Professional Documents
Culture Documents
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT Administrative power 3. A Vacant position at the time of appointment; NOTE: The President has the power to temporarily
designate an officer already in the government service or
Power concerned with the work of applying policies and NOTE: The incumbent must first be legally any other competent person to perform the functions of
EXECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS IN enforcing orders as determined by proper governmental removed, or his appointment validly terminated, an office in the executive branch. Temporary designation
GENERAL organs. It enables the President to fix a uniform before one could be validly installed to succeed cannot exceed one year.
standard of administrative efficiency and check the him.
Executive Power official conduct of his agents. To this end, he can issue Appointments made solely by the President
administrative orders, rules and regulations. (Ople v. 4. Receipt of the appointment paper and Acceptance
Power vested in the President of the Philippines. The Torres, G.R. No. 127685, July 23, 1998) of the appointment by the appointee who 1. Those vested by the Constitution on the President
President shall have control of all executive possesses all the qualifications and none of the alone;
departments, bureaus and offices. He shall ensure that Power of administrative reorganization disqualifications 2. Those whose appointments are not otherwise
laws are faithfully executed (1987 Constitution, Art. VII, provided by law;
Sec. 17). The President has the continuing authority to reorganize NOTE: The possession of the original appointment 3. Those whom he may be authorized by law to
the national government, which includes the power to paper is not indispensable to authorize an appoint; and
Faithful Execution Clause group, consolidate bureaus and agencies, to abolish appointee to assume office. If it were 4. Those other officers lower in rank whose
offices, to transfer functions, to create and classify indispensable, then a loss of the original appointment is vested by law in the President
The power to take care that the laws be faithfully functions, services and activities and to standardize appointment paper, which could be brought about alone. (1987 Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. 16)
executed makes the President a dominant figure in the salaries and materials; it is effected in good faith if it is by negligence, accident, fraud, fire or theft,
administration of the government. The law he is for the purpose of economy or to make bureaucracy corresponds to a loss of the office. Howe ver, in Presidential appointments that need prior
supposed to enforce includes the Constitution, statutes, more efficient. (MEWAP v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 160093, July case of loss of the original appointment paper, the recommendation or nomination by the Judicial and
judicial decisions, administrative rules and regulations 31, 2007) appointment must be evidenced by a certified true Bar Council
and municipal ordinances, as well as treaties entered copy issued by the proper office, in this case the
into by the government. POWER OF APPOINTMENT Malacanang Records Office. 1. Members of the Supreme Court and all lower
(1991, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2005 Bar) courts (1987 Constitution, Art. VIII, Sec. 9)
Scope of executive power NOTE: Acceptance is indispensable to complete an 2. Ombudsman and his 5 deputies
Appointment appointment. Assuming office and taking the oath
1. Executive power is vested in the President of the amount to acceptance of the appointment. An oath COMMISSION ON APPOINTMENTS CONFIRMATION
Philippines. (1987 Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. 1). The selection of an individual who is to exercise the of office is a qualifying requirement for a public
2. It is not limited to those set forth in the functions of a given office. It may be made verbally but it office, a prerequisite to the full investiture of the Appointments where confirmation of the
Constitution (Residual powers). (Marcos v. is usually done in writing through what is called the office. Commission on Appointments is required (HA2O)
Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, Oct. 27, 1989) commission.
3. Privilege of immunity from suit is personal to the Concurrence of all these elements should always 1. Heads of executive departments
President and may be invoked by him alone. It may NOTE: The appointing power of the President is apply, regardless of when the appointment is made, GR: Appointment of cabinet secretaries
also be waived by the President, as when he executive in nature. While Congress and the Constitution whether outside, just before, or during the appointment requires confirmation.
himself files suit. (Soliven v. Makasiar, G.R. No. in certain cases may prescribe the qualifications for ban. These steps in the appointment process should
82585, Nov. 14, 1988) particular offices, the determination of who among those always concur and operate as a single process. There is XPN: Vice-president may be appointed as a
who are qualified will be appointed is the President’s no valid appointment if the process lacks even one step. member of the Cabinet and such
Specific powers of the President prerogative (Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. No. 164978, Oct. 13, And there is no need to further distinguish between an appointment requires no confirmation. [1987
2005). effective and an ineffective appointment when an Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. 3(2)]
1. Appointing power (1987 Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. appointment is valid. (Velicaria-Garafil v. Office of the
16) Kinds of Presidential appointments President, G.R. No. 203372, June 16, 2015) 2. Ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls–
2. Power of control over all executive departments, Those connected with the diplomatic and consular
bureaus and offices (1987 Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. 1. Appointments made by an Acting President; Non-justiciability of appointments services of the country.
17) 2. Midnight Appointment; (1987 Constitution, Art. VII, 3. Officers of AFP from the rank of colonel or naval
3. Commander-in-Chief powers (calling-out power, Sec. 15) Appointment is a political question. So long as the captain
power to place the Philippines under martial law, 3. Regular Presidential Appointments, with or without appointee satisfies the minimum requirements NOTE: PNP of equivalent ranks and the Philippine
the confirmation by the CA; or Coast Guard is not included.
A: NO. There is no actual case or controversy. Legal personality GR: It must be raised in the pleadings. However, in a case where the law passed incorporates
The Court cannot speculate on the constitutionality the exact clause already declared as unconstitutional,
or unconstitutionality of a bill that Congress may or GR: If there is no actual or potential injury, XPN: without any perceived substantial change in the
may not pass. It cannot rule on mere speculations or complainant has no legal personality to raise 1. Criminal case – It may be brought at any stage circumstances, the Court ruled that there is a necessity to
issues that are not ripe for judicial determination. constitutional questions. of the proceedings according to the discretion decide the constitutional issue involved. (Sameer
Filing of bills is within the legislative power of of the judge (trial or appeal) because no one Overseas v. Cabiles, ibid.)
Congress and is "not subject to judicial restraint" (In XPN: If the question is of transcendental shall be brought within the terms of the law
The Matter of Save the Supreme Court v. Abolition of importance. who are not clearly within them and the act Thus, when a law or a provision of law is null because it
JDF, UDK-15143, Jan. 21, 2015). shall not be punished when the law does not is inconsistent with the Constitution, the nullity cannot
--- NOTE: Principle of Transcendental Importance is clearly punish them. be cured by reincorporation or reenactment of the same
determined by: (CDO) 2. Civil case – It may be brought anytime if the or a similar law or provision. A law or provision of law
2. Proper party– One who has sustained or is in resolution of the constitutional issue is that was already declared unconstitutional remains as
immediate danger of sustaining an injury as a 1. The Character of the funds or other assets involved inevitable in resolving the main issue. such unless circumstances have so changed as to
result of the act complained of. To have standing, in the case; 3. When the jurisdiction of the lower court is in warrant a reverse conclusion. (Sameer Overseas v.
one must show that: 2. The presence of a clear case of Disregard of a question except when there is estoppel. Cabiles, ibid.) (2014 Bar)
a. he has suffered some actual or threatened constitutional or statutory prohibition by the
injury as a result of the allegedly illegal public respondent agency or instrumentality of the NOTE: The earliest opportunity to raise a The constitutionality of an official act may be the subject
conduct of the government; government; constitutional issue is to raise it in the pleadings of judicial review, provided the matter is not raised
b. the injury is fairly traceable to the 3. The lack of any Other party with a more direct and before a competent court that can resolve the collaterally. (Laude v. Hon. Ginez, G.R. No. 217456, Nov. 24,
challenged action; and specific interest in raising the questions being same, such that, if not raised in the pleadings, it 2015)
c. the injury is likely to be redressed by a raised. (Francisco, et al., v. House of Representatives, cannot be considered in trial and, if not considered
favorable action. (Francisco, Jr. & Hizon v. ibid.) in trial, it cannot be considered on appeal. Requisites before a law can be declared partially
Toll Regulatory Board, G.R. Nos. 166910, unconstitutional
Oct. 19, 2010) Rule on standing is a matter of procedure, hence, can The Ombudsman has no jurisdiction to entertain
be relaxed questions regarding constitutionality of laws. Thus, 1. The legislature must be willing to retain valid
Locus Standi vs. Real party-in-interest when the issue of constitutionality of a law was portion (separability clause); and
When the proceeding involves the assertion of a public raised before the Court of Appeals, which is the 2. The valid portion can stand independently as law.
LOCUS STANDI REAL PARTY-IN- right, the mere fact that the petitioner is a citizen competent court, the constitutional question was
INTEREST satisfies the requirement of personal interest. Thus, the raised at the earliest opportune time. (Estarija v. Principle of Stare Decisis
privatization of power plants in a manner that ensures Ranada, G.R. No. 159314, June 26, 2006)
Character of the plaintiff the reliability and affordability of electricity in our Deemed of imperative authority, controlling the
country is an issue of paramount public interest in which 4. Necessity of deciding constitutional questions – decisions of like cases in the same court and in lower
the Court held that petitioner possesses the requisite As long as there are other bases which courts can courts within the same jurisdiction, unless and until the
One who has The party who stands to be legal standing to file the case. (Osmeña v. Power Sector use for decision, constitutionality of the law will decision in question is reversed or overruled by a court
sustained or is in benefited or injured by the Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation, G.R. No. not be touched, thus, courts should refrain from of competent authority. (De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002,
imminent danger of judgment in the suit, or the 212686, Sept. 28, 2015) resolving any constitutional issue "unless the April 20, 2010)
sustaining an injury as party entitled to the avails constitutional question is the lis mota of the case."
a result of the act of the suit. Locus Standi in Environmental Cases NOTE: The Court, as the highest court of the land, may be
complained of (direct Lis mota literally means "the cause of the suit or guided but is not controlled by precedent. Thus, the
injury test) (Ex parte In our jurisdiction, locus standi in environmental cases action." Given the presumed validity of an Court, especially with a new membership, is not obliged
Levitt, 302 U.S. 633, has been given a more liberalized approach. Recently, executive act, the petitioner who claims otherwise to follow blindly a particular decision that it determines,
1937). the Court passed the landmark Rules of Procedure for has the burden of showing first that the case after re-examination, to call for a rectification. (De Castro
Environmental Cases, which allow for a “citizen suit,” cannot be resolved unless the constitutional v. JBC, ibid.)
Legal nature question he raised is determined by the Court.
and permit any Filipino citizen, as steward of nature, to
file an action before our courts for violations of our (General v. Urro, G.R. No. 191560, March 29, 2011) Functions of judicial review
Has constitutional A concept of civil environmental laws. Thus, the need to give the Resident
underpinnings procedure Marine Mammals legal standing has been eliminated by Scope of Judicial Review 1. Checking – Invalidating a law or executive act that is
our Rules and it is worth noting here that the Stewards found to be contrary to the Constitution.
As to the issue involved are joined as real parties in the Petition and not just in The courts have the power to pass upon the validity and 2. Legitimizing – Upholding the validity of the law that
representation of the named cetacean species. (Resident the constitutionality of laws enacted by the legislature, results from a mere dismissal of a case challenging
Marine Mammals v. Reyes, G.R. No. 180771, April 21, 2015) and other bodies of the government, under the doctrine the validity of the law.
Whether such parties Whether he is "the party of checks and balances.
have "alleged such a who would be benefited or 3. Symbolic – To educate the bench and bar as to the
The filing of a petition for the issuance of a writ of controlling principles and concepts on matters of
personal stake in the injured by the judgment, or The lower courts are likewise vested with the power of
kalikasan does not require that a petitioner be directly grave public importance for the guidance of, and
outcome of the the 'party entitled to the judicial review, subject however to the appellate
affected by an environmental disaster. The rule clearly restraint upon the future. (Dumlao v. COMELEC, G.R.
controversy as to avails of the suit” jurisdiction of the higher courts.
allows juridical persons to file the petition on behalf of No. L-52245, Jan. 22, 1980)
assure that concrete (Francisco, et al., v. House of
persons whose constitutional right to a balanced and
adverseness which Representatives, G.R. No. Constitutional Challenges
healthful ecology is violated, or threatened with Power of judicial review in impeachment proceedings
sharpens the 160261, Nov. 10, 2003).
violation. (West Tower v. First Philippine, G.R. No. 194239, includes the power of review over justiciable issues in
presentation of issues When a law is passed, the court awaits an actual case
June 16, 2015) impeachment proceedings. (Francisco v. HoR, G.R. No.
upon which the court that clearly raises adversarial positions in their proper 160261, Nov. 10, 2003)
so largely depends for context before considering a prayer to declare it as
illumination of
Expansive concept of “Public Use” Fair Market Value NOTE: The owner is entitled to the payment of interest
Public right Right of self-
from the time of taking until just compensation is
defense, self-
Public use does not necessarily mean “use by the public The price that may be agreed upon by parties who are actually paid to him. Taxes paid by him from the time of
preservation,
Kind of right at large.” Whatever may be beneficially employed for the willing but are not compelled to enter into a contract of the taking until the transfer of title (which can only be
whether applied to
general welfare satisfies the requirement. Moreover, that sale. (City of Manila v. Estrada, G.R. No. 7749, Sept. 9, done after actual payment of just compensation), during
persons or to
only few people benefit from the expropriation does not 1913) which he did not enjoy any beneficial use of the property,
property
diminish its public-use character because the notion of are reimbursable by the expropriator.
public use now includes the broader notion of indirect Formula for Just Compensation
Conversion of No need for
public benefit or advantage. (Manosca v. CA, G.R. 166440, An interest of 12% per annum on the just compensation
property taken for conversion; no just
Jan. 29, 1996) Just Compensation = actual/basic value of the due the landowner should be used in computing interest
public use; compensation but
Requirement property (LBP v. Wycoco G.R. No. 140160, January 13, 2004).
payment of just payment in the
Concept of Vicarious Benefit + consequential damages
compensation form of damages
- consequential benefits Pursuant to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Circular No.
when applicable
Abandons the traditional concept (number of actual (which should not exceed the 799, series of 2013, from July 1, 2013 onwards and until
beneficiaries determines public purpose). Public use consequential damages) full payment, an interest rate of 6% per annum should
Beneficiary State/public Private
now includes the broader notion of indirect public be used in computing the just compensation. (Land Bank
advantage, i.e. conversion of a slum area into a model Period to determine just compensation of the Philippines v. Hababag, G.R. No. 172352,
housing community, urban land reform and housing. September 16, 2015)
Eminent Domain vs. Action for Damages GR: Reckoning point is determined at the date of the
There is a vicarious advantage to the society. (Filstream
International Incorporated v. CA, 284 SCRA 716, Jan. 23, filing of the complaint for eminent domain. NOTE: The right to recover just compensation is
BASIS EMINENT DOMAIN ACTION FOR enshrined in no less than our Bill of Rights, which states
DAMAGES 1998)
XPN: Where the filing of the complaint occurs after the in clear and categorical language that private property
Source arises from the State’s based on tort actual taking of the property and the owner would be shall not be taken for public use without just
exercise of its power to and emanates ---
given undue incremental advantages arising from the compensation. This constitutional mandate cannot be
expropriate private from the Q: The Republic, through the Office of the Solicitor-
use to which the government devotes the property defeated by statutory prescription. (NPC v. Sps.
property for public use. transgression of General, instituted a complaint for expropriation of a
expropriated, just compensation is determined as of the Bernardo, G. R. No. 189127, April 25, 2012) (2014 Bar)
The Constitution a right piece of land in Taguig, alleging that the National
Historical Institute declared said land as a national date of the taking. (NPC v. CA, G.R. No. 113194, March 11,
mandates that the 1996) DETERMINATION
property owner shall historical landmark, because it was the site of the
only receive just birth of Felix Manalo, the founder of Iglesia ni Cristo.
The Republic filed an action to expropriate the land. Consequential Damages Role of the Judiciary
compensation which, of
course, should be based Petitioners argued that the expropriation was not for
a public purpose. Is this correct? Consist of injuries directly caused on the residue of the While the Land Bank of the Philippines is charged with
on preponderance of private property taken by reason of expropriation. (Cruz the initial responsibility of determining the value of
evidence and Cruz, Constitutional Law, 2015 Ed.) lands placed under the land reform and, accordingly, the
A: YES. Public use should not be restricted to the
Purpose for public interest to vindicate a just compensation therefor, its valuation is considered
traditional uses. It has been held that places invested
legal wrong Consequential Benefits only as an initial determination and, thus, not conclusive.
with unusual historical interest is a public use for which
through Verily, it is well-settled that it is the RTC, sitting as a
damages, which the power of eminent domain may be authorized. The
Requisites for properly informing the accused of the RIGHT TO SPEEDY, IMPARTIAL AND PUBLIC TRIAL XPN: If the evidence to be adduced is “offensive to Ad Testificandum vs. Duces Tecum
nature and cause of accusation decency or public morals,” the public may be excluded.
Right to speedy trial (2000, 2001 Bar) AD TESTIFICANDUM DUCES TECUM
1. Information must state the name of the accused NOTE: Under Sec. 21, Rule 119 of the Rules of Criminal A process directed to a person The person is also
2. Designation given to the offense by statute The term “speedy” means free from vexatious, capricious Procedure it is provided that the judge may motu proprio requiring him to attend and to required to bring
3. Statement of the acts or omission so and oppressive delays. exclude the public from the court room when the testify at the hearing or trial of an with him any books,
complained of as constituting the offense evidence to be adduced is offensive to decency and action, or at any investigation documents, or other
4. Name of the offended party In determining whether the accused's right to speedy public morals. conducted by competent things under his
5. Approximate time and date of commission of trial was violated, the delay should be considered in view authority, or for the taking of his control.
the offense of the entirety of the proceedings. The factors to balance In a constitutional sense, public trial is not synonymous deposition.
6. Place where offense was committed are the following: with publicized trial. The right to a public trial belongs to
7. Every element of the offense must be alleged in (a) duration of the delay; the accused. The requirement of a public trial is satisfied NOTE: The subpoena duces tecum shall contain a
the complaint or information (b) reason therefor; by the opportunity of the members of the public and the reasonable description of the books, documents or
(c) assertion of the right or failure to assert it; and press to attend the trial and to report what they have things demanded which must appear to the court as
NOTE: The purpose of an Information is to afford an (d) prejudice caused by such delay. observed. The accused’s right to a public trial should not prima facie relevant.
accused his right to be informed of the nature and cause Mere mathematical reckoning of the time involved would be confused with the freedom of the press and the
of the accusation against him. It is in pursuit of this not suffice as the realities of everyday life must be public’s right to know as a justification for allowing the Requirements for the exercise of the right to secure
purpose that the Rules of Court require that the regarded in judicial proceedings. (Saldariega v. live broadcast of the trial. The tendency of a high profile attendance of witness
Information allege the ultimate facts constituting the Panganiban, G.R. Nos. 211933 & 211960, April 15, 2015) case like the subject case to generate undue publicity
elements of the crime charged. Details that do not go into with its concomitant undesirable effects weighs heavily 1. The witness is really material
the core of the crime need not be included in the NOTE: The denial of the right to speedy trial is a ground against broadcasting the trial. Moreover, the fact that the 2. The attendance of the witness was previously
Information, but may be presented during trial. The rule for acquittal. accused has legal remedies after the fact is of no obtained
that evidence must be presented to establish the moment, since the damage has been done and may be 3. The witness will be available at the time desired
existence of the elements of a crime to the point of moral The right to speedy trial [Sec. 14 (2)] particularly refers irreparable. It must be pointed out that the fundamental 4. No similar evidence could be obtained
certainty is only for purposes of conviction. It finds no to criminal prosecutions which are at the trial stage, right to due process of the accused cannot be afforded
application in the determination of whether or not an while the right to speedy disposition of cases (Sec. 16) after the fact but must be protected at the first instance. NOTE: Right to cross-examine is demandable only
Information is sufficient to warrant the trial of an applies to all cases before judicial, quasi-judicial or (In Re: Petition for Radio and Television Coverage of the during trials. Thus, it cannot be availed of during
accused (People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 160619, Sept. administrative bodies. Multiple Murder Cases against Maguindanao Governor preliminary investigations.
9, 2015) Zaldy Ampatuan, A.M. No. 10-11-5-SC, Oct. 23, 2012)
Right to impartial trial Principal exceptions to the right of confrontation
It is not necessary for the information to allege the date RIGHT OF CONFRONTATION
and time of the commission of the crime with exactitude Impartial trial means that the accused is entitled to cold 1. of dying declarations and all exceptions to the
unless such date and time are essential ingredients of the neutrality of an impartial judge, one who is free from Purpose hearsay rule
offenses charged. (People v. Nuyok, G.R. No. 195424, June interest or bias. 2. Trial in absentia under Sec.14 (2) of Art. III of
15, 2015) 1. To afford the accused an opportunity to test the the Constitution
Speedy Disposition of Cases testimony of a witness by cross-examination; 3. With respect to child testimony
Determination of the real nature of the crime 2. To allow the judge to observe the deportment
The right to speedy disposition of cases is different from of the witness. TRIAL IN ABSENTIA
Description, not designation of the offense, is controlling. the right to speedy trial to the extent that the former
The real nature of the crime charged is determined from applies to all cases, whether judicial, quasi-judicial, or If the failure of the accused to cross-examine a witness is Trials in absentia allows the accused to be absent at the
the recital of facts in the information. It is neither administrative cases (Art. III, Sec. 16, 1987 Constitution); due to his own fault or was not due to the fault of the
determined based on the caption or preamble thereof whereas, the latter applies to criminal cases only. [Art. prosecution, the testimony of the witness should not be trial. (Lavides v. CA, G.R. No. 129670, Feb. 1, 2000)
nor from the specification of the provision of the law III, Sec. 14 (2), 1987 Constitution] excluded.
allegedly violated. Elements of trials in absentia
Violation The affidavits of witnesses who are not presented during
NOTE: The accused cannot be convicted thereof if the trial are inadmissible for being hearsay. The accused is 1. Accused has been validly arraigned
information fails to allege the material elements of the The right to a speedy disposition of a case, like the right denied the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses. 2. Accused has been duly notified of the dates of
offense even if the prosecution is able to present to a speedy trial, is deemed violated only when the hearing
evidence during the trial with respect to such elements. proceedings are attended by vexatious, capricious, and NOTE: Depositions are admissible under circumstances 3. Failure to appear is unjustifiable
oppressive delays; or when unjustified postponements of provided by the Rules of Court.
The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the trial are asked for and secured; or even without The presence of the accused is mandatory in the
accusation cannot be waived. However, the defense may cause or justifiable motive, a long period of time is RIGHT TO COMPULSORY PROCESS TO SECURE following instances
waive the right to enter a plea and let the court enter a allowed to elapse without the party having his case tried ATTENDANCE OF WITNESS AND PRODUCTION OF
plea of “not guilty”. (Roquero v. Chancellor of UP-Manila, G.R. No. 181851, EVIDENCE 1. During arraignment and plea
March 9, 2010). 2. During trial, for identification, unless the
Variance doctrine Means available to the parties to compel the accused has already stipulated on his identity
Right to public trial attendance of witnesses and the production of during the pre-trial and that he is the one who
In spite of the difference between the crime that was documents and things needed in the prosecution or will be identified by the witnesses as the
charged and that which was eventually proved, the GR: defense of a case accused in the criminal case
accused may still be convicted of whatever offense that 1. Trial must be public in order to prevent possible 3. During promulgation of sentence, unless for a
was proved even if not specifically set out in the abuses which may be committed against the 1. Subpoena ad testificandum and subpoena duces light offense (Ibid.).
information provided it is necessarily included in the accused. tecum
crime charged. (Teves v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 154182, 2. The attendance at the trial is open to all, 2. Depositions and other modes of discovery
Dec. 17, 2004) irrespective of their relationship to the accused. 3. Perpetuation of testimonies
Congress is generally empowered to prescribe the enjoyment can be terminated at the pleasure of the However, if the acting appointment was made because of
qualifications for holding public office, provided it does appointing power even without hearing or cause. 5. Ad interim appointment (1990, 1994 Bar) – One a temporary vacancy, the temporary appointee holds
not exceed thereby its constitutional powers or impose (Erasmo v. Home Insurance & Guaranty Corporation, made by the President while Congress is not in office until the assumption of office by the permanent
conditions of eligibility inconsistent with constitutional G.R. No. 139251, Aug. 29, 2002) session, which takes effect immediately, but ceases appointee. In such case, the appointing authority cannot
provisions. to be valid if: use the acting appointment as a justification in order to
However, if the appointment is for a specific period, a. disapproved by the Commission on evade or avoid the security of tenure principle provided
Limitation on the power of Congress to prescribe the appointment may not be revoked until the Appointments; or for under the Constitution and the Civil Service Law.
qualifications expiration of the term. b. upon the next adjournment of Congress, either (Gayatao v. CSC, G.R. No. 93064, June 22, 1992)
in regular or special session, if the CA has not
Congress has no power to require qualifications other NOTE: Acquisition of civil service eligibility will not acted upon it ---
than those qualifications specifically set out in the automatically convert the temporary appointment Q: Can the CSC revoke an appointment by the
Constitution. Such Constitutional criteria are exclusive. into a permanent one. (Prov. Of Camarines Sur v. CA, Difference between Regular appointment, Ad interim appointing power and direct the appointment of an
G.R. No. 104639, July 14, 1995) appointment, Temporary appointment and individual of its choice?
Power of Congress to prescribe disqualifications Designation
3. Provisional appointment – One which may be issued, A: NO. The CSC cannot dictate to the appointing power
In the absence of constitutional inhibition, Congress has upon the prior authorization of the Commissioner of TEMPO- DESIGNA whom to appoint. Its function is limited to determining
the same right to provide disqualifications as it has to the CSC, to a person who has not qualified in an REGULAR AD INTERIM RARY or -TION whether or not the appointee meets the minimum
provide qualifications for office. appropriate examination but who otherwise meets ACTING qualification requirements prescribed for the position.
the requirements for appointment to a regular Made Made when Lasts until Mere Otherwise, it would be encroaching upon the discretion
Congress, however, may not add disqualification where position in the competitive service, whenever a when Congress is a perma- imposition of the appointing power. (Medalla v. Sto. Tomas, G.R.
the Constitution has provided them in such a way as to vacancy occurs and the filling thereof is necessary in Congress NOT in nent of new or 94255, May 5, 1992)
indicate intention that the disqualifications provided the interest of the service and there is no appropriate is in session appoint- additional ---
shall embrace all which are to be permitted. Moreover, register of eligibles at the time of appointment. session ment is duties to be
when the Constitution has attached a disqualification to (Jimenea v. Guanzon, G.R. No. L-24795, Jan. 29, 1968) issued performed Protest to Appointment
the holding of any office, Congress cannot remove it by an officer
under the power to prescribe qualifications as to such Temporary Appointment vs. Provisional in a special Any person who feels aggrieved by the appointment may
offices as it may create (46 C.J. 936-937). Appointment manner file an administrative protest against such appointment.
while he Protests are decided in the first instance by the
Perfection of the Right of a Public Officer to Enter in TEMPORARY PROVISIONAL performs Department Head, subject to appeal to the CSC.
Office APPOINTMENT APPOINTMENT the function
Issued to a person to a Issued prior to of his perma The protest must be for a cause (i.e. appointee is not
Upon his oath of office, it is deemed perfected. Only position needed only for a authorization -nent office qualified; appointee was not the next-in-rank;
when the public officer has satisfied this prerequisite can limited period of CSC unsatisfactory reasons given by the appointing authority
his right to enter into the position be considered Not to exceed Regular position in making the questioned appointment). The mere fact
Made only Made before Cannot be The officer
complete. Until then, he has none at all, and for as long as 12 in the that the protestant has the more impressive resume is
after the confirmation validly is already
he has not qualified; the holdover officer is the rightful months/no meantime not a cause for opposing an appointment. (Aquino v. CSC,
nomina- of the CA confirmed in service
occupant. (Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 130872, definite that no G.R. No. 92403, April 22, 1992)
tion is by the CA by virtue of
March 25, 1999) tenure and person confirmed because an earlier
is qualifies for Revocation vs. Recall of Appointment
by CA there was appoint-
Kinds of Appointments dependent the position no valid ment
on the Where an appointment requires the approval of the CSC,
nomina- performing
1. Permanent –an appointment in the civil service pleasure of such appointment may be revoked or withdrawn by the
tion other
issued to a person who meets all the requirements the appointing authority any time before the approval by the
functions.
for the position to which he is being appointed, appointing CSC.
including the appropriate eligibility prescribed, in power
accordance with the provisions of law, rules and Meets all Has not qualified After an appointment is completed, the CSC has the
standards promulgated in pursuance thereof. It lasts Continues Shall cease to May be Maybe power to recall an appointment initially approved on any
requiremen in an
until lawfully terminated, thus, enjoys security of until the be valid if termina- terminated of the following grounds:
ts for appropriate
tenure [PD 807 (Civil Service Decree), Sec. 25(a)]. expiration disapproved ted at the anytime 1. Non-compliance with procedures/criteria in merit
position examination
of the term by CA or pleasure promotion plan;
except civil but otherwise
2. Temporary – A kind of appointment issued to a upon the of 2. Failure to pass through the selection board;
service meets
person who meets all the requirements for the next adjourn- appoint 3. Violation of existing collective relative agreement to
eligibility requirements
position to which he is being appointed, except the ment of -ing promotion;
for
appropriate civil service eligibility, in the absence of Congress power 4. Violation of CSC laws, rules and regulations
appointments
appropriate eligibilities and it becomes necessary in without (Debulgado v. CSC, G.R. No. 111471, Sept. 26, 1994)
the public interest to fill a vacancy [PD 807, Sec. hearing
NOTE: Provisional appointments in general have
25(b)]. or cause DISABILITIES AND INHIBITIONS OF PUBLIC
already been abolished by RA 6040. It still, however,
applies with regard to teachers under the Magna OFFICERS
NOTE: That such temporary appointment shall not Carta for Public School Teachers.
Acting Appointment (2003 Bar)
exceed twelve months, but the appointee may be Disqualifications attached to civil service employees
replaced sooner if a qualified civil service eligible 4. Regular appointment – One made by the President An acting appointment is merely temporary. (Sevilla v. or officials
becomes available [PD 807, Sec. 25(b)]. while Congress is in session, which takes effect only CA, G.R. No. 88498, June 9, 1992) A temporary
after confirmation by the Commission on appointment cannot become a permanent appointment, 1. Losing candidate in any election
One who holds a temporary or acting appointment Appointment and, once approved, continues until unless a new appointment, which is permanent, is made. a. Cannot be appointed to any office in the
has no fixed tenure of office, and, therefore, his the end of the term of the appointee. (Marohombsar v. Alonto, G.R. No. 93711, Feb. 25, 1991) government or GOCCs or their subsidiaries