Anatomy and Physiology I Midterm

Study Guide

Covering:

• Salon Safety
• Decontamination
• Bacteriology
• Preventing Infectious Diseases
• Cell Growth and Development
• Integumentary System
• Skin Disorders
• Microdermabrasion
• Skin- Medical Terminology

Notes
 Terms
Salon Safety
Universal Sanitation: All
Salon safety is avoiding infections, accidents, hazards, and other aspects and expectations
health concerns. Five Precautions to take: of cleanliness are met.
Correct steps were
 Chemicals deteriorate due to contact with light, air, and heat. followed.
Store chemicals in a dry, cool, dark place.
 Weigh and measure chemicals carefully Sepsis: Poisoning due to
 Label all containers pathogenic bacteria.
 Change solutions often
 Keep room temperature around 70F
Asepsis: Freedom from
disease and germs.

Formaldehyde: Strong
allergen and
irritant/poisonous gas.

Agents
Physical:
Decontamination  Boiling
 Steaming
 Baking
Sterilization  UV Rays
 Glass & Beads
• Kills Everything
Chemical:
Disinfection
 Disinfectants
• Kills Everything Except for Spores.  Antiseptics
• EPA Registered Hospital Grade  Bactericide
Disinfectants are best for the Salon  Germicide
 Viricide
Sanitization (pathogens)

• Reduces pathogens.
• A vital salon routine.
 Bacteriology
Infections

An infection is when a microorganism invades a host without providing benefit to the host-and
lives off its matter. Initially an infection is Localized. If it spreads to the blood stream it is
considered a General Infection. There are four types of infections:

Bacteria

•Single celled organism.

•Thrives in warm, dark, damp, unsanitary conditions.
•Pathogenic = Disease Causing, 30% of bacteria
•Non-Pathogenic = Beneficial, 70% of bacteria
•Spore: Bacteria that has developed a hard outer covering. Dormant, will
eventually come back alive.

Virus

•Pathogenic agent.
•Smaller than bacteria.

Fungus/Mold

•Plant like Parasites

•Do not thrive outside tissue
•Contagious

Parasites

•Tiny multi-celled organisms that live off a host.

•They provide no benefit to the host

Immunity

Natural Immunity – The body’s natural resistance to disease. Ex. White Blood Cells

Naturally Acquired Immunity – Developed afar the body has naturally overcome infection. Ex.
Chicken Pox.

Artificially Acquired Immunity – Vaccinations and Antibodies

 Infection Spreads By:
Bacteria
 Contaminated
Impliments
 Client’s Nails
 Mouth, Nose, Eyes
 Open Wounds
 Surfaces

Fight Infection By:

 Wash Hands
 Proper
Decontamination
 Do not work in
contagious
conditions
 Do not work on
open wounds.
 Do not cause
wounds.
 Eat and Rest.
Virus

Spore

Bacteria that has

developed a tough outer
shell and become
dormant. Will come back
alive in the right
conditions.
 Cell Growth and Development

Mitosis

This is the process of cell division. Chromosomes are replicated and the cell splits in half. This
process continues. One cell will split into two; those two will split into four and so on.

Integumentary System

Functions of the Skin

Thermoregulation Protection Sensation

Synthesis of Vitamin
Excretion/Absorption
D
Structure

1.Epidermis - Thin, cellular membrane made up of 5 layers.

Stratum Corneum

•25-30 Layers of dead flat keratanocytes

Stratum Lucidum

•Thick Skin

Stratum Granulosum

•Release Water-Repelling Lipids

Stratum Spinosum

•Melanin Collected

Stratum Basale

•Aka Stratum Granulosum

•"Base" Layer
•Melanin produced here - gives skin pigment
•Precursor of specialized cells.
•Cells from here to surface - 2-4 weeks
 2.Dermis - Below epidermis, made up of 2 regions:
•25% thicker than epidermis

Papillary

• Connects dermis to epidermis.

• Nerve Endings
• Blood/Lymph Vessels
• Asseccory Organs

Reticular

• Connects dermis to hypodermis

• Collagen = Structure. Makes up 70%.
• Elastin = Stretch/Tension. Makes up 30%

3. Subcutaneous Layer, Hypodermis

• Thick
• Adipose Tissue (fat)
• Insulation
• Energy Storage

Hair

Tightly fused Keratin, which grows from the hair follicle, with a lifespan of 3-4
months. Hair is found all over the body with the exception of the palms, soles,
lips, nipples, and portions of the genitalia.
Nails

 Epidermal Cells grow from the nail root.

 Keratin (horny cells) are cemented
together.
 Grows approx. 1mm per week.
 Pink is caused by blood flow.
 Lunula is white because it is thicker.

Glands

Sebaceous Glands
Found everywhere on the body that has hair
follicles. They are not found on the palms or
soles.

 Secrete Sebum
 Lubricates
 Waterproofs Hair

Sweat Glands
AKA Suderiferous glands

Eccrine Sweat Glands:

 Open onto skin surface
 Active when person is exerting energy
 Help regulate body temperature.
 Sweat is mostly water with some salt.
Apocrine Sweat Glands:
 Open into hair follicle
 Found mainly around the groin,
axillae, nipples and scalp
 Active from puberty on.
 Sweat has added proteins and fatty
substances.
 Skin Disorders
•To know for midterm 2010

Disorder Description
Nodule Elevated lesion, solid
Pustule Raised, filled with pus
Papule Small solid elevation
Ulcer Open sore on skin
Tumor Same as nodule but < 2cm
Vesicle Small collection of clear fluid
Wheal Temporary papule/plaque
Cyst A closed sac containing liquid/solid
Bulla Large vesicle
Fissure Skin crack
Macule Discoloured flat lesion
Leukoderma White Skin
Boil Skin Infection
Carbuncle Infected hard skin
Atrophy Wasting away
Keloid Scar tissue
Millia Benign keratin filled cyst
Comedone Blackheads
Seborrhea Severe oiliness
Hyperhidrosis Oversweating
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin
Excema Form of dermatitis (effects epidermis)
Psoriasis Chronic aunto-imm. Itchy, red, scaley
patches
Verrucca Wart
Nevus Mole
Lentigines Freckles
Roseacea Enlarged blood vessels in face
Vitilgo Lack of pigmentation
 Skin Disorders
•Sorted by type

Lesions
A lesion is defined as any mark, symptom or abnormality. General term for structural
change in tissue.

Primary Lesions Description

Bulla Large vesicle/blister, 5-10mm
Vesicle Small collection of clear fluid
Cyst Closed sac containing fluid/solids
Macule Discoloured flat lesion
Papule A solid elevation or growth
Pustule Small collection of pus on skin
Wheal Hive, Temporary papule
Ulcer Open sore; loss of epidermis
Tumor Abnormal growth of cells
Patch Large macule; texture may change
Burrow Parasite or organism; elevated
Talangiectasia Enlargement of superficial blood vessels. Thin
skin.
Plaque Cluster of papules. Scale-like.
Nodule In dermis/hypodermis, deeper and bigger than
a papule.
Erosion Superficial loss of epidermis
Fissure A crack in the skin.

Secondary Lesions Description

Scale Masses of hardened keratin.
Crust Dried serum, pus, or blood
Excoriation Mechanical means/scratching

Atrophy Loss of tissue

Keloid Firm/rubbery scars
Scar Areas of fibrous tissue that replace normal
tissue
 Acne
Acne is a sebaceous gland disorder, and an inflammatory disease. There are four grades:

Mild Acne Moderate Acne Severe Acne Cystic Acne

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3

Grade 4
• milia and • Greater milia/ • Increase in • Papules,
comedones comedones inflammation Pustules, Cysts,
• 1-2 minor • Slight • Papules and and Nodules
pimples/a time inflammation pustules • Lots of
• Other body inflammation
areas • Very Deep and
Painful

Gland Disorders
Sebaceous Gland Disorders Description
Absteatosis  Dry skin condition
 Lack of Sebaceous Gland Secretions
Comedone  Gives skin rough texture
 From inside out
 Blackhead
Furuncle  Boil in hypodermis
 Filled with pus
Rosacea  Long term disease
 Frequent inflamed blood vessels
Milia  Common is eye area
 Keratin filled cysts
Sebaceous Hyperplasias  Overgrowth of sebaceous glands
 Benign lesions
 Oily areas
Seborrhea  Severe Oilyness
Suderiferous Gland Disorders Description
Anhidrosis Lack of sweating
Bromhidrosis Offensive smelling perspiration
Hyperhidrosis Over sweating
Milia Rubra Heat rash; inflammation of sweat glands

Pigmentation Disorders

Disorder Description
Chloasma Hormone caused increased pigmentation. Aka liver
spots/ pregnancy mask
Melasma UV/Sun Caused, Increase pigmentation
Lentigenes Freckles
Nevus Mole or birthmark
Stain Discolouration, Vascular related
Tan Over production of melanin
Leukaderma Light Abnormal Patches
Albinism Lack of melanin in skin, hair and eyes
Vitilgo White spots, worsens with sun

Cancer
Cancers
Basale Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Description
Least Severe, Most basic, Light pearly nodules
More serious, Red Scaley growths
Most severe, black dark patches, uneven edges.

Notes
 Microdermabrasion

Microdermabrasion is a skin resurfacing procedure that uses corundum crystals, to erase the
upper layers of the epidermis. It can remove up to 30% of the epidermis. The skin must be completely
dry in order to begin the treatment.

Functions

 Restores Glow
 Restores Surface Flaws
 Refines Pores
 Accelerates Skin Renewal and Repair
 Stimulation of Collagen and Elastin
 Increases Dermal Density

Contraindications

 Lesions
 Dermatitis
 Inflammatory Acne
 During Herpes Outbreaks
 Odd Pigmentation
 HIV
 Active Diabetes
 Anti-coagulants
Pre-treatment
Prior to treatment, clients should not:

 One week prior – no Retinol-A, AHA, or Glycolic Acid procedures

 Three Months Prior- no Laser Treatments or Chemical Peels
 Wait 6 Months after oral prescription treatments
 After intense sun exposure
 Infections, irritated skin/sunburns

Treatment

The treatment consists of three phases:

• Involves entire face

• Linear sweeping motions
Phase 1 • Remove crystals and reassess

• Wrinkles - linear motions like an eraser

• Pigmented Areas - circular sweeping motions
Phase 2 • Large areas/Enlarged pores - square pattern

• Optional
• Rapidly treat with linear sweeps to even out skin
• Apply soothing cream/lightly massage skin
Phase 3 • Remove cream with wet gause. - Apply SPF
Post-Treatment

For eight days after treatment the skin undergoes constant changes

Day Eight: Day One:

Complete Increased
restoration of activities in
dermal layer. dermafibroblasts

Day Two:
Days Four to
Vascular
Seven: Collagen
proliferations
Tissue
occurs and
proliferation
increases tissue

Day Three:
Epithilial cell
proliferations at
epidermal basale
cell level occurs

After treatment the client should:

 Drink plenty of water

 Use hydrating products based on skin type
 Use SPF
 Stay out of sun for one week
 Wait three weeks before using Retinol-A treatments or Essential
oil products
 Avoid products that do not have a PH level between 4.5 and 7.0