TPBO Model Papers

ASST.
ARCHITECTURAL DRAUGHTSMAN,
SURVEYORS & BUILDING OVERSEERS
MODEL PAPER - 1
1. The arch consisting of fully dressed stones, is 9. To pravent warping of the board ____ are cleated
called at its back.
1) axed arch 2) gauged arch 1) packings 2) wooden blocks
3) ashlar arch 4) rubble arch 3) battens 4) Cement blocks
2. In a flat arch, the skew back is made to rest in an 10. The two parts of the T - Square are ______
inclined position so as to make an angle of 1) vertical and horizontal edge
_______ with the springing line.
1) 30° 2) 40°
ns
2) straight edge
io
3) stock 4) blade
3) 50° 4) 60°
3. The span of an arch is
11.
at
The process of filling up all nail holes, cracks
etc. with putty is known as
c
1) vertical distance between the springing line
and the highest point on the intrados
2) vertical distance between the springing line
ni
1) knotting
3) stopping
2) priming
4) finishing
and the highest point on the extrados 12.
u
Accurate horizontal distances obtained by
making tachometrial observations are corrected
3) perpendicular distance between the intrados
and extrados m for :
4.
4) horizontal distance between the supports
o
The lower portion of an arch between the skew
m 1) Temperature
3) Reduced level
2) Dip
back and crown is called
a C 4) Refraction and curvature

1) depth
3) haunch
di 2) rise
4) intrados
13. According to Unwin’s formula, the relation
between diameter of rivet (d in mm) and
5.
Me
The type of stone masonry commonly adopted
in the construction of residential building is
thickness of plate (t in mm) is :
1) d=3 t 2) d=4 t
e
1) uncoursed rubble masonry 3) d=1.91 t 4) d=6 t
r e
2) coursed rubble masonry
3) random rubble masonry
14. Which of the following statement is correct?
1) the retaining wall should be structrually
6. S
4) dry rubble masonry
In the first class coursed rubble masonry
1) all the courses are of the same height
capable of resisting the earth pressure applied
to it.
2) the section of the wall should be so
2) minimum height of the course is limited to proportioned that it will not overturn by the lateral
150 mm pressure.
3) the length of the quoin is generally
3) the weight of the retaining wall and the force
kept 450 mm
resulting from the earth pressure should not
4) all of the above
stress its foundation to a value greater than safe
7. The type of masonry in which is stones of
bearing capacity of the soil.
irregular size and shapes are used and there
4) all of the above.
are no regular courses, is known as
15. For maintaining uniformity in size, thin and light
1) uncoursed rubble masonry
2) coursed rubble masonry --------lines may first be drawn
3) random rubble masonry 1) square 2) guide
4) all of the above 3) straight 4) cornor
8. The edge of the board on which T-square is made 16. All letters should be uniform in size, shape, slope
to slideis called shade and
1) working edge 2) straight edge 1) shadow 2) curve
3) chisel edge 4) Crossed edge 3) spacing 4) edge
ASST. ARCHI TECT URAL DRAUGHTSMAN, SURVEYORS & BUILDING OVERSEERS MODEL PAPERS
1
17. A partition wall may be 29. When polished, pink granite takes the colour:
1) folding 2) collapsible 1) brick red 2)grayish white
3) fixed 4) any one of these 3) bright pink 4) wild rose
18. In made-up ground having a low value of its 30. If the height of a story of building is 3.2 m and the
bearing power, heavy concentrated structural raiser of stair is 13 cm, number of treads
loads are generally supported by providing required is :
1) combined footing 2) strap footing 1) 12 2) 20
3) raft footing 4) all of the these 3) 24 4) 25
19. Writing of titles, notes etc. on a drawing is called 31. Fat lime is used extensively in:
1) lettering 2) dimensions 1) brick masonry 2) white washing
3) numbering 4) curve 3) lime concrete 4) plastering
20. Efficiency in the art of lettering is achieved by con-
32. The specified length for taper is measured along
tinuous
the ------- in case of a flat piece and along the axis
1) process 2) working
in case of a shaft
3) edge 4) practice
1) Vertical line 2) horizontal line
21. In -------- dimensioning, dimensions are arranged
in a straight line, and an overall dimension is
ns
3) Straight line 4) base line
33. The section lines are continuous thin lines and
io
placed outside the small dimensions
t
are drawn at an angle of ------- to the main outline
1) common 2) broken
3) Straight 4) continuous
22. Which of the following foundation is used for 1) 450
i ca
of the section
2) 900
n
0
weaker soil? 3) 180 4) 750
1) column footing 2) grillage footing
u
34. Tacheometric surveying is generally adopted to
1) prepare maps of high accuracy
3) raft footing 4) all of these
23. The raft foundations are generally used when m 2) prepare maps of large areas
area of the structure.

om
the required area of footing is _______ the total 3) prepare contour maps
4) plot large area
1) more than one-fourth
a C 35. In surveying, systematic errors are :
d
3) more than one-halfi
2) less than one-fourth 1) always positive
2) self-compensating
e
4) less than one-half
M
24. When two or more footings are connected by a
beam, it is called
3) always negative
4) cumulative
36. The bond not used in brick masonry :
e
1) beam footing
e 2) combined footing 1) Herring 2) Flemish
S r
3) strap footing 4) mat footing
25. A foundation consisting of thick reinforced
concrete slab covering the entire area of the
3) Dutch 4) British
37. Figure shows and of the brass tallies of a 30m
chain. Distance of this tally from the nearest end
bottom of the structure, is known as of the chain is
1) pile foundation 2) pier foundation
3) raft foundation 4) machine foundation
26. In third-angle projection method, the plane comes
between the -------- and the observer
1) observer
2) object 1) 5m 2) 10m
3) observer and object 3) 15m 4) 20m
4) logarithmic plane 38. The length of a chain is measured from
27. In third-angle projection method, The ------ view 1) centre of one handle to centre of other handle
is always above the front view 2) outside of one handle to outside of other handle
1) back 2) top 3) outside of one handle to inside of other handle
3) front 4) above 4) inside of one handle to inside of other handle
28. The width of joints in ashlar masonry 39. Select the incorrect statement
construction does not exceed: 1) The true meridians at different places are par-
1) 1mm 2) 2mm allel to each other
3) 3mm 4) 5mm 2) The true meridians at any place is not variable
2
3) The true meridians converge to a point in north- 47. The resection by two point problem as compared
ern and southern hemispheres. to three point problem
4) The maps prepared by national by national 1) gives more accurate problem
survey departments of any country are based
2) tales less time
on true meridians
40. If the true bearing of a line AB is 2690 30', then the 3) requires more labour
azimuth of the line AB is 4) none of the above
1) 00 30' 2) 890 30' 48. If the horizontal distance between the staff point
3) 900 30' 4) 2690 30' and the point of observation is d, then the error
41. What is the arithmetic error in the following table? due to curvature of earth is proportional to
1)d 2)1/d
________________________________________
3) d2 4) 1/d2
Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks
_________________________________________ 49. Sensitiveness of a level tube is designated by
A 2.00 102 00 101.00 B.M 1) radius of level tube
B 1.00 102.00 2) length of level tube
C 0.50 102.50 3) length of bubble of level tube
________________________________________
1) The R.L of B.M Should be 100.00
ns
4) none of the above
50. Which of the following statement is incorrect
2) The height of instrument (H.I) should be 103.00
3) The back sight should be 1.00
tio
1) Error due to refraction may not be completely
4) There is no error in the table

42. The following consecutive readings were taken
a
eliminated by reciprocal levelling.
c
2) Tilting levels are commonly used for preci-
i
with a dumpy level
0.695,1.525,2.395,0.635,0.605,0.805,0.125
unsion work
3) The last reading of levelling is always a fore-
sight.
The instrument was shifted after the third and
m 4) All of the above statements are incorrect
spectively represent.
om
fifth readings. The readings 2.395 and 0.635 re-
51. A compound curve tangential to three straights
and consisting of arcs of different radii, is known
1) F.S and B.S
3) B.S and F.S
a
2) F.S and I.S
4) I.S and B.S C as
di
43. While constructing a bridge upon a river, the foun-
dation to be adopted in pillars should be1) well
1) three centered compound curve
2) two centered compound curve
foundation
Me
2) pile foundation
3) one centered compound curve
4) compound curve
52. The use of reverse curve on highways is avoided
ee
3) grillage foundation
because sudden change of super elevation is
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4) raft foundation
44. For a bridge pier, in very deep water the founda-
tion to be used should be
required at the point of
1) commencement
2) tangency
1) well foundation
3) reverse curvature
2) pile foundation
4) all the above are correct
3) caisson foundation
4) coffer dam 53. In a reverse curve, super elevation at the point of
45. Which of the following methods of plane table reverse curvature will be
surveying is used to locate the position of an in- 1) nil
accessible point 2) least
2) radiation 3) greatest
3) intersection 4) same as at other parts
4) traversing 54. Reading of the metric levelling staff can be taken
5) resection accurately up to
46. The two point problem and three point problem 1) 0.1 m 2) 0.01m
are methods of 3) 0.001m 4) 0.005 m
1) resection 55. Modern levels are generally fitted with telescopes
2) orientation having adjustment
3) resection 1) as internal 2) as external
4) resection and orientation 3) as self 4) as not reuired
3
56. In an internal focussing telescope, focussing is 1) two sides and included angle of the triangle is
achieved by the movement of a lens which is known
fitted inside the telescope and this lens is of the 2) all the three angles of the triangle are known
nature of 3) one side and two angles of the triangle are
1) convex 2) concave known
3) plano-convex 4) plano-concave 4) all the three sides of the triangle are known
57. A series of closed contours of decreasing values 67. The covering provided on the buildings and sup-
towards the center of the series indicates: ported on the top of walls and pillars is known
1) Plane land 2) Hill as
1) tent 2) roof
3) Depression without an outlet
3) structural slab 4) terrace
4) Saddle
68. Transverse strength of the walls is ____ by the
58. When rise of an arch is more than the span, then
roofs provided upon them
the arch is called as
1) increased
1) lancet arch 2) venetian arch
3) drop arch 4) ogee arch
2) decreased
ns
3) not affected
io
59. The centering for small segmental arches, pri-
marily consists of wooden planks, cut to the
shape of the arch, are called as
69.
t
For large spans the most suitable type of cover-
a
1) arch ribs 2) laggings
c
ing preferred is
i
1) flat roof 2) slopy roof
60.
3) struts 4) ties
In any case the bearing of a lintel should not be 70. un
3) shelled roof 4) domes
Flat roof are particularly suitable for tropical
less than
m places because
1) 10 cm
3) 20 cm
2) 15 cm
4) 30 cm
om 1) the top of the flat roof can be used as a terrace
2) it equalize the temperature, i.e. rooms under it
61.
C
The component of a stair on which a foot rests
a
remains cool in summer and warm in winter
di
and affords to ascend or descend from one floor
to another is known as
3) it increases the architectural appearance of
the building
.
1) step
3) landing
Me 2) tread
4)riser 71.
The structures which divide a building into
62.
e
The horizontal portion of a step is called as
e
stages or storeys to give the space to live at dif-
ferent levels are termed as
63.
1) tread
S r
3) stringer
2) going
4) landing
The horizontal distance between two consecu-
1) beam
3) terrace
2) slab
4) floor
tive risers is known as 72. The best and the most common material to be
used as damp proofing material is
1) tread 2) going
1) cement concrete 2) bitumen
3) stringer 4) landing
3) paraffin wax 4) cement solution
64. On a turning point
73. To facilitate draining off rain water from the cop-
1) only a backsight is taken
ing, sills, sunshades, a groove is cut on the un-
2) only a foresight is taken
derside of these and this groove is known as
3) both backsight and foresight are taken
1) drip course
4) an intermediate sight is taken
2) throating
65. The vertical distance between two adjacent con-
3) string course
tours is called 4) all the above are correct
1) Contour gradient 2) Contour interval 74. Ground floor is that floor which is constructed
3) Horizontal distance 4) Circle distance 1) just above the ground level
66. The basic principle of chain survey is 2) just above the basement floor
traingulation because a triangle is the only geo- 3) both 1 and 2 are correct
metrical figure which can be plotted uniquely if 4) both 1 and 2 are wrong
4
75. Generally a 10cm thick layer of sand is provided 1) isogonic line
in the base and its purpose is 2) agonic line
1) to keep out dampness 3) dip
2) to act as cushion 4) magnetic declination line
3) to avoid forming of pot holes 84. The angle of inclination between longitudinal axis
4) all the above are correct of a magnetic needle and the horizontal plane at
76. In order to have adequate stiffiness, trusses are that point is known as
specially advantageous because they 1) dip 2) magnetic declination
1) have greater depth 3) magnetic bearing 4) true bearing
2) are lighter in weight 85. Generally the thickness of rails and styles
3) have very less width adopted in a door frame is
4) all the above are correct 1) 3 to 4 cm 2) 2 to 3 cm
77. The ratio in between rise and span is known as 3) 5 to 8 cm 4) 8 to 10 cm
pitch and generally in hilly areas, i.e., where 86. While classifying the building, cinema hall should
trusses have to carry snow load in addition to
wind load the most common and economical
ns
be classfied as
1) Public building
pitch is
1) 1/3 2) 1/4
tio
2) Commercial Building
3) Office buildin
78.
3) 1/5 4) 1/2
The depth of the concrete bed placed at the 87.
i ca
4) Any thing else
Working from whole to part is followed in survey-
bottom of a wall footing should never be less
than its projection beyond the wall base un
ing in order to ensure that
1) survey work can be completed more quickly
1) agree 2) disagree
m 2) the number of errors will be minimum
79. When the walls are subjected to heavy loading
om
and the bearing capacity of the solid is very low,
3) the errors and mistakes of one portion does
not affect the other portions
then the wall is constructed on
a C 4) plotting can be done more quickly
2) column footing
di
1) reinforced concrete footing 88. The portion of the wall left on the face of the door
or window is called as
Me
3) lean concrete footing
4) none of the these
1) still
2) jamb
80.
on clays is
ee
The minimum depth of foundation for buildings 3) reveal
4) all of the above correct
S r
1) 0.2 to 0.4 m
3) 0.6 to 0.9 m
2) 0.4 to 0.6 m
4) 0.9 to 1.6 m
89. The minimum thickness of a wall in stone ma-
sonry cannot be less than
81. The structure having a place to live or to store, 1) 10cm 2) 20cm
walls to enclose the space as well as to protect 3) 35cm 4) 50cm
from wind, sun and other unwanted elements 90. Most important source of water for public water
and a roof to protect from rain and sun is known supply is ;
as 1) streams 2) rivers
1) Civil Engineering 3) ponds 4) lakes
2) Building 91. The period for complete stabilization of organic
3) Ware House matter in polluted water is about :
4) Foundation 1) 30 days 2) 10 days
82. In a panelled door, the rails fixed in between the 3) 7 days 4) 1 day
lock rail and top rail are called as 92. The masonry in which quarry dressed or un-
1) top rail 2) frieze rail dressed stones are used, is known as
3) mullion 4) lock rail 1) random rubble masonry
83. The imaginary line joining the points of equal 2) rubble masonry
declination either positive or negative on the sur- 3) ashlar masonry
face of the earth is called as 4) uncoussed Ashlar masonry
5
93. The vertical member used in a door frame is 102. The Bowditch method of adjusting a traverse is
based on the assumption that
called as
1) post 2) sill 1
1) e1  1 and e2 
1
3) hanging style 4) rail
94. The obstacle which obstructs both chaining and 2) e1  1 and e  1
2
ranging may be
1
1) river 2) lake 3) e1  and e2  1
1
3) hillock 4) building
95. If a directional error of 20 is likely to be made in 1 1
4) e1  and e2 
1 1
laying an offset and the scale of plotting is 10m
to 1 cm, then in order that the displacement of where e1 and e2 are errors in linear and angular
the plotted point on the paper may not exceed measurements respectively and 1 is the length
0.25mm the maximum length of offset should of a line
not exceed
ns
103. A 'Level line' is a
1) horizontal line
io
1) 5m 2) 6.25m
2) line parallel to the mean spheriodal surface of
96.
3) 7.16m 4) 10m
A cylindrical piece of steel forged in place to con-
earth
at
nect two or more than two steel members to-
i c
3) line passing through the centre of cross hairs
and the centre of eye piece
gether, is known as
1) bolt 2) pin
n
4) line passing through the objective lens and
uthe eyepiece of a dumpy of tilting level
3) rivet m 104. The following sights are taken on "turning point"

om 1) foresight only
2) back sight only
97. Generally rivets are expressed by diameter or
the
a C 3) foresight and back sight
4) foresight and inermediate sight
1) shank
di 2) hole 105. Detailed plotting is generally done by
1) radiation
98.
3) head
Me 4) body /1.2
In direct method of contouring, the process of
2) traversing
3) resection
ee
locating or identifying points lying on a contour is 4) all of the above
r
called 106. Three point problem can be solved by
S
1) ranging
3) horizontal control
2) centring
4) vertical control
99. In the cross-section method of indirect contour-
1) Tracing paper method
2) Bessels method
3) Lehman's method
4) all of the above
ing, the spacing of cross-sections depends upon 107. The size of a plane table is
i) contour interval ii) scale of plan 1) 750mm X 900mm
iii) characteristics of ground 2) 600mm X 750mm
The correct answer is 3) 450mm X 600mm
4) 300mm X 450mm
1) only (i) 2) (i) and (ii)
108. While riveting different types of members of a
3) (ii) and (iii) 4) (i),(ii) and (iii)
structure, if flush surface is required on the struc-
100. Circles of small radii are drawn by means of a tural member, then the rivet used will be of the
1) lengthening bar. 2) bow divider type of
3) bow compass 4) curved bar 1) round head 2) counter sunk head
101. Measurements from the scale to the drawing are 3) pan head 4) snap head
109. If the diameter of a rivet body is 'D', then the di-
transferred with the aid of a ___
ameter of snap head or pan head will be
1) scale 2) compass
1) 1.4 D 2) 1.5D
3) divider 4) Protractor 3) 1.6D 4) 2D
6
110. Contour interval is 120. The approximate line of movement of people on
1) the vertical distance between two consecutive a stair is known as walking line and from the
contours centre of hand-rail generally it is at a distance of
2) the horizontal distance between two consecu-
1) 0 cm 2) 30 cm
tive contours
3) 45 cm 4) 60 cm
3) The vertical distance between two points on
121. When the meridian of a place changes with time,
same contour
then this meridian will be
4) the horizontal distance between two points
1) arbitrary 2) magnetic
on same contour
3) true 4) grid
111. Benchmark is established by
122. A building is an obstacle to
1) hypsometry 1) chaining but not ranging
2) barometric levelling 2) ranging but not chaining
3) spirit levelling 3) both chaining and ranging
4) trigonometrical levelling 4) neither chaining nor ranging
112. The rise and fall method of levelling provides a 123. The main difference between an optical square
complete check on
ns
and a prism square is
io
1) back sight 2) intermediate sight 1) difference in principle of working
3) foresight 4) all of the above
113. The scale should never be used as a ____ for square
at
2) that optical square is more accurate than prism
drawing straight lines.

i c
3) that no adjustment is required in a prism
1) set - square
3) straight edge
2) working edge
4) cornor edge
un
square since the angle between the reflecting
surfaces cannot be changed
114. Lettering is usually done in
m 124.
4) all of the above
The angle of intersection of the two plane mir-
1) capital letters
3) straight letters
2) small letters
om
4) capital & small letters rors of an optical square is
1) 300 2) 450
drawings
a C
115. Lower-case letters are usually used in which
3) 60 0
4) 900
1) Civil Engg.
di 2) Free hand
125. The foundation in a building is provided not to
1) increase the bearing capacity of the soil
3) Arthitectural
Me 4) All of above
116. If the end stations of a line are free from local
2) load the bearing surface (subsoil) at a uni-
form rate
ee
attraction, then the difference in between fore
and back bearing of that line should be
3) distribute the load over a larger are
1) 1800
3) 360S 0
r 2) 1200
4) 900
126.
4) increasae overall stability of the structure
The causes of failure of foundation of a building
cannot be the
117. If the reduced bearing of a line AB is N600W and 1) unequal settlement of soil
length is 100m, then the latitude and departure 2) withdrawl of subsoil moisture
respectively of the line AB will be 3) designed story height of the building
1) +50m, +86.6m 2) -86.6m, -50m 4) Lateral escape of the supporting material
3) +50m, -86.6m 4) +70.7m, -50m 127. The angle of inclination in between the longitu-
118. If the sum of northings of traverse exceeds the dinal axis of a magnetic needle and the horizon-
sum of eastings exceeds the sum of southings tal plane at any place is known as
by 1m, and sum of eastings exceeds the sum of 1) dip 2) magnetic declination
westings by 1m, the resultant closing error and 3) magnetic bearing 4) true bearing
its true bearing respectively are 128. The box of prismatic compass is made of
1) 1m N450E 2) 2m N450E 1) steel 2) brass
3) 2 m, N45 E 0
4) 0, N450E 3) iron 4) aluminium
119. The additional support given to the nosing in a 129. If 'n' is the number of sides, then the total sum of
wooden stair is known as interior angles of a closed traverse should be
1) soffit 2) cornice 1) n+2 2) 2n-4
3) wall plate 4) scotia 3) 2m+4 4) 4n-2
7
130. While designing a sewerage system, domestic 1) raking bond 2) dutch bond
sewage is generally expressed as litres per 3) facing bond 4) heading bond
capita per day whereas industrial sewage is ex- 140. Latitude and departure are together referred
pressed as as....
1) litres per capita per day 1) independent co-ordinates
2) litres per day per sq.metre 2) dependent co-ordinates
3) litres per hour per sq.metre 3) reverse co-ordinates
4) litres per working (working in the industry) per 4) consecutive co-ordinates
day 141. Traverse computations are exhibited in a tabular
131. The minimum infiltration of water in one km. form known as....
length of sewer pipe per day is 1) crooke's traverse table
1) zero litres 2) 500 litres 2) Gale's traverse table
3) 2800 litres 4) 1,40,000 litres 3) Bowditch's table
132. For drawing thin lines of uniform thickness the 4) Tache table
pencil should be sharpened in the form of 142. Turning the telescope in a horizontal plane is
1) chisel edge
3) pointed
2) conical
4) rough edge
called
1) turning
ns 2) twisting
133. Pencil of soft grade sharpened in the form of
______ is used for sketching and lettering
tio
3) tilting 4) swinging
1) soft
3) conical point
2) low
4) chisel.
143.
i ca
A wall built to resist the pressure of earth filling,
is known as
134. As per I.S.459-1962, the overall width of asbes-

tos corrugated cement sheet should be
144. un
1) breast wall
3) parapet wall
2) retaining wall
4) buttress
A retaining wall may be built in
1) 105cm
3) 101cm
2) 110cm
4) 90cm m 1) dry stone masonry
135. Revited joint is :
1) flexible joint 2) temporary jointom 2) stone masonry
3) plain cement concrete
3) permanent joint
a C
4) none of the above 4) all of these
i
136. Strength of the plate in tearing should be based
on :
d
145. For a plot in the city limits abutting a street 12 m
in width the front open space to be left while con-
2) revit diametere
1) revit hole diameter
M
structing a building is
1) 2m
3) 4m
2) 3m
4) 5m
3) back pitch
ee
4) all of the above (1), (2) and (3) 146. The average width of rear open space to be pro-
S r
137. The efficiency of the revited joint
Pt or Ps or Pb
vided for every proposed building to be con-
structed as per Hyderabad Municipal Corpora-
1) max imum value of (p  d).t.f tion Rules is
t
1) 1.5m 2) 2m
Pt or Ps or Pb 3) 2.5m 4) 3m
2) minimum value of (p  d).t.f 147. The coupled roof is suitable for span upto
t
1) 3.5 m 2) 5 m
Ps or Pt or Pb
3) max imum value of 3) 6.5 m 4) 8 m
pdt.ft 148. The perpendicular distance between the
Ps or Pt or Pb intrados and extrados of an arch, is called
4) minimum value of pdt.ft 1) pitch of arch 2) depth of an arch
3) width of arch 4) thickness of an arch
138. As per I.S.459-1962, the length of asbestos ce- 149. In rough brick arches, the joints at the extrados
ment sheet should be are wider than those at the intrados.
1) 1.50m and 1.75m 2) 2m and 2.25m 1) correct 2) incorrect
3) 2.50 and 3m 150. The vertical members which support the door
4) all the above are correct frame are called
139. The arrangement of bricks is similar to English 1) reveals 2) styles
bond in 3) posts 4) jambs
8
ANSWERS
1. 3 2. 4 3. 4 4. 3 5. 2 6. 4 7. 1 8. 1 9. 3 10. 3
11. 3 12. 4 13. 3 14. 4 15. 2 16. 3 17. 4 18. 3 19. 1 20. 4
21. 4 22. 4 23. 3 24. 3 25. 3 26. 2 27. 2 28. 3 29. 2 30. 4
31. 2 32. 4 33. 1 34. 2 35. 1 36. 1 37. 2 38. 2 39. 1 40. 3
41. 2 42. 1 43. 1 44. 3 45. 2 46. 4 47. 3 48. 3 49. 1 50. 4
51. 2 52. 3 53. 1 54. 4 55. 1 56. 2 57. 3 58. 1 59. 1 60. 2
61. 1 62. 1 63. 2 64. 3 65. 2 66 .4 67. 2 68. 1 69. 2 70. 4
71. 4 72. 2 73. 2 74. 3 75. 4 76. 1 77. 2 78. 1 79. 1 80. 4
81. 2 82. 2 83. 1 84. 2 85. 1 86. 1 87. 3 88. 3 89. 3 90. 2
91. 4 92. 1 93. 1 94. 4 95. 3 96. 3 97. 1 98. 4 99. 4 100. 3
101. 3 102. 1 103. 2 104. 3 105. 1 106. 4 107. 2
ns
108. 2 109. 3 110. 1
111. 3 112. 4 113. 3 114. 1 115. 3 116. 1 117. 3
tio118. 3 119. 4 120. 3
121. 2
131. 3
122. 3
132. 1
123. 3
133. 3
124. 2
134. 1
125. 1
135. 3
126. 3
136. 4
i ca
127. 1
137. 2
128. 2
138. 4
129. 2
139. 2
130. 2
140. 4
141. 2 142. 4 143. 2 144. 4 145. 2 146. 4
n
147. 1
u
148. 2 149. 1 150. 4
m
om
a C
di
Me
ee
S r
9
ASST. ARCHITECTURAL DRAUGHTSMAN,
MODEL PAPER - 2
1. perpendicular offset form the junction of transi- 8. In the double application of principle of reversion,
tion curve and curricular curve to the tangent is
equal to the apparent error is
1) shift 2) two times the shift 1) equal to true error
3) three times the shift 4) four times the shift
2) half the true error
2. If the radius of circular curve is five times the
3) two times the true error
length of the transition curve, then the spiral angle
is given by
9.
ns
4) four times the true error
The maximum value of centrifugal ratio on roads
io
1) 1/5 radian 2) 1/10 radian
3) 1/20 radian 4) 1/40 radian and railways respectively are taken as
3. If L is the length of transition curve and R is the
at
1) 1/4 and 1/6
3) 1/4 and 1/8
2)1/6 and 1/8
4)1/8 and 1/4
radius of circular curve, then the shift of the curve
is directly proportional to 10.
i c
Agonic line is the line joining points having
1) R and 2
1
2) 1/R and L2 un
1) Zero declination
3) maximum declination
4) declination
2) minimum declination
L
m 11. The difference in elevation of points between a
1
3) 2 and L 4) R2 and 1/L
om vertical and a tangent is
1) directly proportional to its horizontal distance
R
a C form the point of tangency

2) ineresely proportional to its horizontal distance
4.
di
If an upgrade of 1-5% is followed by a downgrade
of 0.5% and rate of change of grade is 0.2% per
from the point of tangency
3) directly proportional to the square of its horizon-
1) 100m
Me
20m chain, then the length of vertical is
2) 200m
tal distance from the point of tangency
4) inversely proportional to the square of its hori-
3) 300m
ee 4) 400m 12.
zontal distance from the point of tangency
The type of pointing in which the mortar is first
5.
S r
By plane table surveying
1) field work alone is possible
pressed into the raked joints and then finished
off flush with the edges of the bricks or stones,
is called
2) plotting alone is possible 1) flust pointing 2) struck pointing
3) V-grooved pointing 4) tuck pointing
3) both field work and plotting has are possible 13. A block of stone or concrete provided under the
simultaneously end of tie beam to spread the load from the roof
4) both field work in the field and plotting on over a large area of bearing, is called
1) gable 2) hip
office are possible 3) verge 4) template
6. The plots intended for residential purposes in a 14. The horizontal members of wood or steel used
to support the common rafter of a sloping roof,
municipal area should not be less than
are called
1) 80 m2 2) 120m2 1) purlins 2) cleats
3) 160m2 4) 200m2 3) hip rafters 4) valley rafters
15. The type of pointing in which the mortar is first
7. The plot size in residential layouts in corporation pressed into the raked joint and then finished
limits for row housing in m2 is off flush with the face of the bricks or stones is
1) 50-100 2) 100-150 called
1) flush pointing 2) struck pointing
3) 150-200 4) 200 3) V-grooved pointing 4) tuck pointing
10
16. The efficiency of a riveted joint is : 25. A working profile gives
1) Tearing efficiency 2) Shearing efficiency 1) ground levels only
3) Crushing efficiency 4) Least of the above 2) formation levels only
17. The efficiency of pile group is 3) difference in ground levels & formation levels
4) all of the above
1) always less than one
26. The error in the staff readings due to curvature of
2) always more than one
the earth when the length of sight is 1 Km is
3) always equal to one
1) -0.0785 m 2) +0.0785 m
4) less than, equal to or more than one 3) -0.0667 m 4) +0.0667 m
18. Read the following two statements and select 27. The vertical distance between the upper surface
the correct answer of the successive treads is known as
i) Shift bisects the transition curve 'going of step'
ii) Transition curve bisects the shift 1) true 2) false
1) only (i) is correct 2) only (ii) correct 28. The brick flooring is used in
3) both (i) and (ii) are correct
4) neither (i) nor (ii) is correct
1) workshops
3) verandahs
ns 2) godowns
4) none of these
19. A curve tangential to four straight lines and con-

tio
29. The flooring made with small pieces of broken
tiles of china glazed or of marble arranged in
sisting of arcs of different radii is known as
1) one centred compound curve
i ca
different pattern, is known as
1) asphalt flooring 2) mosaic flooring
2) two centred compound curve
3) three centred compound curve
un
3) terrazo flooring
30. In stairs, the flier is
4) granolithic flooring
4) four centred compound curve

m 1) a vertical portion of a step providing a support
curve is equal to
om
20. If the degree of a curve is 10, then radius of the to the tread
2) a straight step having a parallel width of tread
1) 5400 m
a
2) 1720m
C 3) the under surface of a stair
4) the angle which the line of nosing of the stair
1720
di 3440
makes with the horizontal
3)

m
Me
4)
21. The contour shown in figure indicates

m 31. The maximum velocity of flow is limited to about
3 m/sec, though in practice it should preferably
not exceed
ee 1) 2 m/sec 2) 2.25 m/sec
S
2) a hill r
1) a depression
3) steep slope
3) 2.5m/sec 4) 3 m/sec
32. The circular section of a sewer is very common
but it is best suitable when diamter is up to
4) plain ground 1) 0.75 m 2) 1.25m
22. for the computation of areas, which rule is most 3) 1.5m 4) 3m
accurate? 33. While designing a sewerage system, the span
1) Mid-ordinate rule 2) Average Ordinate rule of design period is generally taken as
3) Trapezoidal rule 4) Simpson's rule 1) one year 2) 5 years
23. A pantograph is used for 3) 10 years 4) 20 years
1) Measuring 34. Which of the following represents a correct
2) measuring distances on maps match?
3) reproducing, enlarging or reducing the i) moveable hair method--
maps the intercept of levelling staff is kept constant
4) Measuring vertical angles and stadia hair interval is variable
24. The apparent movement of the image of the ii) fixed hair method--
staff relative to the cross hairs is known as The intercept on levelling staff is variable and sta-
1) shift 2) slint dia hair interval is fixed
iii) tangential hair method
3) parallax error 4) sight error
The stadia hairs are not used
11
1) only (iii) is correct 1) 20 chains 2) 40 chains
2) only (i) and (ii) are correct 3) 50 chains 4) 80 chains
3) all (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct 42. An outline or -------- should never by used as a
4) none is correct dimension line
35. The longest time without unreasonable delay, 1) inner line 2) centre line
the would be required for a drop of water to flow 3) outer line 4) Perpendicular
from the upper limit of the drainage area to the 43. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimen-
point where concentration or the maximum ef-
sioning between ---------- should be avoided
fect of flood considered, is known as
1) dotted line 2) straight line
1) inlet time
3) curved line 4) dashed line
2) time of flow
44. The recommended rate of change of grade for
3) time of concentration
4) time-intensity second class railways per 20-m distance at
36. The time required for first drops of rain water to sages is
flow from the distant points of water shed to the 1) 0.12% 2) 0.1%
head of the sewer or drain is known as
1) inlet time 45.
3) 0.8%
ns 4) 0.06%
The distance between centre to centre of any
2) time of flow
3) time of concentration
tio
two adjacent rivets shall not exceed by ____
when the rivets do not lie in the direction of
4) time intensity
37. In question no.89 the R.L of last point ca
stresses
i
1) 12xthickness of the thinnest plate
1) is greater than R.L of first point
2) is same As R.L of first point
un
2) 16x thickness of the thinnest plate
3) 32xthickness of the thinnest plate
3) is smaller than R.L of first point
m 4) 32xdiameter of the rivet used
38.
4) cannot be determined from the given data
om 46. A surveyor's chain is made of

1) cast iron 2) stainless steel
________________________________________
Station B.S I.S
a
F.S H.I C
R.L Remarks
3) aluminium 4) galvanized mild steel
A 2.3
di
_________________________________________
102.3 100.00 B.M
47. If a chain is found to be short, it can be adjusted
by
B
C
Me1.3
2.3
101.00
X
1) straightening the bent links
2) removing one or more circular rings
e
________________________________________
e
3) closing the joints that have opened out
4) any of the above
S r
The above table shows a part of a level field
book. The value of X should be
1) 98.70 2) 100.00
48. A telescope is said to be inverted if its
1) vertical circle is to its right and the bubble of
3) 102.30 4) 103.30 the telescope is down
39. The multiplying constant of a theodolite is 2) vertical circle is to its right and the bubble of
1) f/i 2) (f+d) the telescope is up
3) (f/i+d) 4) (f/d+1) 3) vertical circle is to its left and the bubble of the
where f is focal length of object lens telescope is down
I is stadia hair interval 4) vertical circle is to its left and the bubble of the
d is the distance between the optical centre of telescope is up
the object lens and the axis of the theodolite
49. The cross hairs in the surveying telescope are
40 The distance between centre to centre of two
placed
adjacent rivet holes should not be less than
1) midway between eye piece and objective lens
1) 1.5 times the diameter of rivet hole
2) much closer to the eye piece than to the ob-
2) 1.5 times the diameter of rivet
3) 1.5 times the diameter of rivet head jective lens
4) 2.5 times the diameter of rivet 3) much closer to the objective lens than to the
41. If an up grade of +1% on first class railway is eye piece
followed by a down grade of -2%, then the length 4) anywhere between eye piece and objective
of vertical curve will be lens
12
50. The foundation in a building is provided to 1) 500 m 2) 300m
1) distribute the load over a large area 3) 100m 4) 50m
2) increase overall stability of the structure 59. In the quadrantal bearing system, a whole circle
3) transmit load to the bearing surface (sub soil) bearing of 2930 30' can be expressed as
at a uniform rate 1) W 230 30'N 2) N 660 30'N
4) all of the above 0
3) W 113 30'N 4) N 230 30'W
51. The failure of foundation of a building is due to
60. The prismatic compass and surveyor's compass
1) withdraw of subsoil moisture
respectively give
2) unequal settlement of soil
1 ) Whole circle bearing (WCB) of a line and qua-
3) lateral escape of the supporting material
drantal bearings (QB) of line
4) all of these
2)both QB of a line and WCB of a line
52. The ability of sub-soil to support the load of the
structure without yielding is known as 3) both QB of a line
1) bearing value of soil 4) both WCB of a line
2) bearing power of soil 61. The direction of the magnetic meridian in a
3) bearing capacity of soil
4) any one of these
ns
plane table survey is determined by means of
1) compass box 2) alidade
53. Ranging rods cannot be used at a distance of
tio
3) trough compass 4) magmatic needle
more than
1) 1 km 2) 500 m
62.
i ca
A flat rectangular piece of metal used to sight
object in plane table survey is called....
3) 400 m 4) 200 m
54. Two points A and B are 1530 m apart across a
wide river. The following reciprocal levels are un
1) Level edge
3) Alidade
2) Cross edge
4) fiducial edge
taken with one level.

m 63. Main title of inked drawing is generally written in
1) gothic letters 2) simple letters
LEVEL AT
A
READINGS ON
2.165 3.810
om 3) straight letters 4) cornor letters
C
64. The two types of single-stroke letters are vertical
B 0.910 2.355
and
ia
The true difference in level between A and B
1) straight 2) horizontal
would be
1) 1.255m
e d 2)1.455m
65.
3) inclined 4) perpendicular
A level was set up at a point A and distance to the
3) 1.545m
e M 4) 1.645m
55. The Simpson Rule for area when D is the strip staff station B was 100m. The net combined cor-
rection due to curvature and refraction as applied
r e
and h1,h2 ---- etc, are the ordinates.
to the staff reading is
S
1) A = d[h1+h2+h3-----+hn]
2) A = d/2[(h1+h2)+2(h3+h5+-----+hn-2)+4(h2+h4+-
----+hn-1)]
1) 0.00673 m
3) -0.000673 m
2) 0.000673 m
4) -0.00673 m
66. In levelling between two points A and B on oppo-
3) A = d/3[(h1+hn)+2(h3+h5+-----+hn-2)+4(h2+h4+- site banks of a river, the following readings were
----+hn-1)] taken
4) A = d/3[(h1+hn)+2(h2+h4+-----)+4(h3+h5+-----)] Lavel position Staff readings
A B
56. In a closed traverse sum of exterior angle is
A 1.500 1.000
1) (2n-4)Xrt. angles 3) 4n rt.angles
4) 2n rt angles 4) none B 1.350 0.850
57. In separate sewers the minimum velocity of If R.L of A is 100.0m, the R.L of B
flow should not be less than 1) is less than 100.0m 2) is more than 100.0m
1) 0.6 m/sec 2) 0.75 m/sec 3) is 100.0m
3) 1 m/sec 4) 6 m/sec 4) cannot be detremined form given date
58. Ventilation column are provided at the upper end 67. The errors measured due to the incorrect holding
of chain is ;
of every branch sewer and they are generally
1) Cumulative error 2) Compensating error
spaced at a distance of
3) Curvature error 4) Isolated error
13
68. A line joining same fixed points on the main 1) width of the plate required is less
survey lines is known as : 2) saving in the material
1) Base line 2) Check line 3) efficiency is more
3) Contour line 4) Tie line 4) all the above are correct
69. The process of taking levels on each side of a 79. In a structural connection, if the member is sub-
main line at right angles to the centre line in or- jected to compression, then maximum pitch of
der to determine the vertical cross-section of the the joint should be least of 200 mm or
ground is known as 1) 12t 2) 16t
1) Differential levelling 2) Reciprocal levelling 3) 32t 4) 16d
3) Profile levelling 4) Cross-sectioning 80. The arrangement of members in a truss is made
in such a way so that they should form 1) rect-
70. A curve of varying radius introduced between two
angles 2) quadrilaterals
branches of a compound curve is known as
3) polygons 4) triangles
1) Mean curve 2) Common curve
81. In a truss, as far as possible, the length of one
3) Transition curve 4) Right hand curve
71. Lettering should be so done as can be read from
the font with the main title
1) 1.5m
ns
independent member should not be more than
2) 2m
io
3) 3m 4) 5m
1) Vertical
3) Straight
2) horizontal
4) Perpendicular
82.
t
A watertight surface constructed in connection
a
with excavations for foundations of bridges, piers
72. A steel pile which function more efficiently in soft
i c
etc., is known as
clay or loose sand, is
1) H-pile 2) pipe pile
un
1) caisson
3) well foundation
2) cofferdam
4) raft foundation
3) screw pile 4) disc pile
m 83. According to Rankine's formula, the minimum
m
73. A screw pile consists of cast iron or steel shaft depth of foundation should be
of external diameter varying from
1) 0 to 150 mm 2) 150 to 300 mm
C o 1)
p  1+sin 
 
w  1-sin 
2
2)
p  1-sin 
 
w  1+sin 
2
3) 300 to 450 mm
ia
74. Sheet piles are made of
4) 450 to 600 mm
1) wood
3) concrete e d 2) steel
4) all of these
3)
p  1+cos 
 
w  1-cos 
2
4)
p  1-cos 
 
w  1+cos 
2
e M
75. The coefficient of friction between the concrete where
and soil is
r e
1) 0.20 to 0.25 2) 0.25 to 0.30
P= safe permissible pressure on base in N/M2,
S
3) 0.30 to 0.35 4) 0.35 to 0.50
76. The Indian tangent clinometer is very useful in
w= Weight of soil in N/m3, and
 = Angle of repose of the soil
1) reconnaissance survey 84. The minimum depth of foundation for the load
2) compass survey bearing wall of a building is restricted to
3) plane table survey when contouring is done 1) 600 mm 2) 700 mm
simultaneously
3) 800 mm 4) 900 mm
4) plane table survey when three point problem
85. The permissible error in chaining for measure-
has to be solved
77. While locating a number of points on a given ment with chain on rough of hilly ground is
gradient during preliminary survey of a hill road, 1) 1 in 100 2) 1 in 250
the instrument most, suitable is 3) 1 in 500 4) 1 in 1000
1) hand level 86. The correction for sag is
2) abney's hand level 1) always additive
3) tangent clinometer 2) always subtractive
4) ceylon ghat tracer 3) always zero
78. As compared to chain riveting, diamond riveting 4)sometimes additive and sometimes
is preferred because substracitve
14
87. Cross staff is an instrument used for instrument is levelled with reference to
1) measuring approximate horizontal angles (i) altitude bubble in index frame
2) setting out right angles (ii) altitude bubble on index frame if it is to be
3) measuring bearings of the lines used as a level
4) none of the above (iii) altitude bubble on telescope
(iv) altitude bubble on telescope if it is to be used
88. The foundation supporting all the columns of a
as a level
structure is called :
The correct answer is
1) Raft foundation
1) only (i) 2) both (i) and (iv)
2) Combined footing
3) only (iii) 4) both (ii) and (iii)
3) Strip footing 96. When two or more parts are connected together,
4) Isolated footing a line of rivet shall be provided whose distance
89. The method of finding out the difference in from the nearest edge should not be more than
elevation between two points eliminating the 1) 37 mm
effect of curvature and refraction is known as : 2) 37 mm + thickness of thinnest outside plate
1) Fly levelling 2) Geodetic levelling
3) Precise levelling 4) Contour levelling
3) 50 mm
ns
4) 37 mm+4x thickness of thinnest outside plate
io
90. Superelevation of a horizontal curve is needed to 97. In compression members having both compo-
counteract
1) Curve resistance 2) Centrifugal force
at
nents back to back, the maximum distance be-
tween two adjacent tacking rivets shall not be
3) Centripetal force 4) Frictional force
i c
more than
91. The weight of the foundation may be assumed
to be :
un
1) 600 mm
3) 200 mm
2) 300 mm
4) 100 cm
1) 25% of the column loads

m 98. If the R.L. of a B.M. is 100.00m, the back sight is
1.215m and the foresight is 1 870m, The R.L. of
om the forward station is
1) 99.345m 2) 100.345m
a C
92. Figure shows the entries in a filed book for a
3) 100.655m 4) 101.870m
chain line AB
di 99. A survey is conducted with a view to prepare the
map of an area to a scale of 1:1000. If a scale
line?
1) 260 34 Me
What is the angle between chain line and railway
2) 300
with least count of 0.1mm is used for plotting,
what would be the accuracy in length measure-
ment in the field?
3) 45 0
ee 4) 600 1) 0.325 m 2) 0.01 m
shown in Figure?
1) 4m
r
93. what is the distance between trees T1 and T2
S 2) 5m
3) 0.1 m 4) 1m
100. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is equal to
1) Nominal strength X factor of safety
3) 7m 4) 12m
ultimate bearing power
B 2)
19.0 factor of safety
16.0
13.0 ultimate tensile strength
3.0 3)
10.0 factor of safety
3.0 9.0 5.0
5.0 2.0
T2
ultimate compressive strength
T1 4)
A factor of safety
94. Theory of probability is applied to 101. The bearing capacity of soils can be improved
1) accidental errors only by
2) cumulative errors only 1) increasing the depth of footing
3) both accidents and cumulative errors 2) draining the sub-soil water
4) none of the above 3) ramming the granular material like crushed
95. If altitude bubble is provided both on index frames stone in the soil
as well as on telescope of a theodolite, then the 4) all of the above
15
102. The diameter of the drilled piles should not 111. An open-newel stair consists of two or more
exceed straight flights arranged in such a manner that a
1) 200 mm 2) 400 mm clear space occurs between the backward and
3) 600 mm 4) 800 mm forward flights.
103. The pre-stressed concrete piles as compared 1) agree 2) disagree
to pre-cast and reinforced concrete piles 112. In wooden stairs, the thickness of tread is
1) are lesser in weight adopted as
2) have high load carrying capacity 1) 28 mm 2) 38 mm
3) are extremely durable 3) 48 mm 4) 58 mm
4) all of these 113. The inner surface of an arch is called
104. H-piles 1) extrados 2) intrados
3) crown 4) voussior
1) require large storage space
114. The vertex is the point at which the ------- cuts the
2) are difficult to handle
axis
3) cannot withstand large impact stress
1. conic 2. lines
developed during hand driving
3. angles 4. ellipse
105. A raking shore is a system of
ns
115. The sum of the distances of any point on the ----
from its two foci is alwasy the same and equal to
1) giving temporary lateral support to an unsafe
wall io
the major axis
t
2) providing temporary support to the party walls
of two buildings where the intermediate building
ca
1. ellipse
3. hyperbola
i
2. parabola
4. triangle
116 Finding the location of the station occupied by
is to be pulled down and rebuilt
3) providing vertical support to walls and roofs,
un
the table, on the sheet by means of sighting to
three well defined points whose locations have
removed for the purpose of providing an openingm

floors etc. when the lower part of a wall has to be been previously plotted on the sheet, is known
in the wall
4) all of the above om as
1) resection 2) traversing
C
3) three point problem
106. For a building on the side of a busy street where 4) two point problem
ia
the ordinary scaffolding will obstruct the traffic 117. A straight line normal to the plumb line at a point,
e d
on road, the type of scaffolding provided is
1) brick layer's scaffold
and tangential to the level line at that point is
called a
e M
2) mason's scaffold
3) steel scaffold 4) needle scaffold
1) level line
3) vertical line
2) horizontal line
4) plumb line
as
r e
107. A horizontal layer of bricks laid in mortar is known 118. The first sight or staff reading, taken from any
levelling station to the levelling staff held at a point
S
1) course
3) header
2) stretcher
4) closer
of known elevation, is called
1) fore sight 2) back sight
3) intermediate sight 4) fore bearing
108. A plane, which is perpendicular to the plumb line
through a point and is tangential to the level sur- 119. In stairs, the vertical portion of a step providing a
face at that point is called a support to the tread, is known as
1) riser 2) flier
1) tangential plane 2) vertical plane
3) soffit 4) pitch or slope
3) level plane 4) horizontal plane
120. The size of a step commonly adopted for
109. The rays drawn to the points of known location
residential buildings is
from the unplotted stations occupied by the plane
1) 250 mm x 160 mm
table are called
2) 270 mm x 150 mm
1)intersectors 2) resectors 3) 300 mm x 130 mm
3) medians 4) medullary rays 4) 350 mm x 100 mm
110. In case the plane table is correctly oriented the 121. When a curve consists of two simple circular arcs
resectors will of same or different radii, curving in opposite di-
1) form a triangle of error rections with a common tangent at their junction
2) form a great triangle (centres of the two arcs being on opposite sides
3) form a greate circle of the common tangent), such a curve is called
4) meet at a point as
16
1) simple circular curve 133. The extreme support of a hand railing provided at
2) compound curve the tope and bottom of a flight is known as
3) reverse curve 1) baluster 2) newel post
4) vertical curve 3) ballustrade 4) barrister
122. A curve having varying radiuses and introduced 134. The head room in a staircase should not be less
in between a straight and a circular curve is known than
as 1) 3.5m 2) 3m
1) compound curve 2) transition curve 3) 2.10m 4) 2m
3) vertical curve 4) super elevation 135. Pitched roofs are particularly suitable in hilly re-
123. Generally the diameter of rivets used in struc- gions because
tural members, is not less than 1) they are lighter in weight
1) 6 mm 2) 12 mm 2) it is very easy to repair pitched roof as com-
3) 16 mm 4) 20 mm pared to flat roof
124. In residential building, the average value of stair 3) of heavy rain fall and snow fall
width is
1) 600 mm 2) 700 mm s
n
136. Generally for a column is a workshop using Gan-
io
3) 800 mm 4) 900 mm
try cranes, the foundation to be used should be
125. In first-angle projection method, The top view is
always below the ------ view t
1) Pile foundation
a
1) top 2) back
c
2) Grillage foundation
i
3) Raft foundation
3) front 4) above
126. The principle of working of an optical square is
un
4) Well foundation
137. For an ordinary double storey building, the type of
based upon
1) refraction 2) reflection m foundation to be used should be
3) double refraction 4)double reflection

om 1) Spread footing foundation
2) Stepped foundation
C
127. The angle between two plane mirrors of an opti-
3) Raft foundation
cal square should be
1) 300
ia 2) 450
4) Any other type of foundation
3) 60 0
e d 4) 900
128. Dimensions of cylindrical parts should as far as
138. The representative fraction 1/1,00,000 signifies
a scale of
seen as
e M
possible be shown in the views in which they are 1) 1cm=100 mtrs
3) 1cm=1 k.mtr
2) 1cm=10 k.mtr
4) 1cm=100,000cm
1) circles
r e 2) rectangles 139. The representative fraction of the scale 1cm=100
k.mtrs will be
S
3) squares 4) triangles
129. Dimensions of a cylinder should never be given
as a
1) 1/100,00
3) 1/1,00,000
2) 1/100
4) 1/1,00,00,000
1) radius 2) hergs 140. The errors which go on increasing in magnitude
3) diameter 4) none (either positive or negative) with the increase in
130. The longest line passing through the centre of measured distance will be called as
the area known as 1) cumulative errors
1) base line 2) chain line 2) compensating errors
3) survey line 4) centre line 3) procedural errors
131. The curve generated by a point on the circumfer- 4) mistakes
ence of a circle rolling along a straight line is 141. The most suitable type of pitched roof for a span
called a of 2.5 metre is
1. epicycloid 2. hypocycloid 1) lean to roof 2) couple roof
3. trochoid 4. cycloid 3) collar roof 4) king post truss roof
132. The number of steps in an ordinary flight should 142. The pitched roof which slopes in all the four di-
not be more than rections is named as
1) 12 2) 10 1) shed roof 2) gable roof
3) 15 4) 20 3) hip roof 4) mansard roof
17
143. The methods used for locating the plane table 146. A horizontal member fixed in a door or window
stations are frame for the separation of fan light is known as
i) radiation 1) transom 2) threshold
ii) traversing 3) mullion 4) sill
iii) intersection 147. In airconditioned buildings a door is required
iv) resection which can serve both the purposes, i.e., opening
The correct answer is and closing and for this purpose the most suit-
1) (i) and (ii) 2) (iii) and (iv) able type of door is
3) (ii) and (iv) 4) (i) and (iii) 1) swinging door 2) sliding door
144. After fixing the plane table to the tripod, the man 3) rolling shutter 4) revolving door
operations which are needed at each plane table 148. The type of truss commonly used for spans
station are varying from 5 to 9 metre is
i) levelling
s
1) queen post truss
n
2) king post truss
io
ii) orientation 3) mansard truss 4) composite truss
iii) centring
t
149. In a queen post truss, _______ vertical posts
a
The correct sequence of these operations is
c
are used.
i
1) (i), (ii), (iii)
3) (iii), (i), (ii)
2) (i), (iii), (ii)
4) (ii), (iii), (i)
un
1) two
3) four
2) three
4) six
145. As compared to the floor area of a room, the glass
m 150. Lettering should be in plain and simple style so
area in a window should not be less than
1) 25% 2) 20%
om that it could be done freehand and
1) stedy 2) speedily
3) 15% 4) 10%
a C 3) straight 4) cornor
d i
M e ANSWERS
e e3. 2 4. 2 5. 3 6. 4 7. 1
1. 4
11. 3
r1 13. 4 14. 1 15. 4 16. 2 17. 1
2. 4
S12.
8. 4
18. 3
9. 3
19. 3
10. 1
20. 2
21. 1 22. 4 23. 3 24. 3 25. 4 26. 1 27. 2 28. 2 29. 2 30. 2
31. 2 32. 3 33. 4 34. 3 35. 3 36. 1 37. 3 38. 2 39. 1 40. 4
41. 3 42. 2 43. 4 44. 4 45. 3 46. 2 47. 1 48. 1 49. 2 50. 4
51. 4 52. 4 53. 4 54. 4 55. 3 56. 4 57. 1 58. 2 59. 2 60. 1
61. 3 62. 3 63. 1 64. 3 65. 3 66 .3 67. 1 68. 1 69. 4 70. 3
71. 2 72. 3 73. 2 74. 4 75. 3 76. 3 77. 4 78. 4 79. 1 80. 4
81. 3 82. 1 83. 2 84. 4 85. 2 86. 2 87. 2 88. 1 89. 3 90. 2
91. 1 92. 3 93. 2 94. 1 95. 2 96. 4 97. 1 98. 1 99. 3 100. 2
101. 4 102. 3 103. 4 104. 4 105. 4 106. 4 107. 1 108. 3 109. 2 110. 4
111. 1 112. 2 113. 2 114. 1 115. 1 116. 3 117. 2 118. 2 119. 1 120. 1
121. 2 122. 2 123. 2 124. 4 125. 3 126. 4 127. 2 128. 2 129. 1 130. 1
131. 4 132. 1 133. 2 134. 3 135. 4 136. 2 137. 1 138. 3 139. 4 140. 1
141. 1 142. 3 143. 3 144. 2 145. 3 146. 1 147. 4 148. 2 149. 1 150. 2
18
MODEL PAPER - 3
1. select the correct statement 3) Sensitiveness of a levle tube can be increased
1) A contour is not necessarily a closed curve by the increase in length of bubble.
2) A contour represents a ridge line if the con- 4) All of the above statements are correct.
cave side of lower value contour lies towards the 10. The symbol ----- should be followed by the di-
higher value contour mension indicating a radius
3) Two contours to different elevations do not 1) V 2) M
cross each other except in case of an overhang-
ing cliff
3) R
ns 4) Q
11. The R.L. of the point A which is on the floor is 100
4) All of the above statements are correct
2. A series of closely spaced contour lines repre-
tio
m and back sight reading on A is 2.455m. If the
foresight reading on the point B which is on the
sents a
1) steep slope 2) gentle slope
i
1) 94.8 m
ca
ceiling is 2.745 m, the R.L. of point B will be
2) 99.71 m
3) uniform slope 4) plane surface
3. Direct method of contouring is
un
3) 100.29 m 4) 105.2 m
12. As applied to staff readings, the corrections for
curvature and refraction are respectively
1) a quick method
2) adopted for large surveys only m 1) + and - 2) - and +
3) most accurate method
4) suitable for hilly terrains
om 3) + and + 4) - and -
13. In a joint, in which the edges of two members
C
4. When a brick is cut half, lengthwise then the so
a
touch against each other and cover plates are
placed on one or both sides of the member, then
1) king closer i
cut out bricks are called as
d 2) queen closer it is called as

3) bat
Me 4) quoin header
5. A horizontal layer of bricks laid in mortar or some-
times without mortar is known as
1) butt joint
2) lap joint
e
3) double riveted lap joint
1) Bond
r e
3) Brick masonry
2) Course 4) welded joint
14. The distance to the visible horizon from a height of
S
4) All the alove are correct
6. The line connecting a view to a note is called a
1) ladder 2) leader
36 m above mean sea level is given by
1) 36 / 0.6735 km
3) header 4) none 2) 36
7. The dimension indicating a diameter should be
1/ 0.06735 km
precaded by the symbol 3) 36 / 0.06735 km
1)  2) 
3)  4)  __ 4) 36 0.06735 km
8. While doing levelling in undulating terrain, it is 15. Dumpy level is most suitable when
preferable to set the level on 1) the instrument is to be shifted frequently
1) the top of summit 2) the bottom of a valley 2) fly levelling is being done over long distance
3) one side of the slope 3) many readings are to be taken from a single
4) any where setting of the instrument
9. Select the correct statement 4) all of the above.
1) In levelling, a station is the point where the 16. To avoid tearing of the plate between the rivet
levelling staff is held and not where level is set hole and the edge of the plate. The distance be-
up.
tween the center of the rivet and the nearest edge
2) The inner surface of a bubble tube is an arc of
of the plate, should be atleast
a circle.
19
1) 3 x diameter of the rivet 26. If the staff is not held vertical at a leveling station,
2) 2.5 x thickness of the plate the reduced level calculated form the observa-
tion would be
3) 1.5 x thickness of the plate
1) true R.L. 2) more than true R.L.
4) 1.5 x diameter of the rivet 3) less than true R.L. 4) none of the above
17. In unidirectional system, all dimensions are so 27.
placed that they are readable from the edge of-- ________________________________________
------ the drawing sheet. Dimension lines are bro- Station B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L Remarks
_________________________________________
ken near the middle for insserting dimensions.
A 2.1 2.3 1.5 100.00 C.P
1) top 2) middle B 1.3 X 101.10
3) bottom 4) none C 2.3 0.3
18. As far as possible dimensions should be given 100.80
in one unit, preferable in ________________________________________
1) centimeters 2) meters Above table shows a part of a level line and a
horizontal line is that
3) foot 4) millimeters
1) 0.5 2) 1.0
19. The non-cohesive soil which give way to lateral
escape when loaded but if confined they can be
3) 1.1
ns 4) 2.1
28. The difference between a level line and a hori-
loaded considerably are known as spreading
tio
zontal line is that
1) level line is a curved line while horizontal line
a
soils. Its examples are
is a straight line
1) Clayey soil 2) Sand
i c
2) level line is normal to plumb line while hori-
n
3) Solid rocks 4) Common Earth zontal line may not be normal to plumb line at the
20. The two systems of placing dimensions are
aligned and u
tangent point to level line.
3) horizontal line is normal to plumb line while
1) directional 2) horizontal
m level line may not be normal to the plumb line.
3) Straight 4) unidirectional
om
21. The distance of levels between two stations A and
4) None
29. The temporary adjustments of a prismatic com-
pass are
a
strument station should be C
B is to be determined. For best results, the in-
i) Centering ii) Leveling iii) Focusing the prism
di
1) equidistant from A and B
2) closer to the higher station
The correct order is
1) (i),(iii),(ii) 2) (i),(ii),(iii)
Me
3) closer to the lower station
4) as far as possible from the line AB
3) (ii),(iii),(i) 4) (iii),(),(ii)
30. Which of the following figures represents the cor-
rect graduation in a surveyor's compass?
e
22. Contour interval is
e
1) inversely proportional to the scale of the map N N
r
2) directly proportional to the flatness of ground
S
3) larger for accurate works
4) larger if the time available is more
W 0
90
90
0 E W90
0
0
90 E
23. An imaginary line lying thought out the surface of S S

ground and preserving a constant inclination to (a) (b)
the horizontal is known as N N
180 0
1) contour line
W 90 270E W 90 90 E
2) horizontal equivalent
3) contour interval 0 0
S S
4) contour gradient
(c) (d)
24. In aligned system, the dimension are so placed
31. Contour lines appear to cross each other in case
perpendicular to and near the ------- but clear of
of
dimension line
1) an overhanging cliff 2) a dam of vertical face
1) left side 2) middle
3) a steep hill 4) a deep valley
3) right side 4) Perpendicular 32. Standard size of masonry brick is :
25. While finding bearing capacity of the soil by Bear- 1) 15 cm x 15 cm x 20 cm
ing plate method, the size of the steel plate used 2) 20 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm
should be 3) 10 cm x 10 cm x 20 cm
1) 1m x 1m 2) 60cm x 60cm 4) 20 cm x 20 cm x 15 cm
3) 30cm x 30cm 4) 10cm x 10cm
20
33. The imaginary line passing through the 41. The lower half portion of the arch, from the
intersection of cross hairs and the optical centre springing to the mid-way to the crown, from
of objective is known as : either side is called as
1) Line of collimation 1) haunch 2) spandril
2) Line of sight 3) extrados 4) intrados
3) Reduced level 42. Invar tape is used for accurate measurement
4) Levelling line of distances because
34. A step is called flier step when it is 1) its coefficient of thermal expansion is low
1) an ordinary rectangular step 2) its coefficient of thermal expansion is zero
2) a triangular step used to change direction 3) its does not break on twisting or bending
3) having curved rise and tread 4) it is light in weight and good in strength
4) inclined to the direction of the stair other 43. The length of an Engineer's chain should be
than 900 1) 100 ft. 2) 66 ft.
35. The under surface of a stair is called as 3) 30m 4) 20 m
1) soffit
ns
44. A linen tape reinforced with brass or copper
wires to prevent stretching or twisting of fibres
io
2) ceiling
is called
3) waiste
at
1) linen tape 2) metallic tape
36. In a stair, the ratio of the vertical distance cov-
i c
3) invar tape 4) cloth tape
ered and the horizontal distance occupied by
a flight is called as
un
45. Generally while chaining, the arrows which
accompany with one chain must be
1) pitch 2) gradient
m 1) 3 Nos
3) 10 Nos
2) 5 Nos
4) 12 Nos
3) line of nosing 4) camber
37. Generally a layer in between the base and
om 46. The inclined supports provided in an arch con-
structed to receive the arch are called as
a C
topping is used in some of the floors. This
1) spandril 2) haunch
di
layer is named as under layer and the floors
in which this layer is used are
3) skew back 4) impost
47. The highest point of an arch is called as
1) terrazzo floor
Me
2) cement concrete floor
1) key stone
3) ridge
2) crown
4) king closer
3) timber floor
ee 48. The narrow strips of wood or bands of plaster
S r
4) flag stone floor
38. When the area to be surveyed is large having
undulatring grounds and higher accuracy is
laid on the floor to act as guides for bringing
whole of the work to a true and even surface
are termed as
not required, then the best method suitable 1) battens 2) screeds
for surveying will be 3) dots 4) dubbing
1) chain survey 2) compass survey 49. A line which joins subsidiary stations on the
3) plane table survey 4) theodolite survey main lines of a chain survey network and serves
39. While doing survey, traversing is adopted and to facilitate taking offsets to objects located
this traversing is generally done by at great distancesfrom the main survey lines
1) chain is called.
2) compass or theodolite 1) chain line 2) check line
3) plane table 3) tie line 4) base line
4) all the above are correct 50. In order to locate a point by oblique offsets we
40. If 'n' is the number of sides, then the total sum must measure and note at least
of exterior angles of a closed traverse should 1) one distance
be 2) two distances
1) n+2 2) 2n-4 3) two distances and the angle
3) 2n+4 4) 4n-2 4) three distances
21
51. The vertical intermediate support of a hand rail- 3) set of minor instruments in chain survey
ing is known as 4) chain lines which go out of alignment
1) ballustrade 2) barrister 60. The principle of working from ‘whole to part’ is
3) baluster 4) newel post used in surveying because
52. If the angle of intersection and radius of simple 1) Plotting becomes easy
circular curve are 1200 and 700m respectively 2) Survey work can be completed quickly
then 3) accumulation of errors is prevented
i) length of long chord is 700m
4) All the above
ii) length of curve is 700/2m
1) only (i) correct 61. The width of the road giving access to the plots
2) only (ii) is correct for pucca residential buildings is
3) both (i) and (ii) are correct 1) 12 2) 10
4) none is correct 3) 6 4) 3
53. In reverse curve, the superelevation provided at 62. In a single day the maximum height of masonry
the point of reverse curvature is
to be raised should not be more than
1) Zero 2) minimum
3) maximum
4) dependent on elements of reverse curve
1) 0.5m
3) 1.5m
ns 2) 1m
4) 2m
io
54. The second temporary adjustment to be done 63. The interior or hearting of a wall should be filled
after setting up the plane table at any station will with
at
1) stretchers 2) headers
be
1) levelling 2) orientation
i c
3) bats 4) closers
55.
3) centring 4) sighting
In one of the method of plane table survey a point un
64. If after every three or four stretchers, one header
is used in a brick masonry wall, then the bond
is plotted by drawing a ray towards it from the
m so formed will be called as
(on the ray), the measured distance between the

om
plane table station and then plotting to the scale
1) English garden wall bond
2) Flemish garden wall bond
point and plane table station. This method is
a C 3) Stretcher bond
4) Herring Bone Bond
called as
d
1) intersection methodi 65. For a span ranging in between 6m to 9m the
2) radiation method
M
3) resection methode most suitable type of pitched roof is
1) king post truss roof
2) queen post truss roof
56.
ee
4) orientation method
Total angle of deflection of a transition curve is
3) mansard roof truss
S r
1) spiral angle 2)
spiral angle
4) collar tie roof
66. The inclined braces used in a truss to prevent
the sagging of the principal rafters are called as
2
1) king post 2) tie beam
spiral angle spiral angle 3) struts 4) queen post
3) 4)
3 4 67. In the king post truss, the member used to pre-
57. The shape of the vertical curve generally pro- vent the sagging of tie beam and connected with
vided is the ridge is called as
1) circular 2) parabolic 1) collar 2) rafter
3) spiral 4) elliptical 3) king post 4) strut
58. The advantage of plane tabling is 68. The layout of a site in a municipal area should
1) it is a tropical instrument provide for public purposes such as shops,
2) it has many accessories school, etc to the extent of
3) plotting is done outdoor 1) 10% 2) 15%
4) less chances to miss details 3)20% 4) 25%
59. Offsets are
69. Overturning of vehicles on a curve can be avoided
1) short measurements from chain line
by using
2) ties and check lines which are perpendicular
1) compound curve 2) vertical curve
to chain line 3) reverse curve 4) transition curve
22
70. Different grades are joined together by a 80. If in a closed traverse, the sum of the north lati-
1) compound curve 2) transition curve tudes is more than the sum of the south lati-
3) reverser curve 4) vertical curve
tudes and also the sum of west departures, the
71. The angle substended by the long chord of a
simple circular curve at its centre is equal to bearing of the closing line is in the
1) angle of deflection 1) NE quadrant 2) SE quadrant
2) two times the angle of deflection 3) NW quadrant 4) SW quadrant
3) 1800–angle deflection 81. Agate cap is fitted with a
 angle of deflection  1) cross staff 2) level
4) 1800–   3) chain 4) prismatic compass
 2 
82. The sclae of chords is used to set out or mea
72. The length of the tangent of a curve of radius R sure ---------
and angle of deflection  is given by 1) chords 2) lines
1) R cos(  /2) 2) R tan (  /2) 3) angles 4) curves
3) R sin (  /2) 4) R cot (  /2) 83. When a cone is cut by planes at different angles,
73. The process of determining the locations of the
instrument station by drawing resectors from lo- 1) chords
ns
the curves of intersection are called
2) conics
io
cations of the known stations is called 3) angles 4) curves
1) radiation 2) intersection 84
at
When the plane makes the same angle with the
axis as do the generators, the curve is a
74.
3) resection 4) traversing
The instrument used for accurate centering in
i c
1) circle 2) ellipse
plane table survey is
1) spirit level 85.
un
3) hyperbola 4) parabola
When the plane is perpendicular to the axis, the
2) alidade
m curve is a
3) plumbing fork
4) trough compass
om 1) ellipse
3) circle
2) parabola
4) hyperbola
75. Bowditch rule is applied to
a C 86. When the plane is parallel to the axis, the curve

is a
i
1) an open traverse for graphical adjustment
d
2) a closed transverse for adjustment of closing 1) circle 2) ellipse
error
Me
3) determining the effect of local attraction 87.
3) parabola 4) hyperbola
When the plane makes an angle with the axis
greater than what do the generators, the curve is
76. e
e
The intermediate support of an arch is known a
as pier.
S
1) right
r 2) wrong
1) hyperbola
3) circle
2) ellipse
4) parabola
77. The depth of arch is the 88. The following bearings were observed while tra-
1) vertical distance between the sprining line versing with a compass
_____________________________________
and the highest point on the intrados
line F.B. B.B
2) vertical distance between the sprining line _____________________________________
and the highest point on the extrados AB 1040 30' 2840 30'
3) perpendicular distance between the intrados BC 480 15' 2260 0'
and extrados CD 2900 30' 1150 15'
4) horizontal distance between the supports DA 1800 15' 3570 15'
_____________________________________
78. The highest point on the extrados is called
Which stations were affected by local attraction?
1) skew back 2) crown 1) A and B b) B and C
3) voussoir 4) keystone c) C and D d) A and C
79. The vertical distance between the springing line 89. Theodolite is an instrument used for
and the highest point on the intrados is called 1) tightening the capstan-headed nuts of level
tube
_________ of the arch.
2) measurement of horizontal angles only
1) depth 2) rise 3) measurement of vertical angles only
3) haunch 4) extrados 4) measurement of horizontal and vertical angles
23
90. The process of turning the telescope about the 101. Normal tension is that pull which
vertical axis in horizontal plane in known as 1) is used at the time of standardising the tape
1) transiting 2) reversing 2) neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
3) plunging 4) swinging 3) makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
91. Size of a theodolite is specified by 4) makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
1) the length of telescope 102. Which of the following is not used in measuring
2) the diameter of vertical circle perpendicular offsets?
3) the diameter of lower plate 1) line ranger 2) steel tape
4) the diameter of upper plate 3) optical square 4) cross staff
92. The iron fitting used on either of the posts in a 103. The maximum limit for super elevation as per
door frame to hold the frame firmly in the wall IRC specifications is ;
and also these fittings are embedded in the wall. 1) 1 in 10 2) 1 in 20
Such type of fittings are called as 3) 1 in 40 4) 1 in 50
1) hinge 2) bolt 104. Rigid pavements are made with :
3) hold fast 4) None of 1,2 and 3 1) Bitumen 2) Soil and lime
93. If the length of a chain is found to be short on
testing, it can be adjusted be
ns
3) Cement concrete
4) Water-bound macadam
io
1) straightening the links 105. In the prismatic compass
2) removing one or more small circular rings
3) closing the joints of the rings if opened out
at
1) the magnetic needle moves with the box
2) The line of the sight does not move with the
4) all of the above box
i c
94. The maximum tolerance in a 20 m chain is
1)  2 mm 2)  3 mm
un
3) The magnetic needle and graduated circle do
not move with the box
4) the graduated circle is fixed to the box and the
3)  5 mm 4)  8 mm
95. For accurate work, the steel band should alwaysm magnetic needle always remains in the N.S di-
om
be used in preference to chain because the steel
band
rection
106. For a line AB
1) is lighter than chain
a C 1) the forebearing of AB and back bearing of AB

differ 180 0
di
2) is easier to handle
3) is practically inextensible and is not liable to
2) the forebearing of AB and back bearing of BA
kinks when is use
Me
4) can be easily repaired in the field
differ by 1800
3) both (a) and (b) are correct
4) none is correct
ee
96. Dry bricks are recommended in brick masonry
when the mortar used is
107. In a stair the best and most suitable position for
r
1) mud mortar
S
3) lime mortar
2) cement mortar
4) lime cement mortar
providing winders is
1) at the bottom
3) in the middle
2) at the top
4) near the landing
97. The most important tool used by a mason in lay- 108. While laying cement concrete floor, the floor is
ing of bricks while constructing a wall is divided into small panels for better results side
1) brick Hammer 2) trowel of the pannel should not exceed in length by
3) spirit level 4) line and pins 1) 0.5m 2) 1.0m
98. The material, used in making of choukhat frames 3) 1.5m 4) 2m
are 109. The thickness of terrazzo mix in terrazzo floors
1) wood 2) steel should be approximately
3) R.C.C. 1) 10 to 12 mm 2) 12 to 25 mm
4) all the above are correct 3) 25 to 40 mm 4) 10 cm
99. In a residential building, the width of a door can- 110. While grinding the terrazzo floor, final cutting is
not be less than done by the carborundum stone of No.
1) 1.2 m 2) 0.9m 1) 60 2) 80
3) 0.6m 4) 0.75m 3) 100 4) 120
100. The horizontal member forming the bottom of the 111. According to ISI the width of stair in a residential
frame is called as building cannot be less than
1) transom 2) sill 1) 60 cm 2) 80 cm
3) rail 4) threshold 3) 100 cm 4) 120 cm
24
112. To increase the appearance and to hide the un- whose length measured in the field must agree
evenness of beams etc., the structure provided with its length on the plan is called.
below the ceiling is known as 1) base line 2) check line
1) terrace 2) structural slab 3) tie line 4) subsidiary line
3) false ceiling 4) ceiling 122. The T - square is used for drawing __lines
113. The size of the square used in plywood ceiling 1) vertical 2) curve
should be 3) horizontal 4) perpendicular
1) 20 to 30 cm 2) 30 to 50cm
123. The lines on a map which are at equal vertical
3) 50 to 80cm 4) 100 to 120 cm
distance are called as
114. A negative declination shows that the magnetic
1) gradients 2) contours
meridian is to the
3) contour gradients 4) slope
1) eastern side of the true meridian
124. When the contours intermix i.e. unite at a place
2) western side of the true meridian
then that place is known as
3) southern side of the true meridian
1) cliff 2) overhanging cliff
115. If the magnetic bearing of the sun at a place at 3) ridge
ns 4) valley
io
noon in southern hemisphere is 1670, the mag- 125. The contours which are parallel and equidistant
netic declination at that place is
1) 770 N 2) 230 S 1) flat
at
on an area, then that area should be
2) steep slope
0
3) 13 E 4) 130 W
i c
3) gentle slope 4) uniform slope
116. The thickness of the straw boards used for false
ceiling under the name of sita-tex board is
un
126. Refraction correction
1) completely eliminates curvature correction
1) 10 mm 2) 12mm
m 2) partially eliminates curvature correction
3) 20mm 4) 25mm
om
117. A triangle is said to be well conditioned if none of
3) adds to the curvature correction
4) has no effect curvature correction
its angle is less than
1) 200
a 2) 300 C 127. Which of the following arithmetic checks can be
3) 45 0
di 4) 600
applied in rise and fall method?
1) B.S.  F .S.  Last R.L  First Fall only
Me
118. Any reference surface above which elevations of
points are determined is called a
1) detum surface 2) M.S.L.surface
2) B.S.  F .S.  Last R.L  First R.L only
3) Rise  Fall  Last R.L  First R.L only
ee
3) levelled surface 4) horizontal surface
4) B.S.  F .S.  Rise  Fall  Last R.L  First R.L
128. The correction for refraction as applied to staff
S r
119. If the eyepiece and objective of a telescope are
both kept fixed and the focussing is done with the
reading is
1 d2 1 d2
aid of an additonal lens which is moved along 1)  ( ) 2)  ( )
and inside the tube carrying the objective, then 7 2R 7 2R
that telescope is called as
1 d2 1 d2
1) external focussing telescope 3)  ( ) 4)  ( )
2) internal focussing telescope 7 R 7 R
3) tacheometric telescope where R is radius of earth
4) self-adjusting telescope 129. The ring contours having higher values inwards
120. While adjusting a levelling instrument, if tele- represents
scope cannot be moved independently (i.e. with- 1) hill 2) flat
out disturbing other parts of the level) then that 3) lake 4) valley
instrument is called as 130. The square method of indirect contouring is com-
1) I.O.P. level 2) Why level monly used in
3) Hand level 4) Dumpy level 1) hilly areas
121. The line which runs in the filed (joining the apex 2) flat areas
of a tringle to a point on the opposite side or join- 3) nearly flat areas
ing two points on any two sides of a triangle) and 4) places near sea shore
25
131. Angles in multiples of 15° are constructed by the 3) can be moved to any location with the usual
combined use of precautions
1) T-square 2) set - squares 4) is not suitable in urban regions
3) protractor 4) Compass 140. If the back sight and fore sight distances are kept
132. the type of surveying which requires least office
equal during levelling observatioins, then the ef-
work is
1) tachometer fect of both refraction and earth's curvature will
2) trigonometrical levelling be
3) plane table surveying 1) 2/3 d2 mtrs 2) 0.06735 d2 mtrs
4) theodolite surveying 3) 0.057 d2 mtrs 4) zero
133. Intersection method of detailed plotting is most
141. To draw of measure angles,_____
suitable for
1) set - squares 2) T-square
1) forests
3) protractor 4) Compass
2) urban area
142. The construction of a temporary structure
3) hilly areas
required to support an unsafe structure, is called
4) plains
134. Tha angle between the prolongation of the pre- 3) shoring
ns
1) underpinning 2) scaffolding
4) jacking
io
ceding line and the forward line of a traverse is 143. A temporary rigid structure having platforms
called
1) deflection angle 2) included angle
at
raised up as the raised up as the building
increases in height, is called
3) direct angle 4) none of the above
i c
1) underpinning 2) scaffolding
135. A bubble tube fitted on a telescope is more sen-
sitive if
un
3) shoring 4) jacking
144. The process of determining the plotted position
m
1) the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid
is greater
(on the map) of the station where plane table is
placed, with the help of sights taken towards
2)the diameter of the bubble tube is smaller
om
3) the radius of curvature of the tube is larger
known and visible points whose locations have
C
already been plotted is called
4) the radius of curvature of the tube is smaller 1) radiation 2) intersection
ia
136. The combined correction for refraction and earth's
3) traversing 4) resection
1) 0.07857d2 mtrs
e d
curvature (in levelling observations) is
145. The working edge of an alidade, is known as
1) ebonite edge 2) fiducial edge
e M
2) 0.01122 d2 mtrs
3) 0.06735d2 mtrs 3) straight edge 4)graduated edge
146. The arrangement of supports provided
r e
4) 0.057 d2 mtrs
137. Brick flooring comprises ;
underneath the existing structure without
S
1) 50 mm sand cushion on compressed
soil with bricks laid on edge
2) 50 mm sand cushion on compressed
distributing its stability, is known as
1) underpinning
3) shoring
2) scaffolding
4) jacking
147. The inclined letters slope to the right at an agle of
soil with bricks laid flat which degrees
3) 100 mm thick concrete layer with 50 mm
1) 70 2) 75
sand cushion on compressed soil and
3) 45 4) 90
bricks laid on edge
148. All dimensions are shown from a common base
4) 150 mm thick lean concrete layer with sand
line in ---------- dimensioning
cushion on compressed soil with bricks laid flat
138. Louvred doors and windows are generally 1) progress 2) progressive
adopted in : 3) direct 4) Perpendicular
1) commercial complexes 149. A semi-rigid material which forms an excellent
impervious layer for damp-proofing, is called
2) residential buildings
1) bitumen 2) mastic asphalt
3) godowns
3) aluminal 4) bituminous felt
4) warehouses 150. The damp-proof course
139. A floating foundation : 1) may be horizontal or vertical
1) is built for bridge structures 2) should be continuous
2) does not increase pressure on the foundation 3) should be of good impervious material
soil 4) all of these
26
ANSWERS
1. 3 2. 1 3. 3 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 4 8. 3 9. 4 10. 3
11. 4 12. 2 13. 1 14. 3 15. 3 16. 4 17. 3 18. 4 19. 2 20. 4
21. 1 22. 1 23. 4 24. 2 25. 3 26. 3 27. 3 28. 1 29. 2 30. 4
31. 1 32. 2 33. 1 34. 1 35. 1 36. 1 37. 1 38. 2 39. 4 40. 3
41. 1 42. 1 43. 1 44. 2 45. 3 46. 3 47. 2 48. 2 49. 1 50. 2
51. 3 52. 1 53. 1 54. 3 55. 2 56. 3 57. 2 58. 3 59. 1 60. 3
61. 2 62. 3 63. 2 64. 3 65. 1 66 .3 67. 3 68. 1 69. 4 70. 4
71. 1 72. 2 73. 3 74. 3 75. 2 76. 1 77. 3 78. 1 79. 2 80. 2
81. 4 82. 3 83. 2 84. 4 85. 3 86. 4 87. 2 88. 3 89. 4 90. 4
91. 3 92. 3 93. 1 94. 3 95. 3 96. 1 97. 2 98. 4 99. 4 100. 2
101. 2 102. 1 103. 2 104. 3 105. 3 106. 1 107. 1
ns
108. 3 109. 1 110. 4
111. 2
121. 2
112. 3
122. 3
113. 2
123. 2
114. 2
124. 1
115. 3
125. 4
116. 1
126. 2
117. 2
127. 4tio118. 3
128. 1
119. 2
129. 1
120. 4
130. 3
131. 1 132. 3 133. 3 134. 1 135. 3 136. 3
ca
137. 3
i 138. 2 139. 2 140. 4
141. 3 142. 3 143. 2 144. 4 145. 2 146. 1
n
147. 2
u
148. 2 149. 2 150. 4
m
om
a C
di
Me
ee
S r
27
MODEL PAPER - 4
1. For drawing large-size circles______ is attached 2) index error i,e. error due to imperfect adjust-
to the compass ment of the vertical circle vernier
1) straight bar 2) bow compass 3) error due to non-parallelism of the axis of tele-
scope level and line of collimation
3) lengthening bar. 4) curved bar
2. which is used for setting-off short equal distances
10. If a tripod settles in the interval that elapses be-
1) compass 2) bow divider
3) scale 4) set - squares
ns
tween taking a back sight and the following fore-
sight then the elevation of turning point will
io
3. _________ are used for drqwing curves which 1) increase
cannot be drawn bt a compass.
1) bow compass 2) protractor
2) decrease
at
3) not change
3) French curves. 4) T-square
c
4) either '1' or '2'
i
11. Which of the following scales is largest one?
4. To remove unnecessary lines____is used
1) duster 2) chalk
un
1) 1cm=50m
1
2) 1:42000
m
3) sand box 4) eraser.
5. Uses of the T-square, set-squares, scale and 3) R.F .  4) 1cm=59 km
protractor are combined in the
1) set-square
o
2) drafting machine
m 300000
12. If the probable error in single observation is
3) compass
a
4) drawing
C  0.04m and that of the mean is  0.01m, the
number of observation are
6.
of a _____
di
Circles and arcs of circles are drawn by means
1) 4 2) 10
3) compass
Me
1) lengthening bar 2) divider
4) protractor
3) 16 4) 64
13. Which of the following methods of theodolite tra-
versing is suitable for locating the details which
7.
ee
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer
axis can be eliminated by
are far away form transit stations?
S
the two
r
1) reading both verniers and taking the mean of
1) by measuring angle and distance from one
transit station
2) by measuring angle to the point from at least
2) taking both face observation and taking the
mean of the two two station
3) double sighting 3) by measuring angle at one station and dis-
4) taking mean of several readings distributed tance from other
over different portions of the graduated circle 4) by measuring distance from two points on
8. Which of the following errors can be eliminated traverse line
by taking mean of both face observations? 14. The size of the letter is described by its
1) error due to imperfect graduations 1) length 2) width
2) error due to eccentricity of verniers 3) breadth 4) height
3) error due to imperfect adjustment of plate lev- 15. Two types of dimensions needed on a drawing
els are size and which dimesions
4) error due to line of collimation not being per- 1) location 2) place
pendicular to horizontal axis 3) site 4) none
9. Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated 16. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm
by taking both face observations? away from the --------- and from each other
1) error due to horizontal axis not being perpen- 1) inner lines 2) outlines
dicular to the vertical axis 3) centrelines 4) Perpendicularlines
28
17. Subtense bar is an instrument used for 27. The length of the long chord of as simple circular
1) levelling curve of radius R and angle of deflection  is
2) measurement of horizontal distances in plane 1)R cos (  /2) 2) 2R (  /2)
areas 3) 2R sin (  /2) 4) R sin 
3) measurement of horizontal distances in undu- 28. Setting out a simple curve by two theodolite
lated areas method does not require
4) measurement of angles 1) angular measurements
18. Horizontal distances obtained by tacheometric 2) liner measurements
observations 3) both angular and linear measurements
1) require slope correction 4) none of the above
2) require tension correction 29. The radial offset at a distance X from the point of
commencement of curve of radius R is given by
3) require slope and tension corrections
4) do not require slope and tension corrections 1) R 2 - X 2 - R 2) R - R 2 - X 2
19. The number of horizontal cross wires in a stadia
diaphragm is 3) R - R 2 + X 2 4) R 2 + X 2 - R
1) one
3) three
2) two
4) four
ns
30. If r is the radius or curvature at any point of a
transition curve and 1 is the distance from the
20. The difference between the most probable value
tio
beginning of the transition curve to that point, then
for ideal transition
of a quantity its observed value is
1) true error 1) 1 r
i ca 2) 1 r 2
2) weighted observation
3) conditional error
4) residual error un
3) 1
1
4) 1
1
r2
m
r
21. Accurate centering of a plane table is done by 31. The graduated ring of a prismatic compass is
1) spirit level
3) alidade
2) plumbing fork
4) ranging rod
om graduated in
C
1) whole circle bearing system
22. In plane tabling, the straight lines, angles and
2) quadrantal bearing system
ia
triangles are constructed with a
3) radian bearing system
1) protactor
3) graphically
e d 2) divider
4) planimeter 4) any of the system mentioned above
32. The graduated ring of a prismatic compass starts
M
23. The wedge shaped bricks or blocks used for the
construction of an arch are called as
e
with zero mark and it is marked at
e
1) springers 2) voussoirs 1) north side 2) south side
S r
3) key stone 4) none of 1,2 and 3
24. Springers are thouse voussoirs of an arch which
3) east side 4) west side
33. The wooden boards fixed along the lower edges
are provided at of the sloping surface of a pitched roof are named
1) its centre 2) its extremes as
3) any position 1) common rafter 2) eave's board
4) all the above are correct 3) barge board 4) jack rafter
25. Geodetic surveying is different from plane sur- 34. The opening provided in a wall at floor level for
veying because of the purpose of light, air and communication is
1) the curvature of the earth
known as
2) the large difference of elevations between vari-
1) door
ous points
2) window
3) coverage of very large area
3) ventilator
4) undulations of the topography
26. If the spacing of cross hairs in a stadia diaphragm 4) all the above are correct
of a tacheometer is 1.2 mm and the focal length 35. The Aidth of rebate provided in a door frame is
of object glass is 24 cm, then the multiplying con- equal to the width of the shutter whereas depth of
stant of tacheometer is the rebater provided should be
1) 50 2) 100 1) 50 mm 2) 20 mm
3) 150 4) 200 3) 12 or 13 mm 4) 5 to 8 mm
29
36. Generally in laterines, kitches and bathrooms the 45. A metallic tape is made of
door used is from the type of 1) silver 2) invar
1) ledged and braced door 3) linen 4) cloth and wires
2) flush door 46. which of the following errors is not eliminated by
3) partly glazed and partly panelled door the method of repetition of horizontal angle
4) fully glazed door mensurement?
37. The members laid horizontally to support the 1) error due to eccentricity of verniers
common rafters and to transmit the load to the 2) error due to displacement of station signals
trusses walls are called as 3) error due to wrong adjustment of line of colli-
1) purlins 2) rafters mation and trunion axis
3) ridge piece 4) dragon beam 4) error due to inaccurate graduation
38. Lap in brick masonry is referred to the 47. Drop manholes are constructed where main
horizontal distance between vertical joints :
sewer line is lower than branch sewer line by :
1) in the same course
1) 1.2 m 2) 1.5 m
2) at the corners
3) 0.5 m 4) 0.3m
3) in different course
4) in two successive course
ns
48. Skimming tank is used in :
io
39. If water table rises above the foundation level it: 1) water treatment to remove grease and oil
1) reduces the safe bearing capacity
2) increases the safe bearing capacity formation
at
2) sewage treatment to encourage scum
3) does not affect the bearing capacity

i c
3) sewage pipes where the velocity of flow is not
4) causes quick sand conditions
40. For which of the following permanent adjust-
ments of theodolite, the spire test is used? un
self-cleansing
4) water tanks to remove sediments
1) adjustment of plate levels

m 49. Which one is not the standard metric chain
length?
2) adjustment of line of sight
3) adjustment of horizontal axis
om 1) 5 meters 2) 10 meters
C
4) adjustment of altitude bubble and vertical in- 3) 20 meters 4) 25 meters
50. The total number of links provided in a Gunter's
dex frame
ia
41. The adjustment of horizontal cross hair is re- chain
for
e d
quired particularly when the instrument is used 1) 132
3) 66
2) 100
4) 50
1) levelling
e M
2) prolonging a straight line
51. Accuracy of fix by two point problem is
1) good 2) bad
e
3) measurement of horizontal angles
r
4) all of the above
3) not relible 4) unique
S
42. 'Ranging' is the process of
1) fixing ranging rods on the extremities of the
area
52. Mixed liquor is used in sewage treatment in :
1) anaerobic process
2) contact beds
2) aligning the chain in a straight line between 3) activated sludge process
two extremities 4) sewage filters
3) taking offsets form a chain line 53. The diameter of rivet head is ...... times the diam-
4)chaining over a range of mountains eter of the body of rivet
43. The principle of 'working from whole to part' is 1) 1.5 2) 1.6
used in surveying because 3) 1.8 4) 2.0
1) plotting becomes easy 54. The strength of a fillet weld is calculated by mul-
2) survey work can be completed quickly
tiplying length of the welf, throat tickness and per-
3) accumulation of errors in prevented
missible stress, Throat thickness is calculated
4) all of the above
44. During chaining along a straight line, the leader by multiplying thickness of thinner plate with
of the party has 4 arrows in his hand while the 1) 0.707 2) 1.414
follower has 6. Distance to the follower from the 3) 1 4) 2
starting point is 55. WC is the acronym for :
1) 4 chains 2) 6 chains 1) water cistern 2) water chamber
3) 120 m 4) 180 m 3) waste chamber 4) water closet
30
56. Halfturn in staircase implies that the direction of 66. Number of links in a 30m metric chain is
flight changes by: 1) 100 2) 150
1) 45 degrees 2) 90 degrees 3) 180 4)200
3) 180 degrees 4) 30 degrees 67. For a well-conditioned triangle, no angle should
57. The short piece of timber bolted to the rafters of a be less than
roof truss fixing the purlins in position are named 1) 200 2) 300
0
as 3) 45 4) 600
1) bolt 2) cleat 68. The position of a point can be fixed more accu-
3) gable 4) stopper rately by
58. When the drawing is drawn of the same size as 1) cross staff 2) optical square
that of the object, the scale used is ---------- 3) oblique offsets 4) perpendicular offsets
1.diagonal scale 2.full-size scale 69. The main object of running a tie line is
3.vernier scale 4. compass scale 1) to check accuracy of work
59. As per I.S. 800`1974, the axial stress on gross 2) to take details of nearby objects
3) to take offsets for detailed surveying
area of rivets in tension should be
1) shop rivets 785 kg/cm2
2) field rivets 630 kg/cm2
ns
70. If the intercept on a vertical staff is observed as
io
0.75m from a tachometer, the horizontal distance
4) shop rivets 2360/cm2
1) 7.5 m
at
between tachometer and staff statio is
2) 25 m
60. If the fore bearing of a line is N 340-30' W then the
back bearing of that line will be
i
3) 50 m
c 4) 75 m
1) N 340-30'E
0
3) S34 -30'E
2) 3150-30'
4) S340-30'W
un
71. While laying bricks in a wall, frog of the brick must
be kept
1) upward 2) downward
61. The first temporary adjustment of a prismatic
m 3) sideward 4) in any position
compass is
1) levelling
om 72. The framed structure in which separate straight
members are so arranged and connected at their
2) focussing of the prism
a
3) removing the parallax C ends that ther external load applied at the joints
will cause only direct forces in the members is
4) centring
di
62. If the magnetic bearing of a line is 620 20', and the
known as
Me
magnetic declination at that place is 20-50' east,
then the true bearing of that line will be
1) beam
3) truss
2) plate girder
4) portal frame
73. In single storeyed industrial buildings roof
1) 640-70'
ee 2) 600-30' trusses are preferred because they provide
r
0
3) 59 -30' 4) 650-0' 1) wider variety of roof shapes
S
63. The perpendicular distance between the line of
action of the load and the centroid of the rivet group
is called
2) greater unobstructed interior floor
3) economical in cost
1) rivet line 2) pitch 74. The flow which occurs during the day at about
3) eccentricity 4) gauze distance noon time is usually about ____ of the average
64. If the staff is held normal to the line of sight and flow.
the angle of elevation and depression are kept 1) same 2) double
same, then the horizontal distance between in- 3) half 4) thrice
struments station and staff station computed by 75. The flow occurring during the night after twelve or
observations will be early hours of the morning is generally about ____
1) same in both cases of the average flow
2) greater at an angle of elevation than at an angle 1) same 2) double
of depression 3) half 4) negligible
3) greater at an angle of elevation than at an angle 76. The wall constructed along the slopes to protect
of elevation the slopes of cutting from the adverse effect of
4) unpredictable atmosphere are called as
65. An invar tape is made of an alloy of 1) retaining walls 2) breast walls
1) copper and steel 2)brass and nickle 3) buttresses
3) brass and steel 4)nickle and steel 4) counterfort retaining wall
31
77. For a tacheometer the additive and multiplying 89. The distance between two points measured
constants are respectively along a slope is 126m. If the difference between
1) 0 and 100 2) 100 and 0 the point is
3) 0 and 0 4) 100 and 100 1) 122.37m 2) 126m
3) 129.63m 4) 131.55m
78. If the focal length of the object glass is 25 cm and
the distance from object glass to the trunnion axis 90. In one method of plane table survey, the object to
is 15 cm, the additive constant is be plotted is sighted from two plane table sta-
1) 0.1 2) 0.4 tions (which are plotted after measuring and plot-
3) 0.6 4) 1.33 ting to scale the distance between them) and the
79. For drawings of small instruments, watches etc. point of intersection of both the rays gives the
---- scale is always used position point of the object. This method is called
1.reducing 2. full-size as
3.enlarging 4. none 1) radiation method
80. Drawings of buildings are drawn using ------
2) intersection method
1.full-size scale 2.reducing scale
3) resection method
3.scale of chords 4.Engineers scale
81. A sloped floor of a manhole on both sides of and s
4) orientation method
n
91. The most commonly used rivet head is
io
above a channel, on which a man can stand for
cleaning the sewers is called
1) man hole stand 2) cleaning platform
at
1) snap head
3) flat head
2) pan head
3) benching 4) wash bench

i c
82. If contour interval is 5m and the lowest point in an
area is at 57m above datum, the lowest contour
to be surveyed is un
92. The imaginary line along which rivets are to be
placed is known as
1) 57m 2) 60m
m 1) rivet line 2) gauge line
m
3) scrieve line 4) back line
3) 62m 4) None of the above
C o
83. Plotting of a traverse with the help of independent
coordinates is ___ accurate than by lengths and
93. When two members of a structure are joined by
bearings of sides
1) More
ia 2) Less
rivets in the form of a lap joint, then the riveted
joint may fail due to
3) Equally
e d 4) None of the above
84. The method of contouring by tacheometer is
1) Shear failure of rivets
2) tearing of plates
e
3) Direct method
M
1) Indirect method 2) Square method
4) None of the above
3) bearing failure of plates
r e
85. The curve generated by a point fixed to a circle
94. In order to protect the beam against corrosion, a
S
inside its circumference, as it rolls along a circle
inside it, is called
1. superior trochoid 2. superior cycloid
minimum cover of _______ is kept on the outer
sides of the external beams as well as above
the upper flange of the top tier.
3. superior epicycloid 4. inferior hypotrochoid 1) 50 mm 2) 100 mm
86. The curve generated by a point fixed to a circle 3) 150 mm 4) 200 mm
outside its circumference as it rolls along a circle 95. In masonry construction, excessive tension is
outside it, is called not permissible and hence in order that the
supporting area is fully in compression, the width
1. superior epicycloid
of footing is so adopted the centre of gravity of
2. superior epitrochoid
the load falls
3. inferior hypotrochoid 1) at the centre of the base
4. inferior hypotrochoid 2) within the middle third of base
87. The first temporary adjustment to be done after 3) within the middle fifth of base
setting up the plane table at any station will be 4) any one of these
1) orientation 2) centring 96. For a rectangular foundation of width b, the
3) levelling 4) sighting eccentricity of the load should not be greater than
88. The distance of the ends of the minor axis of an 1) b/3 2) b/4
ellipse from the focus is equal to the half the 3) b/5 4) b/6
1. minoe axis 2. equal axis 97. The curve traced out by a point on a straight line
3. major axis 4. none which rolls, without slipping, along a circle or a
32
polygon is called 104. The purpose of reflecting mirror in the prismatic
1. absolute 2. involute compass is to observe
3. inferior 4. none 1) approaching vehicles from the rear
98. The horizontal angle between the true meridian
2) objects which are too low or too high
and magnetic meridian at a place is called
3) inverted graduations on the circular dise
1) azimuth 2) declination
4) objects which might cause local attraction
3) local attraction 4) magnetic bearing
99. The gradations in prismatic compass 105. The bearing of AB is 165 0 and the angle BAC is
i) are inverted 720 measured in anti clockwise direction. The
ii) are erected bearing of AC is.....
iii) run clockwise having 00 at south 1) 930 2) 720
iv) run clockwise having 00 at north 3) 255 0
4) 2370
The correct answer is 106. A type of bond in a brick masonry consisting of
1) (i) and (iii) 2) (i) and (iv) alternate course of headers and stretchers, is
3) (ii) and (iii) 4) (ii) and (iv)
called
100. Which of the following is not the function of level-
ling head?
ns
1) English bond 2) Flemish bond
io
1) to support the main part of the instrument 3) stretching bond 4) heading bond
2) to attach the theodolite to the tripod
3) to provide a means for levelling the theodolite
at
107. Hand level is a simple and compact instrument
and is used to take levels. For handy operations,
i c
its tube is fitted with
101. What is the distance between tress T1 and T2
shown figure
un
1) a lens on objective side
2) a lens on eye piece side
m 3) reflecting mirror at an angle of 450

18.0
16.0
13.0
om 4) a prism in between eye piece and objective
vane
a
10.0 C 108. In a hand level cross hairs are provided on
3.0
di
9.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
T2
1) sighting side
2) objective side
Me T1 3) the diaphragm
4) in between sighting and objective side
ee 109. A type of bond in a brick masonry in which each
1) 4m
3) 7m
S r 2) 5m
4) 12m
course consists of alternate headers and
stretchers, is called
102. A pentagonal traverse is run by the included
3) stretching bond 4) heading bond
angles method and the sum of included angles
110. In a reverse curve, the distance between two par-
was found to be 539 0 59' 00". The correct
allel straights is 100m, and the radii of one arc is
seconds to be made per angles balance the
300m whereas of the other arc it is 500m. The
traverse is......
distance between points of tangencies will be
1) +2" 2) +6"
1) 400 m 2) 300 m
3) 12" 4) +24"
103. In a closed traverse ABCDE, find the length of AB 3) 500 m 4) 425 m
from the following information 111. The permissible error in chaining under
Line Latitude Departure average conditions is
BC +125m +65m 1) 1 in 10,000 2) 1 in 1000
CD +120m -110m 3) 1 in 5000 4) 1 in 500
DE -30m -170m 112. The magnetic lines of force due to earth are
EA -150m +20m parallel to the surface near
1) 200m 2) 205.55m 1) Poles 2) Equator
3) 500m 4) 250.05m 3) Magnetic Poles 4) All the above
33
113. In a stretching bond 123. In a corrugated galvanized iron steel, the length
1) all the bricks are laid as headers of the sheet as per I.S.277.1962 should be
2) all the bricks are laid as stretchers 1) 1.8m and 2.2m
3) the arrangement of bricks is similar to English 2) 2.5m and 2.8 m
bond 3) 3.2m
4) the boding bricks are laid at any angle other 4) all the above are correct
124. An offset rod is provided at its top with
than zero or ninety degrees
1) hook 2) flag
114. When a heavy structure is to be constructed in
3) distance measuring arrangement
sandy soil, the foundation used is
1) pier foundation 2) strap foundation
125. In case where there is no obstacle to chaining
3) raft foundation 4) any one of these
but ranging is obstructed, the two end stations
115. Pile foundation is generally used when the soil (to be connected by a line) being not intervisible,
is if both end stations are visible from intermediate
1) compressible 2) water-logged
3) made-up type 4) all of these solved by s
points on the line, then the problem can be re-
n
io
116. The type of foundation most suitable for bridges 1) reciprocal levelling
is
1) pier foundation 2) raft foundation
at
2) reciprocal ranging
3) random line ranging
3) pile foundation 4) strap foundation
i c
4) line ranger
117. If the fore bearing of a line is S 450 45' E is, then
the back bearing will be ......
un
126. In the pre-cast reinforced concrete piles, the
thickness of concrete covering the main bars
1) 3300 45' 2) N 290 45' W
m should not be less than
3) S 450 45' E 4) S 1500 45' E
om
118. The method in which the points is fixed in plan
1) 40 mm
3) 75 mm
2) 55 mm
4) 100 mm
by the crossing or rays drawn from the two
a C 127. The errors which are variable in sign (plus error

tending to be as frequent as minus errors) and
1) Radiation
di
instrument stations is called .... method
2) Plotting
tends to balance out in the final results are called
3) Resection
Me 4) Intersection
119. The building of an Engineering college should
1) cumulative errors
2) compensating errors
3) neutral errors
ee
be classified as 4) instrumental errors
S r
1) Public building
2) Commercial building
3) Educational building
128. The survey in which earth surface is assumed as
plane and so the curvature of earth is ignored, is
called as
4) Office building 1) plane survey
120. The floor provided at ground level in a building 2) geodetic survey
should be termed as 3) geological survey
1) Super structure 2) Sub-structure 4) aerial survey
3) Both are correct 4) Both are wrong 129. While constructing a flagstone floor, the best
121. For the pre-cast reinforced concrete piles, the method is to provide first two stones at
quality of concrete recommended is 1) the centre
1) M 100 to M 150 2) M 150 to M 200 2) diagonally opposite corners
3) M 200 to M 250 4) M 250 to M 300 3) opposite longitudinal sides
4) at any place in the floor
122. Generally in a simply supported truss, the princi-
130. Height of instrument method of levelling is
pal rafter will carry ____ forces
1) more accurate than rise and fall method
1) compressive 2) tensile
2) less accurate than rise and fall method
3) sometimes compressive and sometimes ten-
3) quicker and less tedious for large number of
sile
intermediate sights
4) all the above are correct 4) none of the above
34
131. The rise and fall method 140. In a brick nogging type of partition wall, the vertical
1) is less accurate than height of instrument wooden members are called
method 1) noggings 2) studs
2) is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels 3) sills 4) templates
3) provides a check on the reduction of interme- 141. The heading bond is usually used for
diate point levels. 1) half brick wall 2) one brick wall
3) one and half brick wall
4) quicker and less tedious for large number of
4) two brick wall
intermediate sights
142. The width of jambs is
132. The boards which are used in wooden flooring
1) 57 mm to 76 mm 2) 76 mm to 114 mm
are laiable to shrinkage and warping and so the
3) 114 mm to 138 mm
maximum width recommended is
4) 138 mm to 152 mm
1) 5 cm 2) 10 cm
143. The minimum area of plots for pucca residential
3) 20 cm 4) 30 cm buildings in areas covered by Gram Panchayat in
133. For an arch of given shape the linear (theoreti-
cal) arch represents
m2 is
ns
io
1) 40 2) 80
1) Line of thrust
3) Line of action
2) Centre line
4) Neutral axis
3) 160
at 4) 240
144. The suitable contour interval for a map with scale
134. The performance of a specific task in CPM is
i c
1 : 10000 is
known as :
1) Activity 2) Event
un
1) 20 m
3) 10 m
2) 5 m
4) 20 m
3) Float 4) Duration
m 145. Which of the following methods of contouring is
om
135. To protect the top of a parapet wall from the action
of rain water, it is provided with a special course
most suitable for a hilly terrain?
1) direct method 2) square method
and that course is known as
a C 3) cross-sections method
4) tacheometric method
1) drip course
3) coping
di 2) string course
4) cornice
146. While calculating the dead load of a building, the
flight changes by:

Me
136. Halfturn in staircase implies that the direction of
weight of brick masonry is taken as
1) 1200 kg/m2 2) 1600 kg/m2
e
2
3) 1920 kg/m 4) 2300 kg/m2
1) 45 degrees 2) 90 degrees
3) 180 degrees
r e 4) 30 degrees
147. The instrument used for determining the horizon-
tal distances in plane table surveying without ac-
S
137. A bond consisting of heading and stretching
courses so arranged that one heading course
tual measurement is
1) Plane alidade 2) Telescopic alidade
comes after several stretching courses, is called 3) Tacheometer 4) Clinometer
1) raking bond 2) dutch bond 148. The daily variation of magnetic declination is
3) facing bond 4) heading bond termed as
138. A stretcher bond is usually used for 1) Diurnal variation 2) Secular variation
1) half brick wall 2) one brick wall 3) Lunar variation 4) None
3) one and half brick wall 149. The permissible error in chainage in hilly areas
4) two brick wall is
139. Brick nogging type of partition wall is constructed 1) 1 in 100 2) 1 in 250
by 3) 1 in 1000 4) 1 in 500
1) laying bricks as stretchers in cement mortar 150. Frogs made in the bricks are
2) laying bricks as headers in cement mortar 1) to reduce weight of the brick
3) reinforcing the brick wall with iron straps 2) to form a key for holding the mortar
3) to indicate year and name of the manufacture
4) brick work built within a frame-work of wooden
4) to indicate top of the brick
members
35
ANSWERS
1. 3 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 2 6. 3 7. 1 8. 4 9. 4 10. 1
11. 1 12. 3 13. 2 14. 4 15. 1 16. 2 17. 3 18. 4 19. 3 20. 4
21. 2 22. 3 23. 2 24. 2 25. 1 26. 2 27. 3 28. 2 29. 4 30. 3
31. 1 32. 2 33. 2 34. 1 35. 3 36. 1 37. 1 38. 3 39. 1 40. 3
41. 1 42. 2 43. 3 44. 2 45. 4 46. 2 47. 3 48. 3 49. 4 50. 3
51. 4 52. 3 53. 2 54. 1 55. 4 56. 2 57. 2 58. 2 59. 1 60. 3
61. 4 62. 4 63. 3 64. 2 65. 4 66 .2 67. 2 68. 4 69. 2 70. 4
71. 1 72. 3 73. 4 74. 2 75. 3 76. 2 77. 1 78. 2 79. 3 80. 2
81. 2 82. 2 83. 1 84. 1 85. 4 86. 2 87. 3 88. 3 89. 1 90. 2
91. 1 92. 3 93. 4 94. 2 95. 2 96. 4 97. 2 98. 2 99. 1 100. 4
101. 2 102. 3 103. 2 104. 2 105. 1 106. 1 107. 3
ns
108. 2 109. 2 110. 1
111. 4
121. 2
112. 2
122. 1
113. 2
123. 4
114. 1
124. 1
115. 4
125. 2
116. 3
126. 1
117. 2
127. 2tio118. 4
128. 1
119. 3
129. 2
120. 1
130. 3
131. 3 132. 2 133. 1 134. 3 135. 3 136. 2
ca
137. 3
i 138. 1 139. 4 140. 2
141. 2 142. 2 143. 3 144. 1 145. 4 146. 3
n
147. 2
u
148. 1 149. 2 150. 2
m
om
a C
di
Me
ee
S r
36
MODEL PAPER - 5
1. Which of the following is an obstacle to chaining 9. Which of the following angles can be set out with
but not to ranging? the help of French cross staff?
1) river 2) hillock 1) 450 only 2) 900 only
3) building 4) none of the above 0
3) either 45 or 90 0
4) any angle
2. The allowable length of an offset depends upon 10. As per I.S.875, the live load on the floors of resi-
the
1) degree of accuracy required
ns
dential buildings, hospital wards, private sitting
room in hostels should be
io
2) method of setting out the perpendiculars and 1) 500 kg/m2 2) 400 kg/m2
nature of ground
3) scale of plotting 11. t
3) 300 kg/m
a
2
4) 200 kg/m2
The load of furniture stored in a building is termed
4) all the above as
i c
3. When the two blocks of stone have a tendency to
be pulled apart in the direction of their lengths,
un
1) Dead load
3) Both are correct
2) live load
4) Both are wrong
then the type of joint to be used should be
1) cramped joint m 12. The glass used in the windows whose one side
2) rebated or lap joint

3) tongued and grooved joint om is patterned while rolling which obscures direct
vision but does not obstruct light is known as
4) tabled joint
a C 1) obscured glass
2) figured glass
4.
di
The bricks arranged systematically and bedded
together in mortar to form a homogeneous mass
3) rough cast glass
is known as
Me
capable of withstanding and transmitting forces
13.
The window provided on the sloping roof of a
e
1) English bond
e
building is called is
1) dormer window
S r
2) flemish bond
3) brick masonry
4) composite masonry
2) clere-storcy window
3) bay window
5. Inking pen is used for drawing ________ in ink 4) sky light window
1) writing 2) curves 14. Which of the following methods of offsets involves
3) straight lines 4) circles less measurement on the ground?
6. Set - squares are used for drawing vertical, in- 1) method of perpendicular offsets
clined and ____ lines. 2) method of oblique offsets
1) horizontal 2) vertical 3) method of ties
3) inclined 4) parallel. 4) all involve equal measurement on the ground
7. When a number of parallel dimensions are to be 15. In -------- the ratio of the lengths of consecutive
shown near each other, the dimensions should radius vectors enclosing equal angles is alwasy
be a constant
1) Unstaggered 2) staggered 1. logarithmic spiral 2. logarithmic lines
3) Straight 4) Perpendicular 3. hypo spiral 4. logarithmic plane
8. The extension line should extend about 3 mm 16. In orthographic projection, the pojectors are per-
beyond the pendicular to the ------- of projection
1) Vertical line 2) horizontal line 1. spiral 2. plane
3) Straight line 4) dimension line 3. hypo spiral 4. cone
37
17. In first-angle projection method, The object comes 28. The safe bearing capacity for Hard rock should
between the ------ and the plane be
1. observer 2. object 1)110 t/m2 2) above 250 t/m2
3. observer and object 4. none 3) above 50 t/m 2
4) 2 to 5 t/m2
18. Local attraction in compass surveying may exist 29. Which of the following instruments is generally
due to used for base line measurements?
1) Incorrect levelling of the magnetic needle
1) chain 2) metallic tape
2) loss of magnetism of the needle
3) steel tape 4) invar tape
3) friction of the needle at the pivot
30. The height of hand railing above the tread should
4) presence of magnetic substances near the
instrument be generally in between
19. If the quadrantal bearing of a line is N25 0 W then 1) 30 cm to 50 cm 2) 50 to 75 cm
the whole circle bearing of the line is 3) 75 to 80 cm 4) 80 to 120 cm
1)S 250 E 2) 2050 31. Flag stone floor is recommended to be used at
0
3) 335 4) 2950 1) railway platforms
20. If the forebearing of a line AB is 350 and that of 2) courtyards
line BC 150, then the included angle between the
lines is
ns
3) Monumental buildings
io
1) 200 2) 500
3) 1600 4) 2300
t
32. The floor which is best for recommendation in
a
heavy industries, warehouses etc is
21. If the length of the arc or chord is 20m, then 10
curve will have the radius of
i c
1) granolithic floor 2) brick floor
1) 1718.9m
3) 2865m
2) 1146m
4) 573m
un
3) concrete floor 4) Asphaltic floor
33. The thickness of Asphalt floor varies from
m
22. The projection of tread beyond the riser is called 1) 10 to 15 mm
3) 25 to 40 mm
2) 20 to 30mm
4) 10 cm
as
1) stringer
3) pitch
2) nosing
4) baluster om 34. As per Indian standard, the total number of links
C
in a 30 metre chain should be
23. In a flat roofed building, the roof is made water 1) 100 2) 150
ia
proof by coating hot bitumen and this coating is 3) 300 4) 75
done at the rate of
1) 1 kg/m2
e d 2) 1.67 kg/m2
35. The links of a metric chain are interconnected to
each other by oval-shaped rings and these rings
M
2
3) 1.71 kg/m 4) 2.5 kg/m2
in number are
24. The number of steps in a flight should not be
less than
ee 1) one 2) two
1) 12
3) 2
S r 2) 3
4) 5
25. The error due to bad ranging is
3) three 4) four
36. The error in measured length due to bad ranging
is
1) cumulative; positive 1) cumulative error
2) cumulative; negative 2) compensating error
3) compensating 3) sometimes compensating error and some-
4) cumulative; positive or negative times cumulative error
26. 'Offsets' are 4) insignificant
1) short measurements from chain line 37. When both the flights in a stair runs at right angles
2) ties or check lines which are perpendicular to
to each other, then that stair is classified as
chain line
1) quarter turn stair
3) sets of minor instruments in chain surveying
4) chain lines which go out alignment 2) dog legged stair
27. While finding bearing capacity by load impact 3) open well stair
method, if h=height from which weight is dropped, 4) bifurcated stair
w=weight dropped, d=depth of impression and 38. The imaginary line joining the points of zero dec-
A=area of cross section of the weight, then bear- lination on the surface of the earth is called as
ing capacity will be 1) isogonic line 2) isoclinic line
1) hxW/dxA 2) hxd / AxW 3) agonic line
3) hxA / Wxd 4) dxA / hxW 4) magnetic diclination line
38
39. In a truss, if equal angle sections are used, then 48. The graduated ring of a surveyor's compass is
they should not be graduated in
1) less than 50 x 50 x 6 mm 1) whole circle bearing system
2) more than 50 x 50 x 6 mm 2) quadrantal bearing system
3) less than 100 x 100 x 10 mm 3) radian bearing system
4) more than 100 x 100 x 10mm 4) any of the system mentioned above
40. In a truss, the thickness of gusset plate at any 49. The water surface of a still pond represents a
joint should not be 1) level surface
2) horizontal surface
1) more than 6 mm 2) more than 10 mm
3) spheriodal surface
3) less than 6 mm 4) less than 10 mm
4) curved surface
41. In a truss, the rivets of nominal diameter _____
50. Reduced level of a point is its elevation with ref-
should not be used
erence to
1) more than 12 mm 2) more than 20mm
1) ground surface 2) levelled surface
3) less than 12mm 4) less than 16 mm
3) sea level 4) datum surface
42. The magnetic equator is an imaginary line where
dip will be
ns
51. In rise and fall method, a complete check is pro-
io
vided on the calculations of
1) zero
2) least
at
1) back sights
2) fore sights
3) greatest
4) none of 'a', 'b', 'c' are correct
i c
3) intermediate sights
43. The ratio of the length of the drawing of the object

to the actual length of the object is called ---
n
4) all the sights
u
52. Snap head of a rivet can also be termed as
1. resulting fraction
m 1) round head
2) button head
2. representative figure
3. representative fraction
om 3) both of the above are wrong
4. resulting figure
a C 4) both 1 and 2 are correct

53. The slope of symmetrical trusses is defined at
44.
di
When measurements are required in three units
----------- scale is used
the ratio of rise and ____ span.
1) full 2) half
1.diagonal
3.comparative
Me 2.plain
4.cross
3) twice the 4) one fourth of the
54. In a C.G.I. sheet the pitch of corrugation, as per
45.
ee
A conic is a locus of point moving in such a way
that the ratio of its distance from the focus and its
I.S.277-1962 should be
S r
distance from the directrix is always constant.
This ratio is called the eccentricity. It is equal to 1
1) 18mm
3) 146mm
2) 75mm
4) 32mm
55. If the diameter of rivet is 25 mm or below 25mm,
in case of parabola greater than in case of hyper- the diameter of rivet hole as compared to rivet
bola and ----------- in case of ellipse body will be
1. greater than 1 2. equal to 1 1) more by 1.5 mm 2) less by 1.5 mm
3. smaller than 1 4. none 3) more by 2 mm 4) same
46. Select the correct statement 56. The waste water from kitchens, baths etc is called
1) Contour interval on any map is kept constant. 1) sewage 2) sullage
2) Direct method of contouring is cheaper than 3) sludge
indirect method 4) all the above are correct
3) Intervisibility of points on a contour map can- 57. Sanitary works cannot be classified as
not be ascertained. 1) conveying works 2) treatment works
4) Slope of a hill cannot be determined with the 3) collecting works 4) disposal works
help of contours 58. As per I.S. 800-1971, if the slope of a roof truss
47. Closed contours, with higher value inwards, rep- is not greater than 300, the the depth of angle
resent a purlin is assumed as ___ of the length of purlin
1) depression 2) hillock 1) 1/30th 2) 1/45th
3) plain surface 4) none of the above 3) 1/60th 4) 1/90th
39
59. As per I.S. 800-1971, if the slope of a truss is 69. The minimum diameter of working chamber of a
less than 300 then the width of purlin is assumed circular man hole should be
as ____ of the length of purlin. 1) 0.5m 2) 0.9m
1) 1/30th 2) 1/45th 3) 1.2m 4) 2m
3) 1/60th 4) 1/90th 70. As compared to dry weather flow, the amount of
60. The size of man hole opening should be such as storm water in a sewerage system is
to allow a man go into and come out with ease, 1) more 2) less
i.e., ____ is a satisfactory size 3) same
1) 20 to 25 cm 2) 40 to 45 cm 4) all the above are correct
3) 50 to 55 cm 4) 90 to 100 cm 71. The ratio in between length of the sewer and ve-
61. The taper on a shaft is indicated along the locity of flow when running full is known as
1) bottom line 2) center line 1) inlet time
3) top line 4) straight line 2) time of flow
62. The most reliable method of plotting a theodolite 3) time of concentration
traverse is :
1) By consecutive coordinates of individual
ns
4) time-intensity
72. In case of square method of contouring, the size
station
io
of squares depends upon
t
2) By independent coordinates of individual
station
i ca
1) the contour interval
2) scale of the plan
63.
3) By tangent method of plotting
4) By contouring
The minimum width of doors and windows is
n
3) nature of the ground
u
generally: m 73. Two contours of different elevations do not cross

each other except in the case of a
1)600 mm
3)250 mm
2)750 mm
4)500 mm
om 1) cliff
3) overhanging cliff
2) ridge
4) valley
64.
C
When two plates are placed end to end are joined
a
74. Hydraulically and economically, the best section
1) Lap joint
di
by cover plate, the joint is known as
2) Butt joint
of drains for large flow i
1) circular 2) V-shaped
Me
3) Chain riveted lap joint
4) Double cover butt joint
3) rectangular 4) oval shaped
75. The quantity of storm water from an area depends
65.
e
The strength of riveted joint is equal to
e
upon
r
1) shear strength of rivets
1) shape of the area
S
2) bearing strength of rivets
3) tearing strength of plates
4) least of (1), (2) and (3)
2) slope of the area
3) nature of soil
66. An imaginary line passing through the optical 76. In a sloping roof, the inclined wooden members
centre of the objective and optical centre of the laid from the ridge to the eaves are known as
eyepiece in the telescope of a survey instrument 1) hip rafters 2) jack rafters
is called 3) common rafters 4) valley rafters
1) Horizontal axis 2) Line of collimation 77. In pitched roofs, the term gable is defined as the
1) apex line of the sloping roof
3) Optical axis of the telescope
2) inclination of the sides of a roof to the horizontal
4) Reference axis plane
67. Indirect ranging is adopted, when two end of 3) horizontal distance between the internal faces
chain line are of the walls
1) mutually invisible 2) too distant 4) triangular upper part of a wall formed at the
3) on a sloping ground 4) separated by a valley end of a pitched roof
78. The term pitch in connection with pitched roofs
68. In a conic the line passing through the fixed point
is defines as the
and perpendicular to the fixed line is called the 1) apex line of the sloping roof
1. lines 2. axis 2) inclination of the sides of a roof to the horizontal
3. angles 4. curves plane
40
3) horizontal distance between the internal faces 91. The lamp hole is constructed of stoneware or
of the walls cast iron pipe ___ diameter, based on concrete
4) triangular upper part of a wall formed at the and built off a tee-junction on the sewer
end of a pitch roof 1)120 to 150 cm 2) 90 to 120 cm
79. A pitched roof in which rafters slope to one side 3) 50 to 60 cm 4) 22.5 to 30 cm
only is called 92. In villages, the material used for covering the
1) lean-to roof 2) pent roof pitched roof is
3) aisle roof 4) any one of these 1) thatch 2) country tiles
80. The combination of a king-post truss and queen 3) A.C. sheets 4) G.I. sheets
post turns is known as 93. As a pitched roof covering C.G.I. sheets are used
1) couple roof 2) collar beam roof and C.G.I. stands for
3) mansard roof 4) purlin roof 1) cement Gauzed Iron sheets
81. In designing a stair, the sum of going (in cm) 2) corrugated galvanised iron sheets
and twice the rise (in cm) should be equal to 3) corrugated good iron sheets
1) 40
3) 60
2) 50
4) 70
ns
4) carbon Galvanised Iron sheets
94. If the structural members has to be connected
io
82. In designing a stair, the product of going (in cm) permanently, then the type of connection used
and the rise (in cm) should be equal to will be
at
c
1) 300 2) 350 1) bolted connection
3) 400 4) 450
ni
2) pin connection
3) riveted connection
u
83. The surface of the abutment on which the arch
rests, is known as 4) all the above are correct
1) span 2) keystone
m 95. The number of rivets required for a joint are cal-
84.
3) skew back 4) crown
om
In air conditioned building, a door has to serve
culated by dividing the stress calculated in a
member with the rivet value, but at any joint the
C
both purposes of opening and closing. The most
a
number of rivets should not be less than
1) sliding floor
di
suitable type of door for this purpose is
2) swinging floor
1) one
3) three
2) two
4) as per the design
85.
Me
3) revolving floor 4) none of these
For ordinary Portland cement, the initial setting
96. Sewage is known to consist a very good amount
of water and only ____ of solid matter 1) 10%
e
1) 30 minutese
time should not be more than
2) 1 hour
2) 1%
3) 0.1% 4) 11%
86.
3) 5 hours
S r 4) 10 hours
A queen post truss is commonly used for spans
97. Weep holes are provided in the retaining walls
to drain off the water from the filling behind
1) upto 3.5 m 2) from 3.5 m to 5 m 1) agree 2) disagree
98. A stone wall provided to protect the slopes of
3) from 5 to 8 m 4) from 8 to 12 m
cutting in natural ground from the action of
87. A flexible material used for D.P.C. is weather, is known as
1) bitumen sheeting 2) plastic sheeting 1) retaining wall 2) breast wall
3) mastic asphalt 4) cement concrete 3) parapet wall 4) buttress
88. The brick laid with its length perpendicular to 99. The total horizontal pressure (p) per meter
length of retaining wall at a depth h metre is
the face of the wall is called a
1) course 2) stretcher 1+ sin 1- sin
3) header 4) closer 1) wh X 2) wh X
1- sin 1+ sin
89. A couple-close roof is used for spans upto
1) 3.5 m 2) 5 m wh 1+ sin wh 1- sin
3) X 4) X
3) 9 m 3) 14 m
2 1- sin 2 1+ sin
90. The pointing which is extensively used in brick
where
work and stone masonry face work, is w= Weight of filling in N/m3, and
1) flush pointing 2) struck pointing
 = Angle of repose of the soil.
3) V-grooved pointing 4) tuck pointing
41
100. The total horizontal pressure at the retaining wall 109. The following readings were taken on a uniformly
acts at ______ from the base. sloping ground:
1) h/2 2) h/3 0.500, 1.000, 1.500, 2.000, 1.200, 1.700, 2.200
3) h/4 4) h/5 and 2.700
101. If landing is not to be counted then the number of Hence the difference in elevation between the
treads as compared to risers in a stair are first and last station is
1) one less 2) one more 1) 1.700 (fall) 2) 2.200 (fall)
3) same 4) two less 3) 2.800 (fall) 4) 3.00 (fall)
102. A type of bond in which all the bricks are laid as 110. A series of closely spaced contour lines repre-
headers on the faces of walls, is known as sents a
1) raking bond 2) dutch bond 1) steep slope 2) gentle slope
3) facing bond 4) heading bond 3) uniform slope 4) plane surface
103. The most commonly used bond for all wall 111. The spacing of cross-section in hilly country is
thicknesses is
usually
1) 20 m
ns 2) 15 m
3) stretching bon 4) heading bond 3) 5 m
tio 4) 10 m
104. The last staff reading, taken from any levelling
station to the levelling staff held at a point of un-
i ca
112. The lines of earth's magnetic field run from ;
1) West to East
known elevation is called
1) fore sight 2) back sight
un
2) East to West
3) North to South
3) intermediate sight 4) fore bearing
m 4) North-east to North-west
105. If any sideways movement of the eye does not
cause an apparent movement of the image with
om 113. Plain brick type of partiton wall is constructed by
1) laying bricks as stretchers in cement mortar
respect to the cross-hairs, then
a C 2) laying bricks as headers in cement mortar
plane of cross hairs

di
1) the image of the object will be formed in the 3) reinforcing the brick wall with iron straps
4) brick work built within a frame-work of wooden
2) there is parallel
Me
3) the cross hairs will not be in the plane of dis-
members
114. The location of stair in a public building should
e
tinct vision of the observer
e
be near
S r
4) the cross-hairs will be in the plane of distinct
vision of the observer
1) the entrance
3) the lavatory
2) the centre
4) ends of the building
115. The standard length of Asbestos Cement corru-
106. Herring-bone bond is commonly used for
1) brick paving 2) very thick walls gated sheet should be
3) partition walls 1) 1.52 m 2) 2.13m
4) footings in foundations 3) 3.05m 4) all the above are correct
107. The filling in cavities with cement slurry is known 116. The main principle of surveying is to work from
as 1) whole to the part 2) part to the whole
1) coping 2) beam-filling 3)only part 4) only whole
3) grouting 4) gunniting 117. The scale on which three dimensions can be
108. Then readings were recorded in a level field book. measured is known as
If the instrument was shifted after 2nd and 6th read- 1) plain scale 2) diagonal scale
ings, then the foresights are 3) chord scale 4) vernier scale
1) 1st, 3rd and th

readings 118. As per indian standard, the length of one link in
nd th
2) 2 , 6 and 10th readings 30 metre chain should be
3) 2nd and 6th readings 1) 20 cm 2) 30 cm
4) 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th and 10th readings 3) 40 cm 4) 10 cm
42
119. A floor is said to be noiseless when its topmost 129. Which of the following statement is wrong
layer 1) the part of the wall on which the arch rests,
1) does not produce noise if strucked by a ham- is called abutment.
mer 2) soffit is the under surface of an arch
2) does not produce noise when people pass 3) crown is the highest point of the intrados
over it 4) all of the above
3) absorbs the noise produced inside the build- 130. The wedge shaped unit (voussoir) placed a the
ing crown of an arch, is called
4) all the above are correct 1) skew back 2) intrados
120. The cheapest floor which remains warm in win- 3) extrados 4) keystone
131. The external jamb of a door or window opening
ter and cold in summer is
at right angles to the wall face, is called
1) timber floor 2) rubber floor
1) reveal 2) style
3) mud floor 4) asphalt floor
3) post 4) horn
121. The upper convex surface of an arch is called as
1) intrados 2) extrados
s
132. A horizontal member of a frame employed to sub-
n
divide a window opening horizontally is
io
3) soffit 4) haunch
1) sill 2) mullion
122. The irregular traingular portion of the arcade,
formed between the two arches is called as
at
3) transom 4) horn
1) haunch 2) spandril
i c
133. The bottom or lowermost horizontal part of a
3) impost 4) king post

123. In asbestos cements corrugated sheet roofing,
un
window frame is known as
1) sill 2) mullion
the minimum horizontal lap in metres should be

m 3) transom
134. The depth of jambs is
4) horn
1) 0.10m
3) 0.20m
2) 2.15m
4) 0.30m
om 1) 57 mm to 76 mm
2) 76 mm to 114 mm
a C
124. Generally for dry earth, dry clay and dry sand, the
3) 114 mm to 138 mm
1) 400
di
angle of repose taken is
2) 300
4) 138 mm to 152 mm
135. Which of the following statement is correct?
3) 250
Me 4) 150
125. When rise of an arch is more than half of span of
1) the flat members connecting the jambs at the
top is called head
ee
the arch and its lower portion is straight instead 2) the head is of the same size as the jamb
S r
of circular, then it is called as
1) horse shoe arch
3) lancet arch
2) stilted arch
4) drop arch
3) the jamb are tennoned into the head and
wedged
4) all of the above
126. For a span ranging in between 3.5m to 4.5m the 136. The projection which help in securing the head
most suitable type of roof is of a door frame to the masonry, are called
1) lean to roof 2) couple roof 1) dormer window 2) corner window
3) couple-close roof 4) collar roof 3) horms 4) sytles
127. The curve traced out by a point moving in a plane 137. The window which projects outward from the
in one direction, towards a fixed point while mov- walls of a room to provide an increased area of
ing around it is called a opening for admitting greater light and
1. conical 2. Trochoid ventilation, is called
3. spiral 4. trapezoidal 1) dormer window 2) corner window
128. The piles which are driven in the type of soil 3) bay window 4) clerestorey window
whose strength does not increase with depth or 138. The window used with the object of providing
where the rate of increase in strength with depth light and air to the enclosed space below the
is very slow, are known as roof, is called
1) friction piles 2) bearing piles 1) dormer window 2) corner window
3) batter piles 4) compaction piles 3) bay window 4) clerestorey window
43
139. The window usually provided near the main roof 145. A retaining wall is commonly required in the
of a room and opens above the adjoining construction of
verandah, is called 1) hill roads 2) masonry dams
1) dormer window 2) corner window 3) wing walls 4) all of these
3) bay window 4) clerestorey window 146. After proper focussing and complete removal of
140. In combined footing parallax
1) the cross hairs will be in the plane of distrint
1) depth of footing varies
vision of the observer
2) width of footing is uniform
2) the cross hairs will not be in the plane of dis-
3) centre of gravity of the column loads must
tinct vision of the observer
coincide with the centre of gravity of the footing
3) the image of the object will not be formed in
4) all of the above the plane of cross-hairs
141. The minimum thickness of a wall in stone 4) the image of the object will be formed in the
masonry should not be less than plane of cross hairs
1) 100 mm 2) 200 mm 147. The sill in a wooden partition wall is the ______
3) 350 mm 4) 450 mm wooden member.
142. In a raking bond,
1) all the bricks are laid as headers
1) vertical
ns
3) upper horizontal
2) lower horizontal
4) intermediate
2) all the bricks are laid as stretchers
tio
horizontal
148. The nogging pieces are housed in the studs at
a
3) the arrangement of bricks is similar to English
c
bond a vertical distance of about
4) the bonding bricks are laid at any angle other
than zero or ninety degree
ni
1) 100 to 200 mm
3) 400 to 600 mm
2) 200 to 400 mm
4) 600 to 900 mm
143. The total number of zero's graduated on a u
149. The angle which the line of nosing of the stair
surveyor's compass are _____ in number.
m makes with the horizontal, is called
1) riser 2) flier
1) one
3) three
2) two
4) four
om 3) soffit 4) pitch or slope
150. The width of landing should be ________ the
1) 00
a 2) 450 C
144. At magnetic poles, dip of a magnetic needle is width of stair.
3) 90 0
d i 4) 1200
1) equal to
3) greater than
2) less than
4) None
M e ANSWERS
e e3. 1 4. 3 5. 3 6. 4 7. 2
1. 1
11. 2
r4 13.1 14. 2 15. 1 16. 2 17. 1
2. 4
S12.
8. 4
18. 4
9. 3
19. 3
10. 4
20. 3
21. 2 22. 2 23. 3 24. 2 25. 1 26. 1 27. 1 28. 2 29. 4 30. 3
31. 4 32. 1 33. 2 34. 2 35. 3 36. 1 37. 1 38. 3 39. 1 40. 3
41. 4 42. 1 43. 3 44. 1 45. 3 46. 1 47. 2 48. 2 49. 1 50. 4
51. 4 52. 4 53. 2 54. 2 55. 2 56. 2 57. 1 58. 2 59. 2 60. 3
61. 2 62. 1 63. 4 64. 2 65. 4 66 .2 67. 1 68. 2 69. 3 70. 1
71. 2 72. 4 73. 3 74. 1 75. 4 76. 3 77. 4 78. 2 79. 4 80. 3
81. 3 82. 3 83. 3 84. 2 85. 4 86. 4 87. 1 88. 3 89. 2 90. 1
91. 4 92. 1 93. 2 94. 3 95. 4 96. 3 97. 1 98. 2 99. 4 100. 2
101. 1 102. 4 103. 1 104. 1 105. 1 106. 4 107. 3 108. 2 109. 2 110. 1
111. 4 112. 1 113. 1 114. 1 115. 4 116. 1 117. 2 118. 1 119. 2 120. 3
121. 2 122. 2 123. 2 124. 2 125. 2 126. 3 127. 3 128. 1 129. 3 130. 4
131. 1 132. 3 133. 1 134. 1 135. 4 136. 3 137. 3 138. 1 139. 4 140. 3
141. 3 142. 4 143. 2 144. 3 145. 4 146. 4 147. 2 148. 4 149. 4 150. 3
44
MODEL PAPER - 6
1. Curves generated by a fixed point on the circum- 1) superior trochoid 2) superior epicycloid
ference of a circle rolling along a fixed line or circle 3) hypocycloid 4) superior cycloid
are called 10. The end supports of an arch are called as
1) cycloidal curves 2) cuboid curves 1) piers 2) abutment
3) cycloidal angles 4) cuboid angles 3) abutment piers 4) columns
2. The curve generated by a point on the circumfer-
ence of a circle, rolling along another circle in-
11.
ns
In R.C.C. lintels the position of main reinforce-
ment in concrete should be at
io
side it, is called a 1) the centre 2) the top
1) trochoid 2) cycloid
12.
at
3) the bottom 4) any position
The line joining any point on the spiral with the
3.
3) epicycloid 4) hypocycloid
Mud floors are not preferred in building because
i c
pole is called
1) they are cheap
2) they resist the change in temperature of un
1) diameter scalar
3) radius scalar
2) diameter vector
4) radius vector
weather
m 13. The foot of the Queen post is prevented from com-
3) they are unhygienic due to cowdung
4) they require cowdung wash periodically
om ing closer by another horizontal beam provided
over tie beam and is called as
4. Brick floors are recommended to be used at
a C 1) straining sill
3) strut
2) straining beam
4) queen post
1) workshops
3) godowsn
di 2) railway platforms
4) verandahs
14. The error in measured length due to careless
5.
e
In combined sewers, the velocity of flow of sew-
M
age should not be less than
holding and marking will be
1) instrumental error
e
2) cumulative error
1) 0.6 m/sec 2) 0.75 m/sec
3) 1 mg/sec
r e 4) 6 m/sec
3) compensating error
4) unavoidable error
6.
S
Generally salt glazed stone ware pipes are manu-
factured in size 600 to 750 mm indiameter and
their length is up to
15. The following bearings were observed while
traversing with a compass
Line F.B. B.B
1) 60 to 90 cm 2) 3m
AB 104030' 284030'
3) 5 m 4) 6m
BC 48015' 22600'
7. The stones used in flagstone flooring are rectan- 0
CD 290 30' 115015'
gular or square in shape and have thicknesses
DA 180015' 357015'
of
Which stations were affected by local attraction
1) 2 to 3 cm 2) 3 to 5 cm
1) A and B 2) B and C
3) 5 to 7 cm 4) 10 to 15 cm
3) C and D 4) A and D
8. The curve generated by a point on the circumfer-
16. For which of the following permanent
ence of a circle rolling along another circle out-
adjustments of theodolite, the spire test is used?
side it, is called
1) adjustment of plate levels
1) trochoid 2) epicycloid
2) adjustment of line of sight
3) hypocycloid 4) cycloid
3) adjustment of horizontal axis
9. The curve generated by a point fixed to a circle
4) adjustment of altitude bubble and vertical
outside its circumference, as it rolls along a
index frame
straight line is called
45
17. The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer 26. The variation produced by the oscillation of a
axis can be eliminated by magnetic from its mean position during the day
1) reading both verniers and taking the mean of is called
two 1) secular 2) diurnal
2) taking both face observations and taking the 3) irregular 4) magnetic
mean of the two 27. The variation caused by the oscillation of a
3) double sighting magnetic needle due to magnetic storms of
4) taking mean of several readings distributed earthquakes is called......
over different portions of the graduated circle 1) secular 2) diurnal
18. When a chain is used at a temperature more than 3) annual 4) irregular
the temperature it was calibrated, the error in 28. The magnitude of irregular variation in about ---
measured length will be -at a time
1) cumulative 2) compensating 1) 20 2) 100
3) negative 4) observational error 3) 17 0
4) 60
19. Chain survey is most suitable when the ground
is _____ with simple details.
ns
29. The closing error in a traverse conducted by
compass survey is adjusted graphically by--- rule
io
1) fairly level 2) undulating
1) Bowditch 2) Clark
3) crowded 4) full of bushes
20. In order to fix the position of a point most accu-
at
3) Maxwell 4) spring
rately it must be located by

i c
30. The length of a ranging rod should be
1) perpendicular offsets
2) optical square
un
1) 1.5 to 2m
3) 3 to 4m
2) 2 to 3m
4) 2.5 to 4.5m
3) cross staff
m 31. An obstacle which obstructs chaining but not rang-
m
4) oblique offsets ing may be
21. In constructing concrete partition wall, the
concrete mixture usually adopted is
C o 1) a building
3) a railway track
2) a lake
4) electric line
1) M 100
ia 2) M 150 32. Generally the limiting length of an offset should
be
3) M 200
e d 4) M 250
22. The brick flooring may be done with bricks 1) 5m
3) 30m
2) 15m
4) 50m
1) laid flat
M
2) set at right angle to the walls
e
33. The least count of a prismatic compass is
r e
3) laid on edge arranged in herring-bone fashion
4) all of the above
1) 10
3) 15'
2) 30'
4) 20'
S
23. A type of flooring made with special aggregate of
marble chips mixed with white and coloured
34. When the declination at a point is negative, the
magnetic meridian at that point will
cement, is called 1) coincide with the true meridian
1) granolithic flooring 2) terrazo flooring 2) be on the eastern side of the true meridian
3) mosaic flooring 4) asphalt flooring 3) be on the southern side of the true meridian
24. In stairs, the soffit is 4) be on the western side of the true meridian
1) a vertical portion of a step providing a support 35. In the quadrantal bearing system, whole circle
to the tread bearing of 2040-30' will be expressed as
2) a straight step having a parallel width of a 1) W650-30'S 2) S650-30'W
tread 0
3) S24 -30'W 4) S240-30'E
3) the under surface of a stair 36. The curved surface which at every point is per-
4) the angle which the line of nosing of the stair pendicular to the direction of gravity at that point
makes with the horizontal is called
25. The projecting part of the tread beyond the face 1) a horizontal surface
of riser is called 2) a level plane
1) pitch 2) nosing 3) a level surface
3) baluster 4) stringer 4) a vertical surface
46
37. As compared to plan area, while designing a roof 47. The instantaneous speed of a vehicle as it
truss, the weight of bracing is assumed as passes a point in a highway is known as :
1) 7 kg/m2 2) 10 kg/m2 1) breaking speed
2
3) 1.5 kg/m 4) 0.90 kg/m2 2) spot speed
38. The slump required for concrete in foundations
3) actual speed
is about:
4) permissible speed
1) 75-100 mm
48. In order that the wall may be stable, the
2) 50-75 mm
3) 10-25 mm when vibrated lowermost course of the wall footing is made
4) 40-50 mm when vibrated __________ the width of the wall.
39. The technique of plotting all the accessible sta- 1) half 2) equal to
tions with a single set up of plane table is called 3) twice 4) four times
1) Radiation 2) Intersection 49. The dampness in a building is due to
3) Resection 4) Traversing 1) ground moisture 2) rain water
40. In plane table surveying the “strength of fix” is 3) defective construction
poor when
1) the station is near the great circle
ns
4) all of these
50. The dampness on roof may be due to
io
2) the station is outside the great circle
1) use of porous materials
3) the station is on the great circle
4) the station is within the great circle but outside t
2) insufficient lap of covering material
a
the great triangle
i c
3) bad workship in plumbing
4) all of these
41. Fender piles are
1) used to function as retaining walls
2) used to protect concrete deck or other water un
51. The most commonly used material for damp
proofing is
front structures from the abrasion or impact
m 1) bitumen 2) paraffin wax
inclined forces
om
3) driven at an inclination to resist large horizontal 3) cement solution 4) cement concrete
52. In case of buildings without basement, the best
4) driven in granular soil with the aim of
a
increasing the bearing capacity of the soil C position for damp-proof course (D.P.C.) Lies at
i
42. The best spacing of timber piles from centre to
d
1) plinth level 2) ground level
3) 150 mm above plinth level
centre is
1) 600 mm
3) 800 mm
Me 2) 700 mm
4) 900 mm
4) 150 mm above ground level
53. For D.P.C. at plinth level, the commonly adopted
e
43. The maximum load on the wooden pile should
e
material is
1) bitumen sheeting 2) plastic sheeting
not exceed
1) 50 kN
S
3) 150 kN
r 2) 100kN
4) 200 kN
3) mastic asphalt 4) cement concrete
54. Level crossing is provided :
44. The difference in elevation between a point on a 1) Rail line cross over a river
vertical curve and a point (in the same vertical 2) The place where a railway line and a road
line) on the tangent is called cross each other at same level
1) offset distance 2) tangent correction 3) The place where a railway line and another
3) curvature error 4) none of these railway line cross each other
45. In arches stratified stones are placed so that 4) When a road cross a rail line at higher level
their planes are :
55. At the equator the amount of dip is :
1) radial 2) perpendicular
1) 0° 2) 45°
3) parallel 4) vertical
46. Rubber dam is a hydraulic structure: 3) 60° 4) 90°
1) of high flexibility designed to allow large 56. Plotting of inaccessible points on a plane table
deformations during earhtquakes is done by :
2) of temporary nature 1) Radiation 2) Traversing
3) to irrigate rubber plantations 3) Intersection 4) Contouring
4) that deforms excessively under water 57. An ideal transition curve is ;
pressure 1) Clothoid spiral 2) Parabola
4) live storage 3) Semi-circle 4) True spiral
47
58. Fully constrained structures designed to support 68. A combined footing is commonly used
loads consisting straight members pin jointed at 1) when two columns are spaced close to each
the ends of members which are subjected to other
forces only at the joints are known as : 2) when two columns are spaced far apart
1) trusses 2) frames 3) under a set of columns
3) machines 4) none of the above 4) under a set of walls
59. The efficiency of pile group depends on 69. The piles which do not support the load by
1) Soil type themselves, but act as a medium to transmit the
2) Method of pile installation load from the foundation to the resisting sub-
3) Pile spacing stratum, are known as
4) All the above 1) friction piles 2) bearing piles
60. A black cotton soil is unsuitable for foundations 3) batter piles 4) compaction piles
because it 70. Batter piles are
1) undergoes volumetric changes with the 1) used to function as retaining walls
change of atmospheric conditions 2) used to protect concrete deck or other water
2) swells excessively when wet
3) shrinks excessively when dry
ns
front structures from the abrasion or impact
3) driven at an inclination to resist large horizontal
4) all of the above
tio
inclined forces
4) driven in granular soil with the aim of
61. Corbel is the extension of one or more course of
bricks from the _______ of a wall.
i ca
increasing the bearing capacity of the soil
71. Cleavage of a stone means :
1) face
3) up
2) back
4) down
62. A horizontal member of stone, concrete or wood un
1) The tendency of a stone to split along certain
parallel planes
m
provided to give support for the vertical members
2) Structure
of a wooden window, is called

1) jamb 2) reveal
om 3) Fracture
4) Rough texture
C
72. In levelling operation a change point is
3) sill 4) quoin
1) the very first station
ia
63. The exposed vertical surface left on the sides of
2) the last station
e d
an opening after the door or window frame has
been fitted in position, is called
3) the intermediate station where foresight and
back sight are taken
1) jamb
3) sill
e M 2) reveal
4) quoin
4) None of the above
73. Reciprocal levelling eliminates
r e
64. A bat is the portion of a
1) wall not exposed to weather
1) Collimation error
2) Collimation, curvature and refraction error
S
2) brick cut across the width
3) wall between facing and backing
3) Curvature and refraction error
4) Collimation and curvature error fully and re-
4) brick cut in such a manner that its one long fraction error partly
face remains uncut 74. The very first reading taken in levelling is called
65. Hearing is the portion of a 1) Back sight 2) Foresight
1) wall not exposed to weather 3) Intermediate sight 4) Invert
2) brick cut across the width 75. The brick laid with its length parallel to the face
3) wall between facing and backing of the wall is called a
4) brick cut in such a manner that its one long 1) course 2) stretcher
face remains uncut 3) header 4) closer
66. A course of stone provided immediately below a 76. A system of providing temporary support to the
cornice, is called party walls of two buildings where the
1) blocking course 2) coping intermediate building is to be pulled down and
3) frieze 4) parapet built, is called
67. A course of stone masonry provided 1) raking shore
immediately above the cornice, is called 2) dead or vertical shore
1) blocking course 2) coping 3) flying or horizontal shore
3) frieze 4) parapet 4) none of these
48
77. A brick which is cut in such a way that the width of CD 2900 30' 1150 15'
its one end is half that of a full brick, is called DA 1800 30' 3570 15'
1) king closer 2) mitred closer Which station were affected by local attraction
3) bevelled closer 4) queen closer 1) A and B 2) B and C
78. A brick which is half as wide as a full brick, is 3) C and D 4) D and A
called 88. The chord joining the point of commencement
1) king closer 2) mitred closer and the point of tangency is called
3) bevelled closer 4) queen closer 1) long chord
79. As per I.S.875-1964, where the access is not pro- 2) normal chord
vided, except for maintenance, live load on roofs, 3) sub-chord
while designing a truss, in respect of its plan area 4) all the above are correct
89. The slump commonly adopted for concrete for
is adopted as
road works is
1) 10 kg/m2 2) 40 kg/m2 1) 12 to 25 2) 20 to 28
2
3) 75 kg/m 4) 150 kg/m2 3) 25 to 50 4) 50 to 100
80. Coping is defined as a
1) horizontal course of masonry projecting from
90.
s
The slump commonly adopted for concrete for
columns is
n
io
the face of the wall
1) 25 to 50 2) 50 to 100
2) horizontal moulded projection provided near
the top of a building
91.
at
3) 75 to 175 4) 175 to 200
The vertical distance between the wall plate and
3) covering placed on the exposed top an external
wall
i c
top of the ridge is called _______ of roof.
4) triangular shaped portions of masonry at the
end of a sloped roof
un
1) rise
3) template
2) pitch
4) gable
81. The moulding provided under nosing to beautify
the elevation of a step of stair, is called m 92. A ridge formed by the intersection of two sloped
1) flier
3) scotia
2) soffit
4) tread
om surface an exterior angle greater than 180°, is
called
C
1) gable 2) hip
82. The horizontal upper part of a step on which foot
3) verge 4) template
is called a
is placed in ascending or descending a stairway,
i 93. Black cotton soil is not suitable for foundations
1) riser
3) flight
e d 2) tread
4) nosing
because of its
1) Low bearing capacity
83.
M
A series of steps without any platform, break or
e
lading in their direction, is called
2) Expansive nature
3) Low permeability
1) riser
3) flight
r e 2) tread
4) nosing 94.
4) High compressibility
Negative skin friction on piles dominant in
S 0
84. In the whole circle bearing system N44 -30'W will
be expressed as
1) Piles resting on hard strata
2) Friction piles in sands
1) 2240-30' 2) 3150-30' 3) Piles in black cotton soils
3) 440-30' 4) 3140-30' 4) Friction piles in soft compressible
95. Two or more footings connected by a beam is
85. Generally in bridges, rivets used are of the diam-
called
eter ranging in between
1) Strip footing 2) Strap footing
1) 12 to 16mm 2) 16 to 22 mm
3) Raft foundation 4) Grid foundation
3) 22 to 25 mm 4) 25 to 40 mm 96. Departure of a line is obtained by multiplying its
86. In the whole circle bearing system N360-45'F will length by the ____ of its reduced bearing
be expressed as 1) sine 2) cosine
1) 360-45' 2) 2160-45' 3) tangent 4) radian
3) 1430-15' 4) 3230-15' 97. The quadrantal bearing of a line is determined by
87. The following bearings were observed while a
traversing with a compass: 1) Prismatic compass
Line F.B. B.B 2) Surveyor’s compass
AB 1040 30' 2840 30' 3) Celestial observation
BC 480 0' 2260 0' 4) Level
49
98. The distance between the central lines of two 106. In an internal focussing type of telescope, the lens
rows of rivets is called : provided is
1) Pitch 2) Gauge distance 1) Concave 2) convex
3) Back pitch 4) None of the above 3) plano- convex 4) plano-concave
99. A foundation is classified as shallow, when the 107. Which of the following errors can be neutralised
depth of foundation is by setting the level midway between the two sta-
1) more than its width tions?
2) less than its length 1) error due to curvature only
3) equal to or less than its width
2) error due to refraction only
4) more than its length
3) error due to both curvature and refraction
100. In Gram Panchayat areas, the percentage to be
set a part in a layout for public purpose is
108. The sensitivity of a bubble tube can be increased
1) 1% 2) 5%
by
3) 10% 4) 15%
1) increasing the diameter of the tube
101. A Bench Mark is a
1) Reference point 2) The very first station
ns
2) decreasing the length of bubble
io
3) increasing the viscosity of liquid
3) The last station when survey closes
4) Point of known elevation
at
4) decreasing the radius of curvature of tube
109. With the rise of temperature, the sensitivity of a
102. Establishing intermediate points between
i c
bubble tube
n
terminals is done in :
1) decreases b) increases
1) Determination of undulations
2) Estimation of distance u
3) remains unaffected d) none of the above
3) Reconnaissance m 110. The maximum bearing capacity of soil is that of
4) Ranging operation
om
103. The lowest part of a structure which transmits
1) hard rocks
3) dry, coarse sandy soil
2) black cotton soil
the load to the soil is knows as
a C 4) fine sandy soil

1) Super-structure
3) foundation
di 2) plinth
4) basement
111. W hen the foundation is placed immediately
beneath the lowest part of the super-structure, it
Me
104. The minimum load which will cause failure of
a foundation is called _______ of the soil.
is called _________ foundation.
1) deep 2) shallow
e
1) ultimate tensile strength
e
3) raft 4) grillage
r
2) nominal strength
S
3) ultimate bearing power
4) ultimate compressive strength
112. when heavy structural loads from columns are
required to be transferred to a soil of low bearing
capacity, the most economical foundation is
105. If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper 1) shallow foundation
clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be 2) deep foundation
rotated 3) raft foundation
1) on its outer spindle withe a relative motion be- 4) grillage foundation
tween the vernier and graduated scale of lower 113. The center of centre spacing of lateral
plate reinforcement in pre-cast reinforced concrete
2) on its outer spindle without a relative motion piles should not exceed ______ the least width
between the vernier and the graduated scale of of the pile.
lower plate 1) half 2) equal to
3) on its inner spindle with a relative motion be- 3) double 4) three times
tween ithe vernier and the graduated scale of 114. The minimum covering of the reinforcement for
lower plate the pre-cast reinforced piles used in seawater,
4) on its inner spindle without a relative motion is
between the vernier and the graduated scale of 1) 40 mm 2) 55 mm
lower plate 3) 75 mm 4) 100 mm
50
115. In brick masonry, for good bonding 123. The magnetic bearing of a line is 32° and the
1) all bricks need not be uniform in size magnetic declination is 10°25'W the true bearing
is
2) bats must be used in alternative courses only
1) 21° 15' 2) 42°15'
3) vertical joints in alternate courses should fall 3) 42°15'w 4) 21° 45'W
in plumb 124. Length of line measured with 20m chain was
4) cement mortar used must have surkhi as found to be 634.4m. If the chain was 5 cm too
additive long, throughout the measurement, then the
116. King closers are related to length of the line is
1) king post truss 2) queen post truss 1) 635.990m 2) 635.986m
3) brick masonry 4) doors and windows 3) 632.818m 4) 632.814m
117. Cornice is defined as 125. A survey line BAC crosses a river, A and C being
1) horizontal course of masonry projecting from on the near and distant banks respectivly.
the face of the wall Standing at D, a points measured
2) horizontal moulded projection provided near perpendicularly to AB from A, The bearings of C
the top of a building
3) covering placed on the exposed top an external
ns
and B are 320° and 230° respectively, AB beings
25m. The width of the river i s 'm' is
io
wall 1) 50 2) 25
4) triangular shaped portions of masonry at the 3) 75
at 4) 100
c
end of a sloped roof C
118. A temporary structure constructed in a river for
ni
u
excluding water from a given site to enable the River
building operation to be performed on dry surface,
is called
m A D
1) caisson
3) well foundation
2) cofferdam
4) raft foundation
om B
C
119. When the depth of water is from 4.5 to 6 m, the
a
126. To avoid tearing of the plate between the rivet hole
and the edge of the plate. The distance between
d
1) earthen cofferdami
type of coefferdam used is
the center of the rivet and the nearest edge of the
Me
2) rockfill cofferdam
3) single-walled cofferdam
plate, should be atleast
1) 3 x diameter of the rivet
ee
4) double walled cofferdam
120. Frog is defined as
S r
a) depression on the top face of a brick
b) topmost course of plinth
4) 1.5 x diameter of the rivet
127. If n rivets are covered per pitch length in a lap
joint, then the shearing strength per pitch length
c) brick whose one end is cut splayed or mitred will be
for the full width d2 d2
d) brick used for the corner of a wall 1) f s  n   2) f s  
4 4
121. The cavity wall is generally provided for
1) preventing dampness d2
3) 2 f s   4) 2 f s  n  d
2) heat insulation 4
3) sound insulation 4) all of these 128. In a butt joint, if n rivets are covered per pitch length,
122. ABCD is a rectangular plot, the bearing of line then the shearing strength per pitch length will
AB is 75°, what is the bearing of line CD be
A B d2 d2
1) f s  n  2) f s 
4 4
d2
D C 3) 2 f s  n  d 4) 2 f s  n 
4
1) 75° 2) 255° 129. The safe tensile load that the plates can with-
3) 105° 4) 285° stand for one pitch length is called the tearing
51
strength. If ft=safe tensile stress in the plates, 138. The frog of the brick must be kept _____ while
t=thickness of plate, d=dia of rivet and p=pitch laying bricks in a wall.
length, then 1) downward 2) upward
1) pt  ft ( p  d )t 2) pt  ft  p  t 3) left side 4) right side
139. Generally in Railway, the degree of curve means
d2
3) pt  ft  d  t 4) pt  ft  t central angle of the curve, subtended by
4
1) a chord of 30m length
130. The diameter of rivet head is ...... times the diam- 2) an arc of 30m length
eter of the body of rivet 3) a chord of 100m length
1) 1.5 2) 1.6 4) an arc of 100 m length
3) 1.8 4) 2.0 140. A 10 curve will have a radius of
131. As per I.S. 800-1974, the axial stress on gross 1) 573 ft. 2) 1718.9m
area of rivets in tension should be 3) 573m 4) 859.45m
1) shop rivets 785 kg/cm2 141. Which of the following statement is correct?
2) field rivets 630 kg/cm2
s
1) the cavity should start near the ground level
n
2) the cavity should terminate near eaves level
io
4) shop rivets 2360/cm2 in case of sloping roof
132. The pitch of stair should never exceed
1) 20° 2) 25°
at
3) the cavity should terminate near coping in case
of flat roof with parapet wall
3) 30° 4) 40°
i c
4) all of the above
133. In a Raymond pile
1) the length varies from 6 to 12 m
un
142. In a public building, the stairs should be located
near the _____ of building.
2) the diameter at the top varies from 400 to 600
m 1) entrance 2) centre
m
mm and the diameter at the base varies from 3) end 4) toilet
200 to 280 mm
C o
3) the thickness of the outer shell depends upon
143. The cement which is commonly used in all types
of structures and require no special
consideration, is called
ia
the pile diameter and site conditions
1) rapid hardening cement
4) all of the above
e d
134. If the length of an arc or chord in a curve is 30m,
2) normal setting cement
3) quick setting cement
e M
then the relation between radius of the curve and
degree of the curve will be
4) white cement
144. The following consecutive readings were taken
1) R=573/D0
r
3) R=1718.9xD0 e 2) R=1146/D0
4) R=1718.9/D0
with a dumpy level and a 3 m staff on a
S
135. When the pile is required to penetrate beds of
hard soil or soft rock to reach its required depth,
contiguously slopping ground
0.425,1.035,1.950, 2.360, 2.950, 0.750,1.565,
2.450, 0.320,1.025, 2.165, 2.955
the best method of driving the pile is by
Which of the following readings are back sights?
1) drop hammer 2) steam hammer 1) 0.425, 2.950, 0.750, 0.320
3) water jets 4) boring 2) 0.425, 0.750, 0.320, 2.955
136. Generally in road curves, the degree of curve 3) 0.425, 0.750, 0.320
means central angle of the curve subtended by 4) 0.425, 2.360, 0.750, 0.320
1) a chord of 30m length 145. A source of local alteration for prismatic compass
2) an arc of 30m length is....
3) a chord of 100m length 1) wooden pole 2) masonry well
4) an arc of 100 m length 3) keys 4) mallet
137. The most important purpose of frog in a brick is 146. Junction chamber is provided where sewers
to intersect with horizontal angles between their
1) emboss manufacture's name axes less than ____, so that ordinary type of
2) reduce the weight of brick junction is difficult to be constructed
3) form keyed joint between brick and mortar 1) 900 2) 600
4) improve insulation by providing 'hollows' 3) 450 4) 300
52
147. Efficiency of a riveted joint is: 148. Diameter of truss rivet is:
Strength of the solid plate 1) 10 t 2) 8 t

1)
Strength of the riveted plate 3) 6 t 4) 4 t
Strength of the riveted plate Jo int 149. As per I.S.816-1961, the minimum size of
2) single run fillet weld for a plate of thickness
Strength of thesolid plate
10mm. or less than 10 mm should be
Strength of the plate 1) 3 mm 2) 7 mm
3) 3) 14 mm 4) 5 mm
Strength of the rivet
150. The tangent drawn at the end of a curve is
Strength of the rivet called
4) 1) back tangent 2) forward tangent
Strength of the plate
3) tangent distance 4) long chord
n s
ANSWERS tio
1. 1 2. 4 3. 3 4. 3 5. 2 6. 1
a 9. 1
7.i3c 8. 2 10. 2
16. 3 n
11. 3 12. 4 13. 1 14. 3 15. 3
u 17. 1 18. 1 19. 1 20. 4
21. 2 22. 4 23. 2 24. 3 25. 2
m3 37. 3 38. 2 39. 1
26. 2 27. 4 28. 1 29. 1 30. 2
41. 2 42. 4 43. 4 44. 2 45. 1 m

31. 2 32. 2 33. 2 34. 3 35. 2 36. 40. 1
51. 1 52. 1 53. 4 54. 2 C

o
55. 2
46. 2 47. 4 48. 3 49. 4
56. 2 57. 2 58. 1 59. 4
50. 4
60. 4
61. 1 62. 3 63. 2 64. 2a 65. 3
71. 1 72. 3 73. 3 74. d i1 75. 2
66 .3 67. 1 68. 1 69. 2
76. 3 77. 1 78. 4 79. 3
70. 3
80. 3
81. 3 82. 2 83. 3 e84. 2 85. 3 86. 1 87. 3 88. 1 89. 2 90. 3
91. 1 92. 2 93.
101. 1 102. 1 e
M 1 94. 4 95. 3 96. 1 97. 2 98. 2 99. 1 100. 2
r
111. 2 112. e
4
103. 3 104. 3 105. 3 106. 1 107. 3 108. 1 109. 1
113. 1 114. 2 115. 3 116. 3 117. 2 118. 2 119. 3
110. 1
120. 1
S 2 123. 1 124. 2 125. 4 126. 2 127. 1 128. 4 129. 1
121. 4 122. 130. 2
131. 1 132. 4 133. 4 134. 4 135. 4 136. 1 137. 3 138. 2 139. 2 140. 2
141. 4 142. 1 143. 2 144. 3 145. 3 146. 4 147. 2 148. 3 149. 1 150. 2
53
IS CODES FOR ENGG. DRAWINGS
Technical drawings in general
ISO 128-20:1996 Technical drawings — General principles of presentation — Part 20: Basic
conventions for lines
ISO 128-21:1997 Technical drawings — General principles of presentation — Part 21:
Preparation of lines by CAD systems
ISO 128-22:1999 Technical drawings — General principles of presentation — Part 22: Basic
conventions and applications for leader lines and reference lines
Lines on construction drawings
Lines on mechanical engineering drawings
ns
io
ISO 128-30:2001
Lines on shipbuilding drawings
at
Technical drawings — General principles of presentation — Part 30:
Basic conventions for views
i c
ISO 128-34:2001
n
u
Views on mechanical engineering drawings
ISO 128-40:2001
m
Basic conventions for cuts and sections
ISO 128-44:2001
om
Sections on mechanical engineering drawings
ISO 128-50:2001 C
a
ISO 129:1985
diBasic conventions for representing areas on cuts and sections
Technical drawings — Dimensioning — General principles,
ISO 406:1987
Me definitions, methods of execution and special indications
Technical drawings — Tolerancing of linear and angular dimensions
ISO 2553:1992
ee Welded, brazed and soldered joints — Symbolic representation on
S r
ISO 3098-0:1997
drawings
Technical product documentation — Lettering — Part 0: General
requirements
ISO 3098-2:2000 Technical product documentation — Lettering — Part 2: Latin alphabet,
numerals and marks
ISO 3098-3:2000 Technical product documentation — Lettering — Part 3: Greek alphabet
ISO 3098-4:2000 Technical product documentation — Lettering — Part 4: Diacritical and
particular marks for the Latin alphabet
ISO 3098-5:1997 Technical product documentation — Lettering — Part 5: CAD lettering of
the Latin alphabet, numerals and marks
ISO 3098-6:2000 Technical product documentation — Lettering — Part 6: Cyrillic alphabet
ISO 3272-1:1983 Microfilming of technical drawings and other drawing office documents —
Part 1: Operating procedures
Part 2: Quality criteria and control of 35 mm silver gelatin microfilms
Part 3: Aperture card for 35 mm microfilm
54
Part 4: Microfilming of drawings of special and exceptional elongated
sizes
Part 5: Test procedures for diazo duplicating of microfilm images in
aperture cards
Part 6: Quality criteria and control of systems for enlargements from
35 mm microfilm
ISO 5261:1995 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of bars and profile
sections
ISO 5455:1979 Technical drawings — Scales
ISO 5456-1:1996 Technical drawings — Projection methods — Part 1: Synopsis
ISO 5456-2:1996 Technical drawings — Projection methods — Part 2: Orthographic
representations
ns
ISO 5456-3:1996
io
Technical drawings — Projection methods — Part 3: Axonometric
representations
t
ISO 5456-4:1996
ca
Technical drawings — Projection methods — Part 4: Central projection
i
ISO 5457:1999
ISO 6412-1:1989
un
Technical product documentation — Sizes and layout of drawing sheets
Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines — Part 1:
ISO 6412-2:1989 m
General rules and orthogonal representation
om
Isometric projection
ISO 6412-3:1993
C
a
Terminal features of ventilation and drainage systems
ISO 6413:1988
diTechnical drawings — Representation of splines and serrations
ISO 6428:1982
ISO 6433:1981
Me Technical drawings — Requirements for microcopying
Technical drawings — Item references
ISO 7200:1984
ISO 7573:1983
ee Technical drawings — Title blocks
Technical drawings — Item lists
S r
ISO 12753-1:1999
ISO 12753-2:1999
Compasses — Part 1: Nomenclature, illustrations and equivalent terms
Compasses — Part 2: Requirements, designation and marking
ISO 10209-1:1992 Technical product documentation — Vocabulary — Part 1: Terms relating
to technical drawings: general and types of drawings
to projection methods
to construction documentation
ISO/TR 10623:1991 Technical product documentation — Requirements for computer-aided
design and draughting — Vocabulary
ISO 11442-1:1993 Technical product documentation — Handling of computer-based technical
information — Part 1: Security requirements
information — Part 2: Original documentation
information — Part 3: Phases in the product design process
55
information — Part 4: Document management and retrieval systems
information — Part 5: Documentation in the conceptual design stage of
the development phase
ISO 13567-1:1998 Technical product documentation — Organization and naming of layers for
CAD — Part 1: Overview and principles
ISO 13567-2:1998 Technical product documentation — Organization and naming of layers for
CAD — Part 2: Concepts, format and codes used in construction
documentation
ISO/TR 13567-3:1999 Technical product documentation — Organization and naming of layers for
CAD — Part 3: Application of ISO 13567-1 and ISO 13567-2
ISO 14985:1999 Hard-copy output of engineering drawings — Specification for the structure
of control files
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
ns
ISO 3766:1995
tio
Construction drawings — Simplified representation of concrete
ISO 4066:1994
reinforcement
i ca
Construction drawings — Bar scheduling
ISO 4069:1977
n
Building and civil engineering drawings — Representation of areas on
u
sections and views — General principles
ISO 4157-1:1998
m
Construction drawings — Designation systems — Part 1: Buildings and
parts of buildings
ISO 4157-2:1998
om
Construction drawings — Designation systems — Part 2: Room names
ISO 4157-3:1998
a
and numbers
C
Construction drawings — Designation systems — Part 3: Room identifiers
ISO 4172:1991
di Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Drawings for the
ISO 6284:1996
ISO 7437:1990 Me assembly of prefabricated structures
Construction drawings — Indication of limit deviations
Technical drawings — Construction drawings — General rules for
ee execution of production drawings for prefabricated structural components
S r
ISO 7518:1983 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Simplified representation
of demolition and rebuilding
ISO 7519:1991 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — General principles of
presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings
ISO 8048:1984 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Representation of views,
sections and cuts
ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Representation of
modular sizes, lines and grids
ISO 9431:1990 Construction drawings — Spaces for drawing and for text, and title blocks
on drawing sheets
ISO/TR 10127:1990 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Technique — Use of computers for the
preparation of construction drawings
ISO 10135:1994 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of moulded, cast and
forged parts
ISO 11091:1994 Construction drawings — Landscape drawing practice Part 4 : Drawing
equipment
ISO 9175-1:1988 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper
— Part 1: Definitions, dimensions, designation and marking
56
ISO 9175-2:1988 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper
— Part 2: Performance, test parameters and test conditions
ISO 9176:1988 Tubular technical pens — Adaptor for compasses
ISO 9177-1:1989 Mechanical pencils — Part 1: Classification, dimensions, performance
requirements and testing
ISO 9177-2:1989 Mechanical pencils — Part 2: Black leads — Classification and
dimensions
ISO 9177-3:1994 Mechanical pencils — Part 3: Black leads — Bending strengths of HB
leads
ISO 9178-1:1988 Templates for lettering and symbols — Part 1: General principles and
identification markings
ISO 9178-2:1988 Templates for lettering and symbols — Part 2: Slot widths for wood-cased
pencils, clutch pencils and fine-lead pencils
ISO 9178-3:1989 Templates for lettering and symbols — Part 3: Slot widths for technical
ISO 9180:1988 ns
pens with tubular tips in accordance with ISO 9175-1
Black leads for wood-cased pencils — Classification and diameters
ISO 9957-1:1992
tio
Fluid draughting media — Part 1: Water-based India ink — Requirements
ISO 9957-2:1995
and test conditions
i ca
Fluid draughting media — Part 2: Water-based non-India ink —
ISO 9957-3:1997
Requirements and test conditions
un
Fluid draughting media — Part 3: Water-based coloured draughting inks
ISO 9958-1:1992 m
— Requirements and test conditions
Draughting media for technical drawings — Draughting film with polyester
m
base — Part 1: Requirements and marking
o
ISO 9958-2:1992
C
Draughting media for technical drawings — Draughting film with polyester
base — Part 2: Determination of properties
a
ISO 9959-1:1992
diNumerically controlled draughting machines — Drawing test for the
evaluation of performance — Part 1: Vector plotters
ISO 9959-2:1999
Me Numerically controlled draughting machines — Draughting test for
evaluation of performance — Part 2: Monochrome raster plotters
ISO 9960-1:1992
ee Draughting instruments with or without graduation — Part 1: Draughting
S r
ISO 9960-2:1994
scale rules
Draughting instruments with or without graduation — Part 2: Protractors
ISO 9960-3:1994 Draughting instruments with or without graduation — Part 3: Set squares
ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings — Natural tracing paper
ISO 9962-1:1992 Manually operated draughting machines — Part 1: Definitions,
classification and designation
ISO 9962-2:1992 Manually operated draughting machines — Part 2: Characteristics,
performance, inspection and marking
ISO 9962-3:1994 Manually operated draughting machines — Part 3: Dimensions of scale
rule chuck plates
ISO 12756:1998 Drawing and writing instruments — Ball point pens and roller ball pens —
Vocabulary
ISO 12757-2:1998 Ball point pens and refills — Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)
ISO 14145-2:1998 Roller ball pens and refills — Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)
ISO 16018:1999 Technical drawings — Numerically controlled draughting machines —
Draughting media and tools for vector plotters
57
Lettering(IS: 9609-1990) Table -1
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other  h

important particular on a drawing is called lettering. It LETTERING A d = 
is an important part of a drawing. However accurate
 10 
and near a drawing may be drawn. Its appearance is
spoiled and sometimes, its usefulness is impaired characteristic Ratio Dimensions (mm)
by poor lettering. Lettering should, therefore, be done.
Lettering height (14/14)h 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
properly in clear, legible and uniform style. It should
Height of capitals h
be in plain and simple style so that it could be done
freehand and speedily. Height of lower- case (10/14)h - 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14
Note : use of drawing instruments in letterig letters c
takes considerable time and hence. It should be spacing between (2/14) h 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.8
chracters a
avoided. Efficiency in the art of lettering can be achieved
minimum spacing of (20/14)h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28
by careful and continuous practice.
Single-stroke letter:
base liens b
ns
minimum spacing be- (6/14) h 1.05 1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4
io
tween words e
The Bureau of Indian standards (IS : 9609 -
1990) recommends single-stroke lettering for use in
engineering drawing. These are the simplest forms
at
Thickness of lines d
(1/14) h 0.18 0.250.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4
of letters and are usaully employed in most of the en-

i c Table -2
gineering drawings.
The word single-stroke should not be taken
un LETTERING A
 h
d = 
to mean that the letter should be made in one stroke
without lifting the pencil. m  10 
m
It actually means that the thickness of the line
o
of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke
characteristic Ratio Dimensions (mm)
C
of the pencil. The horizontal lines of letters should be
a
Lettering height
Height of capitals h
(10/10)h 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
from top to bottoms.

di
drawn form left to right and vertical or inclined lines,
Height of lower- case (7/0)h - 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14
(i) vertical and

Me
Single-stroke letters are of two types; letters
spacing
c
between (2/10) h 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.8 4
e
(ii) inclined. chracters a
e
minimum spacing of (14/10)h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28
Inclined letters lean to the right, the slopw
r
being 75° with the horizontal. The size of a letter is
S
described by its height. According to the height of let-
base liens
tween words
b
minimum spacing be- (6/10)
e
1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4 12
ters, they are classified as :

Thickness of lines d
(i) Lettering 'A' (refer to table 1) (1/10) h 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2
(ii) Lettering 'B' (refer to table 2)
In lettering 'A' type, the height of the capital
letter is divided into 14 parts, while in lettering 'B' type The lower-case letters are usually used in
it is divided into 10 parts. The height of the letters and architectural drawings. vertical and inclined lower-
numerals for engineering drawing can be selected case aophabets are respectively the width of the ma-
from 2.5, 3.5, 5,7,10, 14 and 20mm according to the jority of letters is equal to the height.
size of drawing. The ratio of height to width varies but All letters should be uniform in shape, slope,
in case of most of the letters it is 6:5.
size, shade and spacing. The shape and slope of ev-
Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
ery letter should be uniform throughout a drawing. For
Different sizes of letters are used for different pur-
poses. The main titles are generally written in 6mm maintaining uniformly in size, thin and light guide-lines
size, sub-titles in 3mm to 6mm size, while notes, di- may first be drawn, and lettering may then be done
mension figures etc. in 3mm to 5mm size. between them. The shade of every letter must be the
The drawing number in the title block is writ- same as that of the outlines of drawings, i.e. intensely
ten in numerals of 10mm to 12mm size. balck.
58
Therefour, H or HB grade of pencil is recom- ings of small machine parts, mathematical instru-
mended for this purpose. The spacig between two ments, watches etc. are made larger than their real
letters should bot necessarily be equal. be equal. The size. These are said to be drawn on an enlargeing
letters should be so spaced that they do not appear scale (5:1). The scales can be expressed in the fol-
too close together or too much apart. lowing three ways:
Judging by the eye, the back ground areas
Engineer's scale:
between the letters should be kept approximately
In this case,the relation between the dimen-
equal. The distance between the words must be uni-
sion on the drawing and the actual dimension of the
form and at least equal to the height of the letters.
object is mentioned numerically in the style as 10mm
Lettering should be so done place below but = 5m etc.
not too close to the respective views. lettering, except
Graphical scale:
the dimension figures, should be underlined t make
The scale is drawn on the drawing itself. As the
them more prominent.
drawing becomes old, the engineer's scale may shrink
Gothic letters:
ns
and may not give accurate results.
io
Stems of single-stroke letters, if given more Representative Fraction:
thickness, form what are known is gothic letters. These
at
The ratio of the length of the drawing to the ac-
c
are mostly used for main titles of ink-drawings. The tual length of the object represented is called the rep-
outlines of the letters are first drawn with the aid of
ni
resentative fraction.
instruments and then filled-in with ink. The thickness
of the stem may vary from 1/5 to 1/10 of the height of u
Types of scales:
m
the letters in gothic with thickness equal to 1/7 of the
The scales used in practice are classified as under:
height.
om (i) Plain scales
(ii) Diagonal scales
Scales:
a C (iii) Comparative scales

(iv) Vernier scales
di
The scales generally used for general engineer-
ing drwings are given below[SP : 46 (1981)].
(v) Scale of chrods
Reducing scales
Me
1 :2
1 : 20
1 :5
1 : 50
1 : 10
1 : 100
Plain scales :
A plain scale consists of a line divided into suit-
ee 1 : 200 1 : 500 1 : 1000 able number of equal parts or units, the first of which
r 1 : 2000 1 : 5000 1 : 10000 is sub-divided into smaller parts. Plain scales repre-
S
Enlarging scale 50:1
5:1
20:1
2:1
10: 1
sent either two units or a unit and its sub-divison.
In every scale
(i)The zero should be placed at the end of the first
Full size scales 1: 1
main division, i.e. between the unit and its sub-divi-
sions.
All these scales are usually 300mm long and
(ii)From the zero mark, the units should be numbered
sub-divided throughout their lengths. The scale is in- to the right and its sub-divisons to the left.
dicated on the drawing at a suitable place near the (iii)The names of the units and the sub-divisions
title. The complete designation of a scale consists of should be stated clearly below or at the respective
word scale followed by the ratio, i.e. scale 1:1 or ends.
scale,full size. (iv)The name of the scale (e.g. scale, 1:10) or its R.F.
It may not be always possible to prepare full - should be mentioned below the scale.
size drawings. They are,therefore, drawn Diagonal scales :
propotionately smaller or larger. when drawings are A diagonal scale is used when very minute dis-
drawn smaller than the actul size of the objects ( as in tances such as 0.1mm etc. are to be accurately or
cse of buildings, bridges, large machines etc.) the when measurements are required in three units; for
scale used is said to be a reducing scale(1:5). Draw- example, dm, cm and mm, or yard, foot and inch.
59
Comparative scales:
Scales having same representative fraction but
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS
graduated to read different units are called compara-
tive scales. A drawing drawn with a scale reading inch AND SYMBOLS
units can be read in metric units by means of a metric
comparative scale, constructed with the same repre- Conventional signs are used to represent the
sentative fraction. comparative scales may be plain particular item like stone masonary, brick masonary,
scales or diagonal scales and may be constructed
separately or one above the other. concrete etc in the section of drawing. (i.e.,) when the
Vernier scales: materials are cut by any imaginary plane. Conventional
Vernier scales, like diagonal scales, are used
symbols are provided to indicate doors, windows, their
to read to a very small unit with great accuracy. A ver-
nier scale consists of two parts- a primary scale and fixing, movement of shutters. When they are cloud or
a vernier. the primary scale is a plain scale fully di-
vided into minor divisions. As it would be difficult to
ns
opened, various water supply and sanitary fixtures like
io
sub-divide the minor divisons in the ordinary way, it is tap, wash basin, W.C., urinals, Kitchen sink, shower
done with the help of the vernier. The graduations on
the veriner are derived from those on the primary scale.
at
etc, symbols are used to indicate the position of elec-
Scale of chrods:
i c
trical fittings like lamp, switch, power socket, fan etc.
The scale of chords is used to set out or mea-
sure angles when a protractor is not available. It is un
To indicate positions of furniture on drawing room,
based on the lengths of chrods of different angles m bedroom, suitable symbols are used.
measured on the same arc and is constructed.
Orthographic projection: om The Bureau of Indian standards (B.I.S) has rec-
a C
when the projectors are parallel to each other ommended the conventional signs and symbols for
di
and also perpendicular to the plane, the projection is the following purposes.
e
called orthographic projection.
step 1: Imagine that a person looks at the block from a
M
theoretically infinite distance, so that the rays of sight
1. Avoid confusion and to understand the drawings
ee
from his eyes are parallel to one another and perpen-
2. Save the time in making out various details in
S r
dicular to the front surface the view of this block wil be
the shaded figure, showing the front surface of the
the drawing
3. Identify the various details of materials, Electrical

object in its true shape and proportion.
step 2: If these rays of sight are extended further to fixtures, water supply and sanitary fittings,
meet perpenducularly a vertical plane (marked V.P)
set up behind the block Position of furniture’s etc.
step 3: The points at which they meet the plane are 4. To prevent any dispute between contractor and
joined in proper sequence, the resulting figure will
also be exactly similar to the front surface and this is owner in the actual construction of the structure.
known as an elevation or front-view. This figure us the
The conventional signs for civil engg. materials
projection of the block. The lies from the block to the
plane are the projectors. As the projectors are perpen- as shown next page.
dicular to the plane on which the projection is obtained,
it is the orthographic projection. It shows only two
dimensions of the block viz. the height H and the width
W. It does not show the thickness. Thus, we find that
only one projection is insufficient for complete descrip-
tion of the block.
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84
BUILDING DRAWING wall, lintels, sunshades, portico and other details. All
these details are required to calculate the quantities
A building may be residential or public build-
of items of work and to execute the process of con-
ing. The plan, section along given vertical plane and
struction.
elevation gives the details of building.
ELEVATION:
Plan:
Elevation or front view is the outward view of a
Plan of building represents a horizontal sec-
completed building along any side of the building.
tion of building at given height seen from top. It is a
When a building is seen by standing in front of it, the
general conventional to imagine that the building has
view that can be viewed is known as front elevation.
been cut down by a horizontal plane at the sill level of
Similarly backside view is called rear elevation or from
the window and is seen from the top after removal of
any side of it which is known as side elevation.
so cutpart. The plan shows the arrangement of rooms,
(i) Development of plan:
varandah or corrider, position of door, and window and
The plan should be drawn at the bottom por-
other openings along with their respective sizes. The
dimension of the room indicated as Breath x Length In s
tion on left side of drawing sheet. To start with, ex-
n
io
the case of Varandah’s, the given dimension upto the treme left hand corner of the building should be taken
end of Varandah retaining wall and the position of
beams, sunshades, portico, ventilators which are
at
and thickness of walls, length of walls along length
wise (vertical lines) and breadth wise (horizontal lines)
above sill level of window are shown with dotted or
i c
shall be drawn with a light pencil in order to complete
broken lines. Line diagram is the sketch generally not
drawn to particular scale also known as line sketch.
un
in all respects by drawing cross-walls to show the
position of doors, windows etc. Dimensions are shown
The relative positions of all elements like rooms,
m in each room, width of wall etc and plan can obtained
doors, windows are clearly shown inside to inside.
om
From the given specifications, the thickness of wall in
by accurate with sharp pencil lines.
(ii) Development of section:
C
super structure shall be taken to draw the fully dimen-
a
The sectional view is drawn on the top right
Section :
di
sioned plan to a convenient scale. side of drawing sheet. The view shall be started from
starting point of the section line and the horizontal di-
Me
Section is also known as vertical section and
sectional elevation or cross section. It is imagined
mensions along the section are represented in se-
quence in developing the sectional elevation The sec-
e
that a finished buildings is cut vertically along a line so
e
tion of walls from bottom to top, position of doors, win-
dows that are viewed shall be drawn. From the given
S r
that the building is separated into two portions along
the imagined vertical plane right from top of the build-
ing to the lowest part of foundation. The view that can
specifications, the foundation details, flooring details,
roofing details are neatly drawn and such information
be seen while travelling along this imaginary vertical is to be mentioned in the section. But the different
plane when looking towards left is drawn to the same materials used in the construction shall be indicated
scale as that adopted for the plan. The line, which is by drawing the respective conventional signs.
drawn on the plan to indicate the section, is called (iii) Development of Elevation:
sectional line and represented by A-B or X-X. The ar- The elevation is obtained by projecting the de-
row heads shall be marked to indicate the way in which tails from the plan vertically upwards and projecting
the sectional view is to be drawn. In some cases off- details from the section horizontally towards left side.
set is given to indicate the necessary details, but the The intersection of these projections from plan and
section help to draw the elevation. Hence the eleva-
offset is only to shift the vertical plane from one posi-
tion shall be exactly above the top of the plan and is
tion to another position as shown below.
accomated in the top left side of the drawing sheet.
The necessity of the section is to indicate all
The first projection line shall be from plinth off-
the vertical dimensions like, foundation details, base- set. The projections from sunshades, super structure
ment, details of flooring, height of super structure, sizes walls and to end points for doors, windows shall be
of doors, windows, almairahs, cupboards, other open- made both from plan and section to show the detailed
ings, thickness of roofing, width and depth of parapet drawing.
85
the street, close to the boundary wall in an accessible
DETAILED DRAWINGS OF position in a suitable masionary chamber. It controls
WATER SUPPLY AND the supply to the building from the water main
(ii) Ferrule:
Ferrule is a right angled sleeve made of brass
DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS or gun metal. It is jointed to an opening drilled in the
TO BUILDING water main to which it is screwed down with a plug
and then connected to a goose neck or communica-
GENERAL :
tion pipe. The Ferrule is usually made in a size varying
For understanding of the principles and prac- from 10 to 50mm diameter
tices of water supply arrangements in building is es- (iii) Goose week:
sential for their correct installation, operation and effi- It is flexible curved pipe about 75cm in length
cient functioning. The definitions of the following terms . It forms a flexible connections between the water
should know. main and sevice pipe to expansion and contraction of
1. Residual head or available head:
It is the pressure head available at any par-
ns
the service pipe and also due to small earth move-
ments and vibrations
ticular point in the distribution system.
2. Plumbing System:
tio
It is the entire system of pipes fixtures, appli-
ances etc for providing water supply and drainage to
i a
DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS TO BUILDING:
c
The wastewater coming from Kitchens, Bath-
building.
3. Water main or street main:
n
rooms, water Closets, Urinals etc has to be properly
u
drained in order to maintain healthy environment. If
This is the water supply pipe for public or

m the waste water is not drained, it leads to stagnation
community use and maintained by local or adminis-

trative authority.
om in and around the building causing nuisance.
Requirements of good drainage system in

4. Service pipe :
a C buildings:
di
Any pipe used for conveying water from water
main to any building or premises and it is subjected to
1. The foul matter should be quickly removed away
from the sanitary fixtures
pipe.
Me
water pressure from the water main is called service
2. The drainage system should be able to prevent
the entry of gases, vermin etc from the sewers into
ee
5. Communication pipe:
the buildings
S r
The part of the service pipe, extending from
the water main upto and including the stop cock, which
is under control of the authority is called communica-
3. The drainage pipes should be strong and durable
4. The pipes and joints should be air tight to prevent
tion pipe. any leakage of waste water or gases
6. Supply pipe: 5. The network of pipes should have sufficient ac-
The pipe which extends from the stop cock cessibility for inspection, cleaning and removing
upto the ball cock or entrance of the storage tank if any obstructions
and subjected to water pressure from the water main 6. The levels of building, sewer and other points of
is called supply pipe and it is under the control of con-
outlet should be fixed accurately
sumer.
7. The pipes should be of non-absorbent material
7. Distribution pipe:
8. The branch drains should be as short as possible
it is the pipe connecting the storage tank to
9. The drains should not pass near or under the trees
the various sanitary fixtures, taps etc for the purpose
of distribution of water inside the building to avoid the damage of pipes by the roots
8. Water supply fittings 10. As far as possible drains should not pass under
(i) Stop Cock: building
Stop cock is a control value fixed by the au- 11. The drains should be provided with proper ventila-
thority at the end of communication pipe. It is fixed in tion to avoid air locks syphonage
86
The following pipes are used in drainage arrange- 9. Traps are required for very sanitary fixture and they
ments of a building should be as close to the fixtures as possible.
1. Soil pipe (SP): The soil pipes are those connected
Sanitary Fittings:
to water closets and through which liquid waste
including human excreta flows. These are the receptacles, devices or appli-
2. Waste pipe (WP): The pipe carrying liquid waste ances required for the efficient collection and removal
from kitchens, bathrooms, wash basins etc which of waste water from the building. The sanitary fittings
doesnot contain human excreta is called waste used in the drainage system of buildings include traps,
pipe. water closets, flushing cisterns, urinals, inspection
3. Vent pipe (VP) : Ventilating pipe is one which en- chambers, wash basins, sinks, bathtabs etc.
ables the foul gases produced in pipes to escape
into the atmosphere MANHOLE:
4. Anti syphonage pipe: Antisyphonage pipe prevents
A manhole is an opening by which a person
the self or induced syphonage action. If
can reach a drain, a sewer or other closed structure
synphonage takes place, the water seals of traps
for the purpose of inspection, cleaning and other main-
are sucked and give way for the entry of foul gases
into the buiding through fittings, causing nuisance. tenance operations and the opening is provided with
The following points should be considered in suitable cover at top. Manholes are provided at every
planning the layout of drainage connections to the vari- change of alignment, every change of gradient, every
ous sanitary fittings junction of two or more sewers; head of all sewers or
1. The layout should be simple and direct. branches and wherever there is change in size of sew-
2. Designed slope should be maintained. ers. As per IS: 4111-1967 covers the requirements of
3. Concrete pads should be provided to support the design considerations, construction; safety measures
pipes laid on the earthfull. to be adopted for manholes. At manholes the sewer is
4. Only sanitary tees and quarter bends are used for ended and an open channel is provided through which
a change of pipe from horizontal to vertical. the sewage flows.
5. Manholes should be provided at all points of inter-
Manhole has two parts
section of pipes.
1. Manhole chamber
6. All soil pipes, waste pipes and ventilating pipes
2. Access shaft.
may be conviently grouped in shafts or ducts for
Manhole chamber provides working space for
easy inspection or maintenance.
7. All surface pipes should have minimum clear dis- inspection, testing or clearance of obstruction. The
tance of 5 cm from the wall. access shaft is the vertical passage to the manhole
8. The waste pipes should be separated from house chamber. In very large sewers where a man can stand
drain by means of gully traps to prevent the entry conveniently; the manhole chamber may be avoided
of foul gases, vermin etc into the building. and the sewer is connected by access shaft.
11. Jamb: The vertical sides of a finished opening
Stone Masonry for the door, window of fire place etc. are known
as jambs.
The term masonry is used to indicate the art of 12. Reveal: The exposed vertical surface left on the
building the structures in either stones or bricks. sides of an opening after the door or window
The former type is called stone masonry and the frame has been fitted in position, are known as
latter type is called brick masonry. Some reveals.
important technical terms used in masonry are 13. Corbel: A projecting stone which is usually
is follows: provided to serve as support for joist, roof truss,
1. Course: A horizontal layer of stones or bricks is weather shed etc., is known as corbel. The corbel
known as course. Its thickness is generally should extend atleast two-third of their length
equal to the thickness of a stone or a brick plus into the wall.
the thickness of one mortar joint. 14. Cornice: A horizontal moulded projection
2. Header: A full stone unit or brick laid with its provided near the top of a building, is called
length perpendicular to the face of the wall, is
known as stretcher
cornice.
ns
15. Coping: A covering of stone, concrete, brick of
3. Stretcher: A full stone unit or brick laid wit its
length parallel to the face of the wall, is known io
terracota placed on the exposed top of and
t
as stretcher.
4. Quoin: The exterior angle or corner of a wall is
i a
external wall.
c
16. Blocking course: A course of stone masonry
known as stretcher
5. Hearting: The inner portion of the wall between
n
provided immediately above the cornice, is called
u
blocking course.
the facing and backing is known as heating.

m 17. Frieze: A course of stone provided immediately
below the cornice, is called frieze.
6. Closer: The portion of a brick cut in such a way
that its one long face remains uncut, is known
om 18. Gable: A triangular shaped portion of masonry
at the end of a sloped roof, is called gable.
a C
as closer. thus closer is a header of small width. 19. Lacing course: A horizontal course of stone
di
A brick which is cut in such a way that the width
of its one end is half that of a full brick, is called
blocks provided to strengthen a wall made of
irregular courses of small stones, is called lacing
king closer.
Me
A brick which is half as wide as the full brick, is
course.
20. Spalls: The chips or small pieces of stones
ee
known as queen closer. obtained as a result of reducing big blocks of
S r
A brick whose whole length is bevelled in such
a way that half width is maintained at one end
and full width is obtained at the other end, is
stones into the regular stone blocks, are called
spalls.
21. Buttress: A sloping or stepped masonry
known bevelled closer. projection from a tall wall intended to strengthen
A brick whose one end is splayed or mitred for the wall against the thrust of a roof of arch, is
full length, is called mitred closer/. called buttress.
7. Bat: The portion of a brick cut across the width, 22. Setting: The process of placing a stone in its
is known as bat. Thus a bat is smaller in length position in masonry construction, is called
than the full brick. setting.
8. Frog: the indentation or depression at the top
Classification of stone masonry
face of a brick, is called frog.
The stone masonry may be classified as follows:
9. Sill: A horizontal member of stone, concrete or
1. Rubble masonry: In rubble masonry, the stones
wood provided to give support for the vetrical
of irregular sizes are used. The different types of
members of a wooden window, is called sill.
rubble masonry are as follows:
10. String course: The continuous horizontal course
a. Coursed rubble masonry: This is roughest and
of masonry, projecting from the face of the wall
cheapest form of stone walling. In this type of
for shedding rain water off the face, is called
rubble masonry, the stones used are of widely
string course.
different sizes ( from 50 mm to 200 mm). This
88
type of stone masonry is commonly used in the 4. Bed: The lower surface of the brick when laid
construction of public buildings, residential flat is known as bed.
buildings etc. 5. perpend: An imaginary vertical line which
b) Uncoursed rubble masonry: In this type of includes the vertical joint separating two
rubble masonry, the stones are not dressed. adjoining bricks, is called perpend.
They are used as they are available from the 6. Lap: The horizontal distance between the vertical
quarry, expect knocking out some cornes. The joints of successive courses is termed as lap.
courses are not maintained regularly. This type 7. Closer: A portion of a brick used to close up the
of rubble masonry, being cheaper, is used for bond at the bond at the end of the brick courses,
the construction of compound walls, godowns, is called closer.
garages etc. 8. Queen closer: It is the portion of a brick which is
c) Random rubble masonry: This type of rubble so cut that the width of its one end is half that of
masonry, the stones of irregular sizes and a full brick. While the width of the other end is
shapes are used. The stones are arranged so equal to the full width. It is thus obtained by cutting
as to have a good appearance. This type of
masonry is used in residential buildings,
ns
a triangular portion of the brick such that half
header and half stretcher is obtained on joining
compound walls, godowns, etc.
io
the cut faces.
t
d) Dry rubble masonry: This type of rubble masonry
is similar in construction to coursed rubble
9.
i ca
King closer: It is portion of brick which is so cut
that the width of its one end is half that of a full
masonry expect that no mortar is used in the
joints. It is extensively used for compound walls,
un
brick while the width of the other end is equal to
full width. it is obtained by cutting a triangular
retaining walls pitching on bridge approaches
etc. m portion of the brick such that half header and
half stretcher is obtained on joining the cut faces.
2) Ashlar masonry: In ashlar masonry the square
or rectangular blocks of stone are used theom 10. Bevelled closer: It is the portion of brick obtained
by cutting the brick in such a way that half width
a C
courses are not necessarily of the same height. is maintained at one end and full width at the
di
The height of stone varies from 250 mm to
300mm. The length of stones should not exceed 11.
other end.
Mitred closer: It is the portion of brick obtained
M e
three times the height and the depth into the
wall should be at leas equal to half the height.
by cutting the triangular portion of the brick
through its width and making an angle of 45° to
eeMasonry
Brick
60° with the length of the brick
Sr
12. Bat: The portion of the brick cut across the width
is called bat. Thus, a bat is smaller in length
According to indian standards, the nominal size
than the full brick.
of the modular brick is 200mm X 100 mm X
13. Bull nose: A brick moulded with a rounded angle
100mm while the actual size the bricks is
is called bull nose.
190mm X 90mm x 90mm. The normal size
14. Quoin: The corner or external angle on the face
includes the mortar thickness. The
side of a wall is known as quoin. The quoins are
arrangements of laying bricks and bonding them
generally, at right angles, but may be greater than
with mortar properly to form a unified mass which
a right angle.
can transmit the super -imposed load safely to
15. Frog: The indention of depression at the top face
the foundation, is called brick masonry. Some
of a brick to from a key for holding the mortar, is
important terms used in brick masonry are as
called frog.
follows:
1. Stretcher: The longest face of a brick as seen
Bond in brick Work:
in the elevation of the wall is called stretcher. The arrangement of bricks on order to tie them
2. Header: The shortest face of a brick as seen in together in a mass of brick work is called
the elevation of the wall, is called header. bonding. Following are the types of bond
3. Arrises: The edges formed by the intersection provided in brick work:
of plane surfaces of brick are called arrises.
89
1. Stretching bond: All the bricks are laid as diagonal bond, the bricks are laid diagonally. The
stretchers on the faces of walls. It is suitable for angle of inclination is so selected that there is
half brick walls only. minimum breaking of bricks.
2. Heading bond: In this type of bond, all the bricks In herring-bone bond, the bricks at an angle of
are laid as stretchers on the faces of walls. It is 45° from the centre in both directions. The zig-
suitable for onebrick wall only. zag bond is similar to herring-bone bond, except
3. English bond: This type of bond consists of that the bricks are laid in zig-zag fashion.
alternate courses of headers and stretches. This 7. Dutch bond: This bond is a modified form of
is the most commonly used bond for all wall English bond. In this bond, the corners of the
thickness. This bond is considered to be the wall are strengthened. The arrangements of
strongest bond. bricks is similar to English bond, i.e. the alternate
Notes : (a) The vertical joints in the header courses courses of headers and stretchers are provided
come over each other and vertical joints in the as in English bond. The quoin of a stretcher
stretchers courses are also in the same line. course is a three-quarter bat. A header is
(b) The heading course should never start with a
queen closer.
ns
introduced next to the three-quarter bat in every
stretcher course.
4. Flemish bond: In this type of bond, each course Foundations:
tio
consists of alternate headers and stretchers.
The alternate headers of each course are
i ca
Foundation is the lowest part of a structure and upon
which the structure directly rests. It is the portion of the
centrally supported over the stretchers below it.
The every alternate course starts with a header
u n building below ground level and includes masonary
footings, concrete base etc. The function of the foun-
at the corner (i.e. quoin header). The flemish
bond are of two types, i.e. double flemish bond m dation is to transmit the loads from the superstructure
o
and single flemish bond. In the double flemish
bond, each course presents the same
m to the soil below uniformly. The simplest type of foun-
dation is the spread foundation. The spread founda-
C
appearance in the front face as well as in the
a
tion is obtained by gradually widening the base of the
wall or pier by means of footings and providing a con-
di
back face. The single flemish bond consists of
double flemish bond facing and English bond
crete base at the bottom. The number of footings and
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backing and hearting in each course.
notes : (a) The flemish bond gives more pleasing
the width of concrete base required depends on the
load bearing capacity of the soil. The projection of the
footing or concrete bed beyond the face of wall of foot-
ee
appearance than the English bond ing above it is called offset.
r
(b) The English bond is stronger than flemish bond
S
for walls thicker than 11/2 brick
5. Facing bond: This type of bond consist of Flooring
heading and stretching courses so arranged that The exposed top surface of the floor is termed
one heading course. Comes after several as flooring or floor covering of floor finish. The
stretching courses. This bond is not structurally purpose of flooring is to provide a neat, clean
good and load distribution is not uniform. and pleasing appearance. The following factors
6. Raking bond: In this type of bond, the bonding should be carefully considered before selecting
bricks are laid at any angle other than zero or for flooring:
90°. The raking or inclination should be in (a) initial cost: (b) Appearance: (c) Cleaniness:
opposite direction in alternate courses of rakintg (d) Duraility; (e) Damp resistance: (f) Sound
bond. The raking bond is generally provided in insulation; (g) Thermal insulation (h) Fire
the stretcher course of a wall having thickness resistance; (g) hardness; (h) Smoothness (i)
equal to even number of half - brick this Slipperiness; (j) Maintenance.
arrangement makes a raking bond more 1. Brick flooring: This flooring is specially suited
effective. for godowns, stores, W arehouses etc. The
The raking bonds are of three types, i.e. diagonal bricks are laid either flat or on edge arranged in
bond, herring-bone bond, and zig-zag bond in
90
herring-bone fashion or set at right angles to 10. Plastic or poly-vinyl-chloride (P.V.C) flooring:
the wall or set at any other good looking pattern. The plastic or P.V.C. Tiles are now widely used
2. Cement concrete flooring: It is cheap, quite for all residential and non-residential buildings.
durable and easy to construct. This type of These tiles are also available which can be fixed
flooring is commonly used for residential, or glued to concrete base with an adhesive. The
commercial and industrial buildings. P.V.C. Tile flooring is resilient, smooth, good
3. Granolithic flooring: When hard wearing surface looking and can be easily cleaned. However it is
is required, then granolithic finish is carried out costly and cab be easily damaged when it comes
over the cement concrete. The granolithic into contact with burning objects.
concrete consists of cement, sand and rich
concrete made with very hard and tough quality Stairs
coarse aggregates such as granite, basalt,
Stairs are a series of steps arranged to con-
quartzite etc.
nect different floor levels of a building. A staircase is
4. Terrazzo flooring: The flooring made with special
aggregate of marble chips mixed with white and
colored cement, is called terrazzo flooring. It is
ns
an enclosure which contains the stairway. Stairs may
be constructed with materials like bricks, stones, tim-
dcecorative and has good wearing properties. It

t i o
ber, steel, plain or reinforced concrete.
is widely used in residential buildings, hospital,

offices schools and other public buildings.
c a
Terms used in stairs:
i
5. Mosaic flooring: The flooring made with small
pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of
u n The following terms have to be understood
before the actual drawing of the stairs.
marble or of cement, arranged in different
pattern, is known as mosaic flooring. m Rise : This is the vertical distance between the upper
6.
hexagonal or other shapes, made of clay om
Tiled flooring: The flooring made from square,
faces of any two consecutive steps.
Tread: It is an upper horizontal part of a step on which
C
(pottery), cement concrete or terrazzo, is called
a
foot is placed in a stairway for ascending or descend-
di
tiled flooring. These are available in different
sizes and thickness. These are commonly used
ing.
Riser: This is the vertical portion of a step providing
Me
residential houses, offices, schools, hospitals
and other public buildings, as an alternative to
support to the tread.
Nosing: The projecting portion of the tread in front of
ee
terrazzo flooring.
the riser.
7.
S r
Marble flooring: It is a superior type of flooring
used especially where extra ordinary cleanliness
is required as in case of hospitals, bath rooms,
Step: One tread and one riser constitute one step.
Flight: It is the series of steps without an intermediate
kitchens, temples, etc. platform.
8. Asphalt flooring: This flooring not favoured Landing: This is a platform provided between two
because of bad smell and ugly colour of the flights.
asphalt. But at present, the asphalt flooring can
Winders: These are triangular or trapezodial steps
be carried out in a variety of colours and in
used for changing the direction of a stair.
different forms. The asphalt flooring is
recommended for swimming pools, because it Balusters: These are vertical members over every step
is non-slippery. on top of which the hand rail is fixed.
9. Linoleum flooring: Strictly speaking, it is a Hand rail: This is the bar or a running member placed
covering which is available in rolls and laid over railing for hand-hold.
directly on concrete base of wooden floor. Since
Newelpost: This is the vertical post placed at the top
it is subjected to rotting when wet or most for
some time, The asphalt flooring is and bottom end of flights supporting the hand rails.
recommended for bathrooms, kitchen etc. Stringer: It is a sloping member (beam or slab) which
supports the steps in a stair.
91
Important types of stairs: (ii) R.C.C. slab & beam type:
- straight flight stairs. In this type, the stair case slab is supported
- Quarter turn stairs. on a beam called stringer beam on one side or beams
on both sides. The stringers and slabs are con-
- Half turn stairs.
structed monolithically or separately.
(a) Dog legged stairs.
Open well Staircase:
(b) Open newel stairs (open well
In a open well stair, an opening or well is
stairs) provided between the flights, An open well stair has
- Circular or spiral stairs been provided for the hostel building.
Straight flight stairs: Standards for stairs:

In this type of stair, all steps are provided in The N.B.C. has laid down the following stan-
one direction only. It may consist of a single flight or dards for stairs.
with one or more landing in between.
ns
The minimum width of a staircase shall be
Quarter turn stairs: as follows:
tio
In this type of stair, two flights run at right
angles to each other separated by a quarter space
i ca
Residential buildings (dwelling) 1.0m
landing.
un
Residential Hotel buildings
Assembly buildings like
1.5m
1.5m
Half turn stairs: m auditoriuam, theatres
om0
Stairs changing its direction through 180 are
Educational building upto
24m in height
1.5m
a C
known as half turn stairs. It may be eighter dog legged More than 24m 2.0m
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type or open newel type. In the dog legged stairs, the
flights are in opposite directions and no space is pro-
Institutional buildings
All other buildings
2.0m
1.5m
M e
vided between the flights in plan. In the open well stairs,
a well or an opening is provided between the flights, The N.B.C. specifies 1.0m width for internal
e
which may be used for accommodating a lift.
e
stairs except for residential buildings where the mini-
CircularS
r
or Spiral Stairs:
mum width shall be 0.75m.
The steps which are all winders radiate from Minimum tread:
a central vertical shaft to which they are attached. These The minimum width of tread without nosing
are generally provided in the rear of a building for use shall be 190mm for residential buildings and 150mm
as a service stair. for other buildings. The maximum number of steps
R.C.C. Stairs: shall be limited to 15/flight. (M.C.H. specifies 12/flight)
All the stairs explained above can be con- The minimum headroom passage under the landing
structed with R.C.C. in one of the following common of a staircase shall be 2.2m.
methods.
A stair is a sequence of steps provided to afford
- Waist Slab the means of ascent and descent between the floors
- Waist Slab and beam or landing. The apartment or room of a building in
(i) R.C.C. Waist slab type:
which the stair is located, is known as a stair case
In this type, the slab supports the steps and
and the opening or space occupied by the stair is
spans longitudinally and transfers the load to the end
known as stairway.
supports.
92
Following are the common technical terms used b) The width of stairs depends upon its location in
in connection with the stairs: the buildings ad the type of the building itself. In
1. Tread: The horizontal upper part of a step on a residential building. The average value of stair
which foot is placed in ascending or descending width is 900mm, while in a public building, 1.5
a stairway, is called tread. to 1.8 meters width may be required.
2. Riser: A vertical portion of a step providings a c) The width of landing should be greater than the
support to the tread, is called riser. width of stair.
3. Flier: A straight step having a parallel width of d) The pitch of stair should never exceed 40°
tread, is called flier. e) In designing a stair, a comfortable slope in
4. Flight: An unbroken series of steps between two achieved when the sum of going (in cm) and
landings, is called flight. twice the rise ( in cm) should be equal to 60
5. Landing: A horizontal platform at the top or bottom approximately.
of a flight between the floors is called landing. It f) In designing a stair, the product of going (in cm)
facilitates change of direction and provides an and the rise (in cm) should be equal to 400.
opportunity for taking rest during the use of the
stair.
g)
s
The clear distance between the tread and soffit
n
of the flight immediately above it should not be
6. Rise: The vertical distance between two
io
less than 2 meters.
t
successive tread faces, is called rise
7. Going: The horizontal distance between two
h)
i ca
An open-newel stair consists of two or more
straight flights arranged in such a manner that a
successive riser faces, is called going.
8. Nosing: The projecting part of the tread beyond
un
clear space occurs between the backward and
forward flights.
the face of riser, is called nosing
9. Scotia: A moulding provided under the nosing m i) In wooden staris, the thickness of tread is
adopted as 38 mm.
om Doors and window

to beautiful the elevation of a step, and to provide
strength to nosing, is called scotia.
C
10. Soffit: The under surface of a stair, is called
a
soft.
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11. Pitch or slope: The angle which the line of
A door consists of a frame and one or two shut-
ters or leaves. A door with two leaves is known as
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nosing of the stair makes with the horizontal is
called pitch or slope.
double shuttered door and with one leaf it is called
single shuttered door.
e
12. Strings or stringers: The sloping members
e
Doors are the means to provide access to the
r
which support the steps in stair, are called strings
S
or stringers.
13. Baluster: The vertical member of wood or metal
rooms of a building. A door consists of a frame and
one or two shutters or leaves. Accordingly they are
called as single shuttered or double shuttered door.
to support the hand rail, is called baluster. Door frame consists of two vertical members called
14. Balustrade: The combined frame work of styles and two horizontal members one at top called
handrail and balusters is known as balustrade. top rail and one bottom rail or sill or threshold. Now-a-
15. Hand rail: The horizontal or inclined support days the bottom rail is omitted and made to flush with
provided at a convenient height, is called hand floor level. The top tail is projected beyond the styles
rail. by about 150mm and these projections are known as
16. Newel post: The vertical member placed at the horns. These are built into masonary fro keeping in
ends of flights connecting the ends of strings
position. M.S. Clamps of flat iron about 300mm×
and hand rails, is called newel post.
50mm × 6mm are fixed to the vertical styles on the
Notes:
outerside known as “Hold Fasts” in the shape of letter
a) The size of a step commonly adopted for
‘Z’. These are embedded into the masonary wall to
residential buildings is 250mm x 160mm. In
hold the frame in position. When bottom member (sill)
hospitals etc., the comfortable size of step is
300mm X 100mm. is not provided, the vertical members (styles) should
be inserted in the floor finish by about 40 mm to 50mm
93
Shutter for the door frame may be fully panelled ends of the posts. The head and sill are projected
or partly glazed and partially panelled with one or two horizontally by about 150 mm which enables the door
leaves or shutters. In fully panelled shutter the no. of frame to be fixed into the wall. A recess (rebate) of 20
panels may be 3,4 or 6 as per the design and other to 40mm width and depth equal to the thickness of the
practical considerations. In the case of door shutters, shutter is provided alround the frame to received the
the horizontal members are called as rails (top, bot- shutter. M.S. holdfasts of section 30 X 6mm and length
tom, lock and frieze). All other rails fixed between the 200 mm are fixed to the vertical members on the out-
lock rail and top rail are called frieze rail. The continu- side wich are embedded in the wall to hold the frame
ous vertical members of door frame called as styles in position. Three holdfasts are provided on each side
or stiles. These styles and rails jointed to each other of the frame.
at both ends by mortise and tenon joints. The bottom
and lock rails are made wider than the top or frieze
Shutter:
rails. The center of the lock rail shall be so placed that
A panelled shutter consists of one or two
its center line is at a height of 850mm from the bottom
of the shutter.
The joints between the panel and frame shall
ns
leaves and may have 3,4 or 6 panels are any number
as designed by the architect. It fits exactly into the re-
be tongued and grooved joints. Grooves are formed
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cess of the frame. The shutter is fixed to the frame by
along the inner edges of the stiles and rails to receive
the panel. The depth of groove is equal to the thick-
i ca
means of hinges. Drawing No.3 shows a single shut-
tered door with 6 panels.
ness of panel. As per IS1003; the minimum width and
thickness of panel shall be 100mm and 15mm re-
un
The shutter frame consists of outside verti-
cal members called styles or stiles. The horizontal
spectively. For double leaf shutter, when closed, one
m
leaf overlaps the other vertically as a rebated joint. In members are called rails, the top one being called top
order to keep the both shutters in the same plane,
rebates 8 to 10mm wide and in depth equal to half om rail, the middle one lock rail and the bottom one bot-
tom rail. The rest of the horizontal rails in the shutter
a C
thickness of a shutter for a square type are cut as for are called freize rails. The vertical members in the
IS:6198.
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I.S.1003 RECOMMENDED SIZES FOR DOORS
centre is called muntin. The rails are tenoned into the
AND WINDOWS:
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a) Vertical stile, top and frieze
styles and the muntin is tenoned into the rails. The
Panels are jointed into the styles and rails by means
rail width
ee : 150 ± 3mm of tongue and groove joint.
r
b) Lock rail width : 150 ± 3mm
S
c) Bottom rail width : 200 ± 3mm
Windows:
d) Mounting width : 100 ± 3mm
e) Glazing bar : 40 ± 1mm A window consists of a frame and shutters.
f) Thickness for all members : 35 ± 1 or 40 ± 1mm In a wooden window the shutters may be panelled or
As per A.P.D.S.S. (Andhra pradesh detailed stan- glazed or both. Windows may have two or three bays
dard specifications) doors and windows are indicated according to the size or window.
by following letters.
The frame consists of two vertical posts called
D = Door W = Window
V = Ventilator S = Single shutter jamb posts, and two horizontal members, one at top
T = Double Shutter P = Two Panels called head and one at bottom called still. The head
R = Three Panels Q = Four Panels and sill are extended by about 100 mm to 150 mm
Door frame: each side beyond the posts to enable the window to
The door frame consists of two vertical mem- the fixed into the wall. In addition, 2 M.S.holdfasts on
bers and a horizontal cross piece at the top called each side are provided for the same purpose. A verti-
head. Sometimes a cross piece at bottom is also pro- cal member called mullion is provided to subdivide a
vided called still, or threshold but now-a-days this is
window into bays. a Horizontal member called tran-
generally being omitted in modern buildings. The head
som is sometimes provided to subdivide a window
and sill are mortised to take the tenon formed at the
94
opening. A panelled shutter for a window is the same 10. Transom: It is a horizontal member of a frame
as that of a door and is fixed in the recess provided in which is employed to sub-divide or window or
the frame. A glazed shutter is called a sash. The sash door opening horizontally.
is made lighter in section, and designed to carry the Types of Doors and Windows:
glass panes. The sash consists of two vertical stiles, The doors, according to their movement, are as
a top rail and a bottom rail. Horizontal and vertical follows:
a) sliding doors; b) Rolling doors; c) Folding
pieces dividing the sash are called sash bars. A re-
doors; d) Revolving doors; e) Swinging doors;
cess is left alround the sash frame within which the
and f) Collapsible doors.
glass panes are placed and fixed by means of a tim- The various important types of windows are as
ber beading. follows:
A door is an openable barrier secured in an a) Corner window: It is provided at the corner of a
room. It has two faces in two perpendicular
s
opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing ac-
directions. Due to this, light and air enters from
cess to the users of the structure. A window is an open-
n
two direction. Such a window improves the
ing made in a wall for the purpose of providing day
io
elevation of the building also.
t
light, vision and ventilation.
The following technical terms as applied to
b)
i ca
Gable window: It is a vertical window provided
in the gable end of a roof.
doors and windows are important.

1. Frame: It consists of a group of horizontal and
c)
un
Dormer window: It si a vertical window provided
on the sloping roof with the object of providing
vertical members which form a support for a m light and air to the enclosed space below the
roof.
door or a window.
om d) Bay window: This window projects outward from
the wall of a room to provide an increased area
2.
a C
Head: It is the top or uppermost horizontal part
of opening for admitting greater light and
3.
of a frame.
di
Sill: It is the bottom or lowermost horizontal e)
ventilation.
Clere-storey window: This window is usually
Me
part of a window frame. provided near the main roof of a room and opens
above the adjoining verandah.
ee
Note: the door frames are normally not provided with
f) Casement window: It is a common type of
4.
sills.
S r
Horn: It is a horizontal projection of head or sill
g)
window usually provided in the building. The
shutter of this type of window open like doors.
Sash or glazed window: It is a type of casement
beyond the face of frame.
window in which the panels are fully glazed.
5. Style: It is the vertical outside member of the
shutter of a door or a window. King Post Truss:
6. Jamb: It is a vertical member which support the A King Post Truss is a traingulated frame work
frame of the door and window. used for supporting a roof. These trusses are suit-
7. Revel: It is the external jamb of a door or window able for spans varying from 5-9 metres. The king post
opening at right angles to the wall face. roof truss consists of two principal rafters, a tie beam,
8. Rebate: It is the depression or recess made a king post and two struts. The principal rafters sup-
port the upper frame work of the roof. The tie beam
inside the door frame, to receive the door shutter.
receives the ends of the principal rafters and prevents
9 Mullion: It is a vertical member of a frame which
them from pushing the support-walls outwards. The
is employed to sub-divide or window or door
king post prevents the tie beam from sagging. The
opening vertically. struts provide support at the centres of the principal
rafters and prevent them from sagging.
95
The principal rafters support the purlins. Pur- (iii) Joint between principal rafter and
lins are timber members which are placed over the king post:
joints of principal rafter with struts. Their functions are The head of the king post is provided with
to support the common rafters and to connect the splayed shoulders to receive the upper ends of the
trusses. They are prevented from sliding by short principal rafters by an oblique tenon and mottise joint.
pieces called cleats. These are spiked to the com- The joint is further strengthened by 3 way iron straps
bolted on each face of the frame.
mon rafter or housed in it. Wall plates are horizontal
timber pieces running across the top of principal
(iv) Joint between strut and principal
rafters near their feet to fix and keep the common rafters
rafter:
The head of each strut is fixed to the principal
in level. The ridge piece runs horizontally and is fixed
rafter by an oblique mortise and tenon joint. This pre-
in a groove at the top of king posts to give a simple vents the strut from sliding down. The foot of each
support to the common rafters. The common rafters strut is also connected to the king post by an oblique
are supported at their upper end by the ridge piece, at
ns
mortise and tenon joint.
the middle by the purlin and at lower ends by wall
tio
Roofs
plate. For Mangalore tile roof, battens are fixed over
the common rafters and the roof covering is laid over
i ca
A roof is an uppermost part of a building which
the frame`work of battens. A.C. or G.I. Sheets can be
directly fixed on purlins.
un
provides a structural covering, to give protection to the
building against rain, sun, wind etc. The roofs are clas-
m
The pitch of the roof which is the ratio of the
sified in the the following three categories:
m
rise of the roof to the horizontal is usually taken as 1/4
o
1. Pitched or sloping roofs
2. Flat or terraced roofs and
to 1/6.
a C 3. Curved roofs
The choice of type of roof depends upon the
di
Joints between various members: climatic conditions, shape of the building, availability
beam: Me
(i) Joint between principal rafter and tie of materials, importance of the building etc.
The pitch roofs have sloping top surface and
e
these are useful at places where rainfall of snow fall
r e
The principal rafter is joined to one end of the
beam by a briddle joint or by an oblique mortise and
is heavy.
The flat roofs are useful at places where rain-
S
tenon joint. The joint is strengthened by a wrought iron
strap around the joint or by a bolt passing through the
fall is moderate. These roofs are equally applicable to
buildings or any shape and size.
The curved roofs have their top surface curved
tie beam and principal rafter. in the form of shells and domes. Such roofs are more
suitable for public buildings like libraries, theatres,
(ii) Joint between king post and tie recreation centres etc., to develop architectural effects.
beam: Technical terms used in pitched Roofs:
The foot of the king post is splayed and A pitched roof is a sloping roof which carries
tennoned into the upper edge of the tie beam for a a lighter roof covering such as mangalore tiles, A.C.
sufficient distance. It is further stregthed by a W.I. or sheets, G.I. sheets etc. When two roof surfaces inter-
sect to form an external angle greater than 180 0, the
M.S. stirrup strap. The stirrup is held in position by
roof is called a hipped roof and the portion between
metal clips called gibs and metal wedges called cot- the two hips is called hipped end. When two surfaces
ters. This joint can also be secured by a bolt or by a intersect so that the external angle is less than 180 0
strap and bolts. the intersecting part is then called a valley. A valley is
the reverse of a hip.
96
Ridge and Ridge piece: Gabled roof:
The top most central line formed by the inter- When a roof slopes in two directions, the ver-
section of two slopes of a roof is called the ridge. The tical triangle formed at the top of the end wall is called
horizontal member provided at the topmost point of
a gable and such roof is called a gabled roof.
the roof is called a 'ridge piece'.
The following technical terms used in con-
Hip rafter:
nection with pitched roofs are important:
The wooden members which form the hip of
1. Span: It is the horizontal distance between the
a pitched roof are called hip rafters. They run diago-
internal faces of walls of supports.
nally from the ridge to the corners of the walls.
2. Rise: It is the vertical distance between the wall
plate and top of the ridge.
Valley rafters: 3. Ritch: It is the inclination of the sides of a roof to
The sloping members which run diagonally
the horizontal plane.
from the ridge to the eaves for supporting a valley rood
are called valley rafters.
4.
ns
Ridge: It is the apex line of the sloping roof.
io
5. Hip: It is the ridge formed by the intersection of
Common rafters:
at
two sloped surfaces having an exterior angle
greater than 180°
These are inclined members spaced at 0.3
i c
note: the ridge formed by the intersection of two
to 0.45 m centres laid from ridge to eaves. They sup-
un
slopped surfaces having an exterior angle less
m
port the battens or boarding on which the roof cover- than 180°, is called a valley.
Eaves: These are the lower edges of a roof
m
ing is laid. 6.
Eaves:
C o which are resting upon or projecting beyond the
supporting walls.
ia
The lowest edges of a pitched roof from which 7. Purlins: These are horizontal wooden or steel
eaves. e d
rain water from the roof surface drops down are called members used to support the common rafters
of a sloping roof when span is large.
Jack rafters: e
M 8. Gable: It si a triangular upper part of a wall formd
r e 9.
at the end of a pitched roof.
Verge: It is the edge of a gable, running between
S These are common rafters shorter in length
which run from a hip or valley to the eaves.
the eaves and ridge.
10. Cleats: These are small blocks of wood which
are fixed on the rafters of ceiling.
Dragon beam:
11. Template: It is a square or rectangular block of
The hip rafter is generally supported on a di-
stone or concrete provided under the end of the
agonal wooden member laid across the two walls at
beam or truss to spread the load from the roof
the corner of a building. The function of the beam is to
over a large area of bearing.
resist the outward thrust of the hip rafter on the wall.
12. Common rafters: These are inclined wooden
members laid from the ridge to the eaves.
Wall plate: 13. Hip rafters: These are sloping rafters which
These are horizontal wooden members forms the hip of a sloped roof. These are laid
which are partly embedded on top of wall. It enables diagonally from the ridge to the corners of the
the roof to be connected to the wall and also distrib- wall to support roof coverings.
utes the superimposed load uniformly on to the wall.
97
14. Jack rafters: These rafters are shorter in length 2. Double or purlin roofs: When the span exceeds
than common rafter and are laid from hip or valley about 2.4 meters, the necessary size for the
to the eaves. rafters becomes uneconomical. Hence, in order
15. Valley rafters: These rafters are sloping rafters to reduce the size of rafters to the economical
range, the intermediate supports called purlins
and are laid diagonally from the ridge to the
are provided under the rafters.
eaves for supporting valley gutters.
3. Trussed roofs: W hen the span of the roof
16. Truss: A roof truss is a frame work, usually of
exceeds 5 meters and when there are no inside
triangles, designed to support the roof covering
supporting walls or partitions for the purlins, the
or ceiling over rooms.
framed structures known as trusses are used.
Types of pitched Roofs: Some of the usual forms of trusses are as
The pitched roofs are classified into three follows:
ns
King-post truss: In this type or truss, the central
io
categories, i.e. single roofs, double or purlin a)
roofs and trussed roofs. These roofs discussed

at
vertical post, known as king-post, forms a
briefly as follows:
i c
support for a tie beam. The inclined members,
1. Single roofs: These roofs consists of only

common rafters to each slope without any un
known as struts, prevent the principal rafters from
bending in the middle. A king post truss suitable
m for roofs of span varying from 5 to 8 meters.
following four types:

om
intermediate support. The single roofs are of the
b) Queen-post truss: This truss differs from a king-
post truss in having two vertical posts, known
a) Lean-to roof or verandah roof of shed roof:
a C as queen posts. This truss is suitable for spans
di
This is the simplest type of pitched roof in which varying from 8 to 12 meters.
Me
rafters slope to one side only. It is also known
as pent roof of Aisle roof. It is suitable to a
c) Mansard truss: This truss in named after a
French architect Francois Mansard. It is a
ee
maximum span of 2.4 meters. combination of king-post and queen-post
b)
S r
couple roof: This type of roof is formed by the
couple of pair of common rafters which slope to
trusses. In other words, the Masared truss is a
two- storey truss with upper portion consisting
both the sides of the ridge of the roof. It is suitable of king-post truss and the lower portion of queen-
post truss.
for spans upto 3.5 meters
d) Truncated truss: This truss is similar to Mansard
c) Couple close roof: This roof is similar to couple
truss except the top is formed flat, with a gentle
roof except that the legs of the common rafter
slope to one side. This truss is used when it is
are connected by a tie beam. A couple close roof
required to provide a room in the roof.
is economically suitable for spans upto 5 meters.
e) Bel-fast roof truss: It is also sometimes known
d) collar beam roof: This roof is similar to couple
as latticed roof truss or now string truss. This
close roof except that in the letter case, a tie truss is in the form of a bow. It consists of thin
beam is raised and placed at a higher level. The sections of timber with its top chord curved. This
tie beam is then known as collar beam. This truss can be used for long spans of about 30
roof is suitable for spans upto 5 meters. meters, provide the light roof covering is used
98
f) Steel trusses: The steel trusses are more Slab Culvert:
economical for larger spans (greater than 12
A culvert is a cross drainage work with clear
meters) Most of the roof trusses are made from
span less than 6m. The I.R.C. has developed stan-
mild steel angle-sections because they can
dard designs for culverts of different spans. A slab
resist effectively both tension as well as
culvert has the following main components:
compression.
- Foundations
Pipe Culvert: - Abutments and wing walls
When a roadway or railway has to cross a - Deck slab
stream, then the cross drainage has to be disposed - Parapets, kerbs, etc.
off by means of a causeway, a culvert or a bridge. The
Foundations:
type of structure selected should be economical and
depends on the amount of drainage to be disposed
ns
The foundations adopted are generally shal-
low foundations taken to a depth below scour level or
io
off.
The most common types of culverts are:
to hard rock.
at
Abutments and wing walls:
- R.C.C. pipe culvert
i c
- R.C.C. slab culvert
R.C.C. Pipe Culvert: unThe abutments support the superstructure

at the ends and at the same time support the em-
m bankment. They may be constructed with concrete or
o
work when the discharge through the culvert is smallm
A pipe culvert is used as a cross drainage
masonry. They have a frontbatter (slope) of 1/12 and
C
and in flat country where there is no defined channel.
a
the rear batter according to soil presure. A porous back
i
fill is provided with inclined weep holes at suitable
One or two pipes are used depending upon the dis-
e d
charge. A granular bed under the pipes is used when
intervals in the abutments to drain away water from
behind the abutment. The wing walls constructed in
e M
the height of fill over the pipes is upt 4.0 m and con-
crete bed for 4.0 - 8.0 m.
masonry or concrete are provided at the ends of the
r e
A pipe culvert has the following components:
abutment. They may be splayed or perpendicular to
-
S
Non-pressure R.C.C. pipes (NP2 light duty for ru-
ral roads and NP3 heavy duty for main roads).
the abutment. They retain earth and have batter on
both sides. Their height is reduced as it extends away
from the abutment.
- Concrete bedding or granular material compacted,
Small walls called returns are provided at the
to provide a foundation.
ends of splayed wing walls. They too retain earth but
- Head walls at both ends of pipes to retain the em-
have no batter.
bankment.
Deck slab:
- Protective works on the upstream and downstream
sides consisting of dry stone pitching for apron on The deck slab is 7.5m in width for a two lane
bed of stream and dry stone revetment for slopes State Highway. Readymade tables are available for
of embankment. reinforcement to be provided for different spans.
The I.R.C. has standardised the design of pipe Parapets:

culves according to the discharge and heights of fill Parapets are provided over the kerbs on ei-
over the pipe. ther side of the road over the deck slab.
99
Forms and proportions of rivet-heads: Lap joint:
various forms of rivet-heads used for general In a lap joint, the plates to be connected over-
work. The proportions given are for rivets of nominal lap each other. When the joint is made with only one
diameters between 12 mm and 50 mm. The snap or row of rivets, it is called a single-riveted lap joint.
cup head is the most common form in use. The coun- A joint is said to be double-riveted, triple-riveted
etc. according to the number of rows of rivets in it.
tersunk head is used when the surface of the plate is
W hen two or more rows of rivets are
required to be free from projecting heads. Conical and
required,rivets may be arranged in (i) chain or (ii) zig-
ellipsoid heads are generally used in boiler work.
zag formation. In chain arrangement shown in the
double-riveted lap joint in, rivets in the adjoining rows
Dimension of a riveted joint: are placed directly opposite each other. In zigzag for-
To prevent failure, the joint should be carefully mation they are staggered as the distance between
designed. For elementary work, suitable values of the the rows of rivets, called the row pitch pr, should not be
rivet diameter, positions of holes etc. for a given thick- less than 0.6p for zigzag riveting, and 0.8p for chain
riveting.
ness of the plates, may be obtained by using the fol-
lowing empirical formula:
ns
In terms of d, the approximate values of pr are
2d and 2d+6mm respectively. In zigzag arrangement,
(i) d = 6 t
tio
the distance between the centre of a rivet in one row
(ii) p = d
(iii) m = d
i ca
and the centre of the nearest rivet in the adjoinging
row, is called the diagonal pitch.
n
where This pitch is also often considered instead of
t = thickness of plates in mm
d = diameter of rivets u
the row pitch and its value is obtained by the formula.
m
p = pitch,i.e. the distance between centres of adjoin- pd =
2p + d
plate)
om
ing rivets in the same row (parallel to the edge of the
Butt Joint:
3
a C
m = margin, i.e. the distance between an edge of the In a butt Joint, edges of the plates to be con-
di
plate and the nearest rivet-hole.
As m = d, the distance of the centre line of the nearest
nected butt against each other and the joint between
them is covered by butt - plates or butt - straps on one
Me
row of rivets from the edge of the plate is equal to 1.5 d.
Approximate values of d (diameter of rivet) for different
values of t (thickness of plates) are given below.
or both sides. Atleast two rows of rivets, one in each
connected plate, are necessary to make the joint.
ee When only one strap is used, thickness t1 = t to 1.25t,

when two straps are used, thickness t2=0.7t to 0.8t is
Thickness of plate
S
tmm
Diameter of rivet
dmm
r
8 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
17 18 19 20 21 22 24 26 27 28 30
the thickness of the plates.
Note that there are two rows of rivets in each of
the main plates, and that the rivets are arranged in
zigzag formation.
Types of riveted joints: Two rings of a stem-boiler shell are connected.
There are two types of riveted joints: The circumferential joint is a double-riveted lap joint.
(a) Lap joint A triple-riveted butt joint with two cover-straps is used
(b) Butt joint for the longitudinal joint.

100

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ASST.

back and crown is called

a C 4) Refraction and curvature

area of the structure.

a C 35. In surveying, systematic errors are :

4) There is no error in the table

a C 4) plotting can be done more quickly

uthe eyepiece of a dumpy of tilting level

3) rivet m 104. The following sights are taken on "turning point"

4) all the above are correct

drawing straight lines.

134. As per I.S.459-1962, the overall width of asbes-

a C form the point of tangency

19. A curve tangential to four straight lines and con-

4) four centred compound curve

21. The contour shown in figure indicates

ee 1) 2 m/sec 2) 2.25 m/sec

om 46. A surveyor's chain is made of

taken with one level.

1) 25% of the column loads

ee 4) 600 1) 0.325 m 2) 0.01 m

removed for the purpose of providing an openingm

3) double refraction 4)double reflection

d 2) queen closer it is called as

23. An imaginary line lying thought out the surface of S S

ee 48. The narrow strips of wood or bands of plaster

(on the ray), the measured distance between the

point and plane table station. This method is

a C 86. When the plane is parallel to the axis, the curve

1) is lighter than chain

a C 1) the forebearing of AB and back bearing of AB

kinks when is use

3) does not affect the bearing capacity

1) adjustment of plate levels

ee 2) 600-30' trusses are preferred because they provide

3) benching 4) wash bench

m 3) reflecting mirror at an angle of 450

ee 109. A type of bond in a brick masonry in which each

a C 127. The errors which are variable in sign (plus error

flight changes by:

2) rebated or lap joint

43. The ratio of the length of the drawing of the object

a C 4) both 1 and 2 are correct

generally: m 73. Two contours of different elevations do not cross

a C 2) laying bricks as headers in cement mortar

plane of cross hairs

1) 1st, 3rd and th

3) 2nd and 6th readings 1) 20 cm 2) 30 cm

4) 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th and 10th readings 3) 40 cm 4) 10 cm

3) impost 4) king post

the minimum horizontal lap in metres should be

rately it must be located by

of a wooden window, is called

the load to the soil is knows as

a C 4) fine sandy soil

Strength of the solid plate 1) 10 t 2) 8 t

41. 2 42. 4 43. 4 44. 2 45. 1 m

51. 1 52. 1 53. 4 54. 2 C

ee execution of production drawings for prefabricated structural components

Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other  h

of letters and are usaully employed in most of the en-

from top to bottoms.

(i) vertical and

ters, they are classified as :

a C (iii) Comparative scales

3. Identify the various details of materials, Electrical

This is the water supply pipe for public or