calculated neutral
voltage from the 3 phase voltage input can be used to provide 95% stator earth fault
protection and is active during the run-up and run-down of the generator.
The 100% stator earth fault protection includes 2 stages of under resistance protection for
alarm and trip and an overcurrent protection stage, with each stage having a definite time
delay setting. The protection includes a supervision element to evaluate a failure of the low
frequency generator or the low frequency connection.

Residually-
connected
3-phase
Transformer
20Hz Frequency Generator

Band Pass
Filter

P345

Distribution
Transformer Miniature
CT
RL V64S AP

I64S

Figure 38: Circuit diagram of the 100% stator earth fault protection with earthing
(broken delta) transformer or neutral transformer
Where
RL loading resistor
V64S displacement voltage at the protective relay
I64S measuring current at the protective relay

2.22.1 Setting guidelines for 100% stator earth fault protection

The 100% stator earth fault protection element can be selected by setting the 64S 100%St
EF cell to Enabled.
The 64S R Factor is set as described in section 2.22.2 – Setting Calculation for the R Factor.
The under resistance alarm threshold, 64S Alarm Set, must be set below the level of
resistance present under normal conditions. This resistance can be determined by viewing
the 64S R cell in the MEASUREMENTS 3 menu. A typical value for the primary fault
resistance alarm setting is between 3-8 k .
The under resistance trip threshold, 64S R<2 Trip Set, must be set below the level of
resistance present under normal conditions. This resistance can be determined by viewing
the 64S R cell in the MEASUREMENTS 3 menu. A typical value for the primary fault
resistance trip setting is between 1-2 k .
 P34x/EN AP/I96 Application Notes

(AP) 6-80 P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391

The overcurrent trip threshold, 64S I>1 Trip Set, must be set above the 20 Hz level of current
present under normal conditions. This secondary current can be determined by viewing the
64S I Magnitude cell in the MEASUREMENTS 3 menu.
The P345’s 64S protection has a very powerful band pass filter tuned to 20 Hz. The band
pass filter is designed with an attenuation of at least -80 db for frequencies less than 15 Hz
and greater than 25 Hz. -80 db is equivalent to a noise rejection capability with a noise-to-
signal ratio of 10000 to 1. However, it is not possible for the filter to reject all the ‘noises’
around 20 Hz. When the power system frequency is at 20 Hz, the relay will not be able to
distinguish the power system frequency signal and the injected signal.
Under no fault conditions, the influence of the 20 Hz power system components is practically
negligible. So there is no risk of relay mal-operation under system frequency conditions,
from 0 Hz to 70 Hz. The current measured will effectively be the capacitive current plus the
current through the parallel resistance. The 64S I>1 should be set higher than this quiescent
current.
For earth faults occurring 0 – 15 Hz and 25 - 70 Hz at any point on the stator windings both
the under resistance (64S R<) and overcurrent protection (64S I>) work correctly under
these power system frequency conditions due to the relay filtering. The power system
frequency components will be removed by the band pass filter and will have no influence on
the protection measurements.
The influence of the power system signals depend on the position of the fault. At the star
point, the influence is negligible. Therefore both the under resistance (64S R<) and
overcurrent protection (64S I>) work correctly under the complete range of power system
frequencies from 0 to 70 Hz when the faults occur at the star-point.

AP For faults not at the star point where the power system frequency signals are at or close to
20 Hz the power system 20 Hz signals become more and more dominant as the fault
position moves towards the terminal of the generator. For these faults there is a possibility
the R< elements can overreach. In most cases the current is 180° out of phase with the
voltage.
The 64S current (I64S(P345)) under fault conditions consists of two components, the 20 Hz
current component from the 20 Hz injection system, (I64S(20)) and the 20 Hz current
component produced by the neutral displacement voltage, (I64S(G)). At or around 20 Hz,
the I64S(G) cannot be filtered off and therefore contributes in magnitude to the I64S(P345),
which improves the fault detection capability of the 64S I>1 protection function.
Therefore the 64S I> element can be used to provide back-up protection for faults that occur
when the machine is running at 20 Hz. The I64S I>1 Trip can be set as a back-up element
15-25 Hz to the 64S R<1/R<2 elements by setting a longer trip time.
If required the R<1 and R<2 protection can be blocked at around 20 Hz. The 64S F Band
Block (operates when the measured frequency is in the range 15-25 Hz) and can be used to
inhibit/block the 64S R<1, R<2 protection.
A time delay for these elements can be set in the 64S R<1 Alm Dly, 64S R<2 Trip Dly and
64S I>1 Trip Dly cells. The default time delays provide typical values.
If the 20 Hz voltage drops below the voltage supervision threshold, 64S V<1 Set and the
20 Hz current remains below the current supervision threshold, 64S I< Set, there must be a
problem with the 20 Hz connection. The default settings for 64S Supervision element, 64S
V<1 Set (1 V) and 64S I<1 Set (10 mA) will be adequate for most applications. Where the
loading resistor is less than 1 , the supervision voltage threshold, 64S V<1 Set, must be
reduced to 0.5 V, the supervision current threshold, 64S I<1 Set, can be left at 10 mA.
The Comp Angle setting is used to compensate the angle errors between the CT and
earthing or neutral transformer. The setting can be found from primary testing.
The 64S Series R setting is used to account for the transfer resistance of the earthing or
neutral voltage transformer. The default setting will be zero as the resistance of the voltage
transformer is normally negligible. The resistance of the voltage transformer is not negligible
if the low frequency voltage is fed to a primary side resistor via the voltage transformer. The
setting can be estimated from calculation or from primary testing, see section 2.22.3.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/I96

P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391 (AP) 6-81

In large power units with a generator CB, applications can be found where there is some
additional loading equipment such as an earthing transformer on the low voltage side of the
unit transformer to reduce the influence of zero sequence voltage when the generator CB is
open. If the low frequency source is connected via the neutral transformer in the generator
starpoint, when the generator CB is closed the protection measures the loading resistance
on the unit transformer side which can be mistaken for an earth resistance.
The 64S Parallel G setting can be used to account for this additional parallel loading
resistance. The default setting is 0, no additional loading resistor.
The neutral transformer-resistor at the star point should produce a resistive current equal to
the capacitive current for an earth fault at rated voltage. The transformer, resistor and
injection devices should withstand this condition for 10 seconds.

To prevent the secondary load resistance from becoming too small (it should be > 0.5 
where possible to minimize measurement errors) a high secondary voltage, such as 500 V,
should be chosen for the neutral or earthing transformer. It is important that the earthing
transformer never becomes saturated otherwise ferroresonance may occur. It is sufficient
that the transformer knee point voltage be equal to the generator rated line voltage.
For a generator earthed with a primary resistor in the generator starpoint the lead resistance
between the earthing transformer and the 20 Hz generator/bandpass filter can have a
significant affect on the accuracy of the measured resistance by the relay. So if the 20 Hz
generator and bandpass filter are mounted in the protection cubicle the loop lead resistance
should ideally be kept below 0.5 . If the 20 Hz generator and bandpass filter are mounted
near the earthing transformer then this will keep the errors to a minimum. The lead
resistance from the 20 Hz generator/banpass filter to the relay does not significantly affect
the accuracy of the measured resistance.
AP
For configurations with an earthing transformer and secondary loading resistance the lead
resistance does not have a significant affect on the measured resistance by the relay.

Note: Other earth fault protection functions such as residual overvoltage, earth
fault or sensitive earth fault protection can be connected in parallel or series
with to the 100% stator earth fault protection measurement inputs to provide
back-up to the 100% stator earth fault protection.
There will be some measurement of the injected 20 Hz injected and circulating current under
normal healthy conditions on the VN1/2, I Sensitive and IN inputs used by these protection
functions. For most applications under no fault conditions the 20 Hz voltage measured by
the relay across the potential divider in the external filter box and loading resistor will small
and be much less than 5% of rated voltage. The 20 Hz current under normal conditions
should be very close to zero. So settings can be used to protect 95% of the stator winding in
most applications. When commissioning the relay the level of 20 Hz neutral voltage or earth
current should be checked to make sure it is less than half the setting value of any protection
enabled to provide stability under normal operating conditions. There will be some
fluctuation of the 20 Hz neutral voltage and earth current measured by the VN1/2, ISensitive
and IN inputs under no fault conditions due to the 50/60 Hz frequency tracking of these
inputs.
It is not recommended that the 3rd harmonic method of 100% stator earth fault protection is
used in parallel with the 20 Hz injection method as there will be some measurement of the
20 Hz signal by the VN1 input used by the 3rd harmonic protection which could interfere with
the correct operation of this sensitive function.

2.22.2 Setting calculations for the R factor

The R Factor calculation depends on the earthing arrangement of the generator and the
location of the CT for the 64S current measurement.
 P34x/EN AP/I96 Application Notes

(AP) 6-82 P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391

2.22.2.1 Generator earthed via earthing transformer

AP

Figure 39: 64S Connection for generators earthed via earthing transformer
With this arrangement, the injected voltage is applied through the secondary of the earthing
transformer, which can either be a distribution transformer located at the neutral of the
generator, or a three-phase, five limb voltage transformer with the secondary windings
connected in broken delta. The current is also measured on the secondary transformer
circuit. Therefore the relay is measuring the secondary fault resistance reflected through the
earthing transformer. The primary fault resistance is related to the secondary resistance
based on the following relationship:
2
R Pr imary VPr imary
 2
R Secondary VSecondary

It is also necessary to take into account the potential divider and the CT ratio. Therefore the
primary resistance is calculated from the secondary resistance as follows:

VPr imary VDivider Ratio

R Pr imary  ( )2 x xR Secondary
VSecondary CTRatio

Vn Pr imary

VPr imary 1 3
Where   for the open-delta VT,
VSecondary 3 Vn Secondary
3
Vn Pr imary

VPr imary 3
or,  for earthing transformer connected at the generator neutral.
VSecondary Vn Secondary
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/I96

P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391 (AP) 6-83

Using the data shown in the diagram above as an example and assuming the 1A rated
current input is used,

Vn 3 2 5 5
R Pr imary  ( ) x x xR Secondary
500 2 400
Therefore,

Vn 3 2 5 5
R Factor  ( ) x x
500 2 400

2.22.2.2 Generator earthed via primary resistor in generator starpoint

In some power systems the generators have a load resistor installed directly in the generator
starpoint to reduce interference. The following diagram shows the connection of the 20 Hz
generator, band pass filter and protection device. The 20 Hz voltage is injected into the
generator starpoint via a powerful voltage transformer across the primary load resistor. In
the presence of an earth fault, an earth current flows through the CT in the starpoint. The
protection detects this current in addition to the 20 Hz voltage.
A two pole isolated voltage transformer must be used with low primary/secondary
impedance. This applies for the 20 Hz frequency.
Primary voltage: Vn,Generator /√3 (non-saturated up to Vn,Generator)
Secondary voltage: 500 V
Type and class: 3000 VA (for 20 s), class 0.5 (50 Hz or 60 Hz) AP
Primary – secondary impedance (ZPS) - ZPS <RL (ZPS <1000 )
The CT is installed directly in the starpoint on the earth side, downstream of the load resistor.
Type: 15 VA 5P10 or 5P15
Rated secondary current: 5A
Transformation Ratio: 1 (5A/5A)
As the transformation ratio is 1:1, a current transformer with a maximum number of ampere
windings must be chosen.

Notes: The linear range of the 100% stator earth fault input is up to 2 In. So if the
earth fault current is limited to <2A then the 100% stator earth fault 1A input
can be used. For earth fault currents 2-10A the relay 5A current input can
be used.

For the 5A inputs the 64S I Magnitude measurement in the Measurements 3

menu will show 5 times lower current than being injected. There is no CT
ratio setting for the 100% stator earth fault current input, however the
resistance measurement and 64SR<1/2 protection can be compensated by
the 64S R Factor setting if the 5A input is used by multiplying the CT ratio
by 5 in the formula for the R factor. If the 64S I>1 protection is used then the
setting needs to be divided by a factor of 5 when using the 5A input.
During the primary test the correction angle (64S Angle Comp) and the ohmic transfer
resistance (R factor) of the voltage transformer must be determined and set.
The primary resistance and conversion factor for the resistance (R Factor) is calculated as
follows:

VDivider Ratio
R Pr imary  VTRatio x xR Secondary
CTRatio
Where the VT ratio is
 P34x/EN AP/I96 Application Notes

(AP) 6-84 P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391

Vn Pr imary 3
VTRatio 
V n Secondary

Using the data shown in the diagram as an example and assuming the 5A rated current input
is used,

Vn 3 5
RPr imary  ( )x xRSecondary
500 2 x5
Therefore,

Vn 3 5
R Factor  ( )x
500 10

Note: Due to the transfer resistance, there may not be an ideal transformation ratio
of the voltage transformers. For this reason major deviations of the R
Factor can occur. It is recommended to measure the transformation ratio
with 20 Hz infeed when the machine is at standtill. This value should then
be set, see Commissioning chapter, P34x/EN CM.

2.22.2.3 Setting example with generator earthed via a primary resistor in generator starpoint
Voltage transformer rating: 10.5 kV/ √3/500 V, 3000 VA (for 20 s) class 0.5
(non-saturated up to Vn,Generator)
AP Voltage divider: 5:2
Current transformer: 5A/5A, 15 VA 5P10
The maximum primary earth fault current should be limited by the primary resistor to <10A,
preferably 4-8A. If the primary earth fault current is limited to 5A then the primary load
resistor is 1212 Ω.

10.5kV 3
Primary Load Resistor: RL = = 1212 Ω
5
The resistor as well as limiting the earth fault current to a suitable value prevents high
transient overvoltages in the event of an arcing earth fault. For this reason the equivalent
resistance in the stator circuit should not exceed the impedance at system frequency of the
total summated capacitance of the three phases.
The linear range of the 100% stator earth fault input is up to 2 In. So if the earth fault current
is limited to <2 A then the 100% stator earth fault 1A input can be used. For earth fault
currents 2-10 A the relay 5 A current input can be used.
For the 5A inputs the 64S I Magnitude measurement in the Measurements 3 menu will show
5 times lower current than being injected. There is no CT ratio setting for the 100% stator
earth fault current input, however the resistance measurement and 64SR<1/2 protection can
be compensated by the 64S R Factor setting if the 5 A input is used by multiplying the CT
ratio by 5 in the formula for the R factor. If the 64S I>1 protection is used then the setting
needs to be divided by a factor of 5 when using the 5A input.

10.5kV 3 5
R Factor  ( )x = 6.06
500 10
Voltage across the resistor during an earth fault is 10.5 kV/√3 = 6.1 kV and with field forcing
may be 1.3 x 6.1 = 8 kV. So, 8 kV insulation will be satisfactory.
Typical trip and alarm settings for the 100% stator earth fault under resistance elements are:
Trip stage: primary 2 kΩ, secondary 330 Ω
Alarm stage: primary 4 kΩ, secondary 660 Ω
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/I96

P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391 (AP) 6-85

The IN current input used by the stator earth fault protection can also be connected to the
earth CT to provide back-up stator earth fault protection for the generator.
To provide 95% stator earth fault protection
IN>1 Current = 0.05 x 5 = 0.25A
The VN1 voltage input used by the residual overvoltage/NVD protection can also be
connected across the voltage divider to provide back-up stator earth fault protection for the
generator. The voltage divider in the filter device can be used to provide a 5:1 divider to
connect 100 V rated voltage to the VN1 input (Vn=100/120 V). Connections 1A1-1A2 on the
filter provides a 5:1 divider to connect 100 V rated voltage to the VN1 input.

AP

Figure 40: 64S Connection for generators earthed via primary resistor

2.22.2.4 Setting example with generator earthed via earthing transformer and secondary resistor at
the terminals of the generator
Voltage transformer rating: 10.5 kV/√3 / 500/3 V (non-saturated up to Vn,Generator)
Voltage divider: 5:2
Current transformer: 200/5
The transformation ratio of the miniature CT 400 A:5 A can been halved to 200:5A by
passing the primary conductor twice through the transformer window.
The maximum primary earth fault current should be limited by the primary resistor to <10A,
preferably 4-8A.
If the primary earth fault current is limited to 5A then primary load resistor is 1212 Ω.
The resistor as well as limiting the earth fault current to a suitable value prevents high
transient overvoltages in the event of an arcing earth fault. For this reason the equivalent
resistance in the stator circuit should not exceed the impedance at system frequency of the
total summated capacitance of the three phases.
2
R Pr imary VPr imary
 2
R Secondary VSecondary
 P34x/EN AP/I96 Application Notes

(AP) 6-86 P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391

2
 3 x 3 x500 
Secondary Load Resistor: RL = 1212 x  
 10.5kVx3  = 8.25 Ω
 
Voltage transformer secondary maximum earth fault current is 60A so with a 200:5A CT the
secondary current at the relay is 1.5A.
The linear range of the 100% stator earth fault input is up to 2 In. So if the earth fault current
is limited to <2 A then the 100% stator earth fault 1 A input can be used. For earth fault
currents 2-10A the relay 5 A current input can be used.

10.5kV 3 2 5 5
R Factor  ( ) x x = 27.563
500 2 200
Assuming the transformer is from 3 single phase transformers
The transformer VA rating for 10 s per phase is 1.3 x 1/3 x 5 x 10500 / √3 = 13 KVA for 3
single phase transformers. The 1.3 accounts for an overvoltage factor from field forcing.
For a 20 s rating the VA rating is 9 KVA (13 x √10/√20)
For a 3 phase transformer the VA rating is 3 times higher, 27 KVA for 20 s.
Typical trip and alarm settings for the 100% stator earth fault under resistance elements are:
Trip stage: primary 2 kΩ, secondary 66 Ω
Alarm stage: primary 5 kΩ, secondary 165 Ω
AP The VN1 voltage input used by the residual overvoltage/NVD protection can also be
connected across the voltage divider to provide back-up stator earth fault protection for the
generator. The voltage divider in the filter device can be used to provide a 5:1 divider to
connect 100 V rated voltage to the VN1 input which is typically rated for 100/120 V.
Connections 1A1-1A2 on the filter provides a 5:1 divider to connect 100 V rated voltage to
the VN1 input.

2.22.2.5 Setting example with generator earthed via earthing transformer and secondary resistor at
the starpoint of the generator
Voltage transformer rating: 10.5 kV/ √3/500 V (non-saturated up to Vn,Generator)
Voltage divider: 5:2
Current transformer: 200/5
The transformation ratio of the miniature CT 400 A:5 A can been halved to 200:5A by
passing the primary conductor twice through the transformer window.
The maximum primary earth fault current should be limited by the primary resistor <10 A,
preferably 4-8A.
If the primary earth fault current is limited to 5A then primary load resistor is 1212 Ω.
The resistor as well as limiting the earth fault current to a suitable value prevents high
transient overvoltages in the event of an arcing earth fault. For this reason the equivalent
resistance in the stator circuit should not exceed the impedance at system frequency of the
total summated capacitance of the three phases.
2
R Pr imary VPr imary
 2
R Secondary VSecondary
2
 3 x500 
Secondary Load Resistor: RL = 1212 x  
 10.5kV  = 8.25 Ω
 
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/I96

P342, P343, P344, P345, P346 & P391 (AP) 6-87

Voltage transformer secondary maximum earth fault current is 60 A so with a 200:5A CT the
secondary current at the relay is 1.5A.
The linear range of the 100% stator earth fault input is up to 2 In. So if the earth fault current
is limited to <2 A then the 100% stator earth fault 1A input can be used. For earth fault
currents 2-10 A the relay 5 A current input can be used.

10.5kV 3 2 5 5
R Factor  ( ) x x = 27.563
500 2 200
The transformer VA rating for 10 s per phase is 1.3 x 5 x 10500 / √3 = 39 KVA. The 1.3
accounts for an overvoltage factor from field forcing.
For a 20 s rating the VA rating is 27 KVA (39 x √10/√20)
Typical trip and alarm settings for the 100% stator earth fault under resistance elements are:
Trip stage: primary 2 kΩ, secondary 66 Ω
Alarm stage: primary 5 kΩ, secondary 165 Ω
The VN1 voltage input used by the residual overvoltage/NVD protection can also be
connected across the voltage divider to provide back-up stator earth fault protection for the
generator.
The voltage divider in the filter device can be used to provide a 5:1 divider to connect 100 V
rated voltage to the VN1 input which is typically rated for 100/120 V. Connections 1A1-1A2
on the filter provides a 5:1 divider to connect 100 V rated voltage to the VN1 input.

2.22.3 Methods to establish the series settings for 64S

AP
The series resistance 64S Series R is normally set as the total leakage resistance of the
earthing transformer, through which the injection equipment is connected. It can either be set
by calculations based on the transformer parameters, or by measurements during
commissioning. The P345 measurements feature will be able to assist for the latter. See the
Commissioning chapter, P34x/EN CM, section 6.3.4.5 for the measurement method.

2.22.3.1 By calculation
Given that the per unit quantity of the total leakage impedance of the transformer is Rpu+jXpu,
the transformer resistance parameters can be calculated as follows.
For the open-delta 3-phase voltage transformer connected at the generator terminal:

Vn primary (kV ) 2
R Pr imary  R PU 
Transformer kVA (3ph)
For an earthing transformer connected to the generator neutral and for generator earthed via
a resistor,

R Pr imary  R PU 
V
n primary (kV ) / 3 
2

Transformer kVA

2.23 Overfluxing protection (24)

Overfluxing or overexcitation of a generator, or transformer connected to the terminals of a
generator, can occur if the ratio of voltage to frequency exceeds certain limits. High voltage
or low frequency, causing a rise in the V/Hz ratio, will produce high flux densities in the
magnetic core of the machine or transformer. This could cause the core of the generator or
transformer to saturate and stray flux to be induced in un-laminated components that have
not been designed to carry flux. The resulting eddy currents in solid components (e.g. core
bolts and clamps) and end of core laminations can cause rapid overheating and damage.
Overfluxing is most likely to occur during machine start up or shut down whilst the generator
is not connected to the system. Failures in the automatic control of the excitation system, or
errors in the manual control of the machine field circuit, could allow excessive voltage to be