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一、動詞的時態:主動共有十二種,今以“do”為例表示如下:
1 現在式 do ; does
簡單式 2 過去式 did
3 未來式 (shall 或 will)+do
說明
1. shall 用在第一人稱,其餘用 will。
I shall do. We shall do.
You will do. He will do. It will do. They will do.
2.doing 代表現在分詞,若用其他動詞,則改用其他動詞的現在分詞。
He is reading a book.
They are playing basketball.
3.done 代表過去分詞
I have seen him many times.
二、動詞的時態:被動共有八種,以“do”為例表示如下:
1.被動現在式 (am, are, is)+ done
2.被動過去式 (was, were)+ done
3.被動未來式 (shall 或 will)+ be + done
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4.被動現在完成式 (have 或 has)+ been + done
5.被動過去完成式 had + been + done
6.被動未來完成式 (shall 或 will)+ have + been + done
7.被動現在進行式 (am, are, is)+ being + done
8.被動過去進行式 (was, were)+ being + done
【註】未來進行式,現在完成進行式,過去完成進行式,未來完成進行式,這
四種都沒有被動形態。
Ⅰ.簡單式
1. 簡單現在式(The Simple Present Tense):用以表示
(1)現在的動作、事實或狀態:
I know his name.
我知道他的名字。
(2)日常習慣的動作:
I usually get up at six in the morning.
我通常每天早上六點鐘起起床。
【註】「表習慣的動作的現在式」常和下列時間副詞連用。
usually, always, often, sometimes, every(day, morning ,night, week…)
等。
(3)真理、格言、不變的事實:
Actions speak louder than words.
行動勝於空談;事實勝於雄辯。 (表真理)
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
日出於東而落於西。 (大自然現象,不變的事實)
(4)歷史上的事實:
George Washington is the first president of U.S.A.
喬治華盛頓是美國第一任總統。
(5)代替未來式:
(A)表示“來往”“到達”“出發”的動詞,如 come, go, start, leave, arrive,
return, depart 等,用現在式以表示很近的未來。常與 tomorrow, next week
等未來時間副詞連用。
I leave Chiayi for Taipei Tomorrow.
我明天離開嘉義前往臺北。
Professor Lee comes to visit our school next week.
李教授下星期要來訪問我們學校。
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(B)when , before , after , as soon as , by the time , until 等連接詞所引導的副詞子
句,用現在式以代替未來式。
When Mary comes here , I will tell her all about it. (正)
當瑪麗來這時,我會告訴她一切事情。
When Mary will come here , I will tell her all about it. (誤)
(C)If , in case , unless , so long as 所引導表條件的副詞子句,用現在式代替未來
式。
If it rains tomorrow , I shall not go out. (正)
假使明天下雨,我將不出去。
If it will rains tomorrow , I shall not go out. (誤)
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They reached Taipei two days ago.
他們兩天前到達臺北。
要點1
ago , yesterday , the other day , once , at that time , just now(剛才), last
night(week , month , year)等都是表示過去時間的副詞,動詞應用過去
式。
(2)過去的習慣:
He worked hard when he was young.
他年輕時,很努力工作。
We always played basketball ofter school in those days.
往日我們常在放學後打籃球。
要點2
表示過去的習慣和經驗,常與 often , sometimes , always , usually , never
等表示習慣的副詞連用。
明年我將十七歲了。
We shall go on a hike next Sunday.
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我們下禮拜天要去健行。
(2)未來的習慣:
We shall have an examination once a month.
我們每個月將有一次考試。
4. 表示未來的其他形式:
未來式通常和下列未來時間連用:
tomorrow , tomorrow(morning , night), the day after tomorrow(後天),
Ⅱ.完成式
1. 現在完成式(The Present Perfect Tense):
(1)一個動作剛剛完成
我已寫好了一篇有關於我學校生活的作文。
他剛剛離開家。
要點4
此種用法常與下列副詞連用:just , already , recently , lately , not yet ,
this morning , by now.
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(2)過去發生的動作,一直繼續到現在:
約翰學習英文有六年了。
自從去年我一直居住在這裡。
要點5
1.現在完成式 + since + 過去時間(或過去式子句)
2.現在完成式 + for + 一段時間
說明
主句 will return 是未來式,在未來還書之前,要先看完書。看完書是未來要完
成的事情,按理要用未來完成式 shall(或 will)+ have + p.p.,但由 as soon
as 等從屬連接詞所引導的副詞子句,要用現在完成式以代替之,如上例。
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(5) have been to 意為「曾經到過」如上述。
have been in 意為「曾經住過」,「曾經居留過」。
He has been in New York.
他曾經在紐約居住過。
I have been in New York.
我曾經在紐居住過。
使用現在完成式應注意事項
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I have met Miss Lin ago. (誤)
I met Miss Lin three days ago. (正)
第三天前見過林小姐。
I have met Miss Lin three days before. (誤)
2.過去完成式(The Past Perfect Tense):
(1) 過去某一明確時間以前的動作的完成、繼續或經驗:
I had finished my homework by nine o’clock last night.
到昨晚九點鐘時,我已做完我的家庭任業。
Tom had been ill for a week before he was sent to hospital.
在湯姆被送去就醫之前,他已病了一星期。
(2) 兩個過去的動作,先發生的用過去完成式,後發生用過去式:
When I got to the station the train had alreay left.
當我到達火車站時,火車已經離去。
要點6
(1) had + p.p. + 過去某一明確時間
(2) had + p.p. + 過去式子句
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到明年夏天我將在此地居住五年了。
He will have travelled many countries by next June.
到明年六月他將完成旅行很多國家。
(2)未來某一動作發生時已經完成的動作。
When he comes here tomorrow morning , we shall have left for kaohsiung.
當他明天早上來此地的時候,我們將已去高雄了。
(3)由 if , when , before , after , as soon as , by the time 等從屬連接詞引導的副詞
子句,須用現在完成式以代替未來完成式:
I will go out to play when I shall have finished my work. (誤)
I will go out to play when I have finished my work. (正)
使用未來完成式應注意事項
要點7
(1)by + 過去時間副詞 → 用過去完成式
(2)by + 未來時間副詞 → 用未來完成式
(3)by this time(或 by now)→ 用現在完成式
He had reached Taipei by nine o’clock last night.
到昨晚九點鐘時,他已到達臺北。
He will have reached Taipei by nine o’clock tomorrow morning.
到明天早上九點鐘時,他將已到達臺北。
I think he has reached Taipei by this time.
我想這時候他已到達臺北了。
Ⅲ.進行式:
1. 現在進行式(The Present Progressive Tense):
(1)現在正在進行的動作:
I am reading newspapers now.
我正在看報紙。
Listen!Someone is knocking on the door.
聽!有人正在敲門。
Look!A horse is running along the river.
看!一匹馬正沿著河邊跑著。
What are you doing now?
你正在做什麼?
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要點8
(1)有 listen!look!起首的,其後句子用現在進行式。
(2)now(現在), at present(目前;現在)等副詞,用現在進行式。
(2)be going to = shall(或 will)表未來:
I am going to make a speech.
=I shall make a speech.
我將發表演說。
(3) come , go , start , leave , arrive , return 等動詞和 tomorrow , next week 等未
來時間副詞連用,以現在進行式表示不久的未來:
(比較參考以現在式表示最近的未來部分)
He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.
=He will leave for Hong Kong tomorrow.
他明天將前往香港。
(4)表示「存在」「所有」「知覺」「感情」或「本身含有繼續性意味」的動
詞,不用現在進行式:
have(有), possess(持有), belong to(屬於), know(知道), remember
(記住), believe(相信), see(看見), doubt(懷疑), love(愛), hate
(恨),consist of(由 ~ 組成)…….等。
1.我有五百元。
I am having five hundred dollars. (誤)
I have five hundred dollars. (正)
2.這腳踏車是屬於湯姆的。
The bicycle is belonging to Tom. (誤)
The bicycle belongs to Tom. (正)
3.我愛她。
I am loving her. (誤)
I love her. (正)
2.過去進行式(The Past Progressive Tense):
(1)過去某一明確時間正在進行的動作:
She was reading a novel at 8 o’clock last night.
昨晚八時,她正在看小說。
(2)過去某一動作發生時,正在進行的動作:
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We were playing the cards when you came.
你來時,我們正在玩紙牌。
She was writing a letter when I saw her.
我看見她時,她正在寫信。
(3)兩個過去進行的動作,可以同時發生:
We were watching what he was doing.
我們正在看著他正在做事。
While I was doing my exercises , she was watching TV.
當我在做習題時,她在看電視。
要點9
(1)S + was(were)+ Ving …+ 過去某一時間
(2)When(While)+ S + was(were)+ Ving …S + 過去式
(3)S + was(were)+ Ving + when + S + 過去式
3.未來進行式(The Future Progressive Tense):
(1)未來某一明確時間正在進行的動作:
He will be taking his supper at seven o’clock tomorrow night.
明晚七時他將正在吃晚飯。
I shall be walking to the school at seven tomorrow morning.
明天早上七點鐘時候我將正在走路去學校途中。
(2)未來某一動作發生時,正在進行的動作:
She will be playing the piano when you visit her tomorrow night.
明天晚上你去訪問她時,她將在彈鋼琴。
If you come at six , I will be waiting for you at the door.
假使你六點鐘來時,我將在門口等待你。
要點10
(1)S + shall(will)+ be + Ving …+未來某一時間
(2)S + shall(will)+ be + Ving …+ when + S +現在式(代未來式)
Ⅳ.完成進行式:
1.現在完成進行式(The Present Perfect Progressive Tense):
(1)表示過去繼續到現在的動作,比現在完成式更著重於動作的繼續:
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
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我一直等你兩個小時了。
It has been raining for three days.
一直繼續下雨有三天了。
(2)現在完成式著重於動作的完成或經驗。現在完成進行式著重於動作的繼
續,並可能延伸至未來。
I have studied English for three years.
我學習英文有三年了。(動作已完成)
比較 I have been studying English for three years.
我一直繼續學習英文有三年了。
(動作尚未完成,可能還要繼續下去)
2.過去完成進行式(The Past Perfect Progressive Tense):
表示繼續到過去某一時間的動作:
I had been waiting for an hour before the plane arrived.
在飛機到達以前,我一直等待了一小時。
I was tired because I had been working.
我疲倦了,因為我一直在工作。
要點11
(1)S + had been + Ving …連接詞+ S + 過去式
(2)S + had been + Ving …+ 過去某一明確時間
3.未來完成進行式(The Future Perfect Progressive Tense):
表示繼續到未來某一時間的動作:
Mr. Smith will have been teaching for twenty years by next July.
到明年七月,史密斯先生將教了二十年英文了。
It will have been raining for two weeks by tomorrow.
到明天,雨將繼續下兩星期了。
要點12
(1)S + shall(will)+ have been + Ving … S + 現在式(代未來式)
(2)S + shall(will)+ have been + Ving …S + 未來某一時間
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1. By the time I was ten years old , several of my stories in magazines.
【87.彰師、四技商】
(A)have already appeared (B)had already appeared
(C)appear (D)will appear
2. The pilot reassured the passengers. Only then how dangerous this situation
had been. 【87.彰師、四技商】
(A)did I realize (B)I realize (C)have I realized (D)I have realized
3. I will help him if he ever me. 【87.四技】
(A)needs (B)needed (C)will need (D)needing
4. It started to rain while we in the river. 【87.四技】
(A)swim (B)swimming (C)were swimming (D)had swum
5. Have you moved into the new house?Not yet. The rooms right now.
【87.四技】
(A)are being painted (B)are painting
(C)are painted (D)are being painting
6. You a lot since I saw you last time. 【87.四技】
(A)changed (B)will change (C)have changed (D)had changed
7. Speech and sound Alexander Graham Bell so much that he even taught his
dog to speak. 【86.保甄】
(A)were interesting (B)interested
(C)were intested (D)were interested in
8. Savings accounts pay the depositor interest but checking accounts .
【86.保甄】
(A)are not (B)do not (C)have not (D)do have
9. I have watched more television in the past few days than I usually .
【85.保甄】
(A)am (B)will (C)do (D)be
10. Tickets to the basketball game out since last Sunday. 【84.保甄】
(A)were sold (B)have been sold (C)sold (D)have sold
11. There are always lines in a bank. I in line for an hour yesterday.
【84.保甄】
(A)stood (B)was stood (C)have stood (D)am standing
12. Man: What DIY mean? 【82.保甄】
Woman: It means that you “Do it yourself.”
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(A)is (B)does (C)do (D)are
13. As soon as John gets there , he you. 【86.四技】
(A)call (B)calls (C)calling (D)to call (E)will call
14. Look!It now. 【85.四技】
(A)rains (B)rained (C)will rain (D)was raining (E)is raining
15. Mother when I got home. 【84.四技】
(A)is cooking(B)was cooking(C)cooks(D)has cooked(E)has been cooking
16. My older sister is in linguistics at a university. 【88.保甄】
(A)majored (B)majors (C)majoring (D)majority
17. After Kevin from Europe next week , he will show me his photos.
(A)returm (B)returns (C)returning (D)will return 【88.四技】
18. He went to the ball(舞會)last night. Before that, we to a party.
(A)went (B)gone (C)have gone (D)had gone
19. When(=Before)I went to visit him, he for Japan.
(A)had left (B)has left (C)is leaving (D)left
20. I better after I had taken an aspirin.
(A)feel (B)had felt (C)felt (D)will feel
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