OP-AMPS in SIGNAL PROCESSING

APPLICATIONS
Filters, Integrators, Differentiators,
and Instrumentation Amplifier
 Sensors :
definition and principles
 Sensors : taxonomies
• Measurand
– physical sensor
– chemical sensor
– biological sensor(cf : biosensor)
• Invasiveness
– invasive(contact) sensor
– noninvasive(noncontact) sensor
• Usage type
– multiple-use(continuous monitoring) sensor
– disposable sensor
• Power requirement
– passive sensor
– active sensor
 What is electronics engineering all
about?
Physical Process
variables

Sensors/ transducers

Electrical Filters
variables
V, I, t, f Amplifiers Feedback

A/D converters Computers

Physical
variables Actuators/transducers D/A converters
F, P, d, v, t, f
New process
 What is a Signal Processor?

• It selects useful parts

The ECG wave in it’s raw form
of a signal
• It cleans signal from
impurities
• It compares signals
• It converts signals into
forms that can be
easily recognized
Examples of
biomedical
signals
 Examples of Signal Processors
• Basic amplifiers – already discussed
• Instrumentation amplifier – an improved
differential amplifier
• Active filters
• Integrators and differentiators
• Extra Reading:
– Precision rectifiers
– Logarithmic amplifiers
– Negative capacitance amplifiers
 Signal Conditioning
• Ideal operational amplifier
• Inverting, non-inverting and instrument
amplifier
• Integrator, differentiator
• Filters
• Examples of signal conditioning module
 Ideal Operational Amplifier

Operational (OP) amplifier is a high-gain dc differential

amplifier. It is made of an integrated circuit chip. It has two
inputs, negative terminal v1 and positive terminal v2 and one
output v0. The effective input to the amplifier is the voltage
difference of the two inputs v1-v2.
 Properties of Ideal OP Amplifier
• Gain if infinity (A=∞).
• V0 = 0, when v1 = v2
• Input impedance is infinity.
• Output impedance is zero.
• Bandwidth is infinitely wide and has no phase
shift.
 Basic Rules for Ideal OP Amplifier
• When the OP amplifier output is in its linear
range, the two input terminals are at the same
voltage.
• No current flows into either input terminal of
the OP amp.
Inverting Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier
Instrument Amplifier
 Active Filters
• Low-pass
• High-pass
• Band-pass
• Band-stop (notch)
• All-pass (phase-shift)
 Low-pass filter: circuit
Derive the equation for gain G Cf
What are the important parameters?
Ri Rf
Vi - V0
GL = Rf/Ri ; τf = RfCf ; fc = 1/2πτf
A
+ V0 ( jω )
G=
Vi ( jω )
 Rf  Zf
 
j ωC f  G=−
 Zi
  

1 + Rf 
 jωC f  Rf Rf
=−   =− 1 GL
=− =
Ri (1 + jωR f C f )Ri Ri 1 + jωτ f 1 + jωτ f
Low-pass filter: characteristics
Gain/GL
0.1 1 10 100
f/fc
0.1

0.01 Slope = -1

Phase 1 f/fc
-π

-5π/4

-3π/2
GL = Rf/Ri ; τf = RfCf ; fc = 1/2πτf
 Integrator – ideal: circuit
1 t
Virtual
Ground
V0 = −
Ri C f ∫ V dt + V
0
i iC

Vi dV0
i= = Cf
Ri dt Ri Cf i
Vi - V0
i A
Express V0 in terms of Vi
+
Write expression for gain G
1
V0 ( jω ) Zf j ωC f 1 1
G= =− =− =− =−
Vi ( jω ) Zi Ri jωRi C f jωτ f

Where τ = RiCf
 G/GL
100 Integrator – ideal:
10 characteristics
0.1 1 10 100
0
f/fc Draw G/GL versus f/fc
0.1
1 ωc fc
Slope = -1 G == = =
0.01 ωτ ω f
Phase 1 f/fc
-π Draw phase versus f/fc

-5π/4
θ = −3π / 2 = −270°
-3π/2
The integrator with bias currents

Through which component the bias current flows?

 Integrator - practical Gain/GL
Without Rf

Rf 0.1 1 10 100
f/fc
Ri Cf 0.1 With Rf
Vi - V0
A 0.01 Slope = -1
+
Low-pass filter Integ.
Rf provides route for DC bias currents Phase 1 f/fc
-π
V0 ( jω ) Rf 1 GL
G= =− =
Vi ( jω ) Ri 1 + jωτ f 1 + jωτ f -5π/4
1
τ f = R f C f ; fc = -3π/2
2πτ f Without Rf
 Charge amplifier

Electrode

vo

The piezoelectric sensor generates charge, which is transferred to

the capacitor, C, by the charge amplifier. Feedback resistor R
causes the capacitor voltage to decay to zero
 Charge amplifier: circuit
Virtual
Rf
Ground

Cf Is
dqs / dt = is = Kdx / dt
IsC IsR
- V0

Piezoelectric
+ FET
sensor
1 t Kdx KX
IsC = IsR = 0 V0 = −V = −
Cf ∫ 0 dt
dt = −
Cf
Step response of a charge amplifier
xi

Deflection

The charge amplifier

responds to a step input
with an output that
decays to zero with a
vo
Time time constant τ = RfCf

vo max

vo max /e
Time
 High-pass filter: circuit
Derive the equation for gain G
Ci Ri Rf
Vi - V0
A
What are the important parameters? +
GH = -Rf/Ri ; τi = RiCi ; fc = 1/2πτi V0 ( jω ) Zf
G= =−
Vi ( jω ) Zi

Rf j ωR f C i Rf jωτ i jωτ i GH
G=− =− =− =
Ri + 1 1 + jωRi Ci Ri 1 + jωτ i 1 + jωτ i
j ωC i
 High-pass filter: characteristics
Gain/GH
0.1 1 10 100
f/fc
0.1
Draw G/GH versus f/fc Slope = +1
0.01

Phase 1 f/fc
-π/2

-3π/4 Draw phase versus f/fc

-π
 Differentiator - ideal
Express V0 in terms of Vi
Ci Rf I
Vi - V0 Gain
I A 100
+
10
0.1 1 10 100
dVi fc = 1/2πτ 1
i = Ci f/fc
dt
dVi 0.1
V0 = − R f Ci Slope = +1
dt 0.01
V0 ( jω ) Zf Rf
G= =− =−
Vi ( jω ) Zi 1
j ωC i Phase shift = - 90o
G = − jωR f Ci = − jωτ Write expression for gain G
 Differentiator - practical
Cf In an ideal differentiator, the high
frequency response is limited by the
open-loop gain of the op-amp yielding
Ci Rf a very noisy output voltage.
Vi - V0
A Cf is used to limit the hf gain,
+ hence the hf noise.

The gain at hf: GH = - Ci/Cf τf = RfCf ; fc = 1/2πτf

Rf 1
j ωC f
Rf + 1
V0 ( jω ) Zf j ωC f jωR f Ci Ci jωτ f
G= =− =− =− =−
Vi ( jω ) Zi 1 1 + j ωR f C f C f 1 + jωτ f
j ωC i
 Differentiator characteristics
10 Gain/GH Without Cf
0.1 1 10 100

f/fc
0.1 With Cf
High-pass filter
Differentiator Slope = +1
0.01

Phase 1 f/fc
-π/2

-3π/4 With Cf

-π
 Measurement of integrator and
differentiator characteristics
• Form your lab team and assign
15 k duties.
• Go to the lab bench.
1k5 10 nF • Built the circuit given:
Vi - V0 integrator for team 1 and
A differentiator for team 2
+ Integrator • Connect the power supply.
Differentiator 10 nF • Connect the CRO
• Do the experiment according to
0.1µF 15 k the procedures in the sheet - 6.
- V0 • Switch off the PS and signal
Vi generator
A
+ • Return your seat
 Band-pass filter: circuit Cf

Ci Ri Rf
Mid-band gain =GMB = - Rf/Ri Vi - V0
A
Time-constants: τI= RiCi ; τf = RfCf +
Critical frequencies: fL = 1/2πτI ; fH = 1/2πτf

 Rf 
 j ω C 
 f 

 1  
 jωC  + R f 
V0 ( jω ) Zf  f   j ωCi R f
G= =− =− =−
Vi ( jω ) Zi Ri +  1 

( 1 + jωR f C f )(1 + jωRi Ci )
 j ωC i 
Rf jωτ i GMB jωτ i
G=− =
Ri (1 + jωτ i )(1 + jωτ f ) (1 + jωτ i )(1 + jωτ f )
Band-pass filter: characteristics

Gain/GH 0.1 1 10 100

f/fc

0.1

Slope = +1 Slope = -1
0.01
Band-pass filter (non-inverting)
Frequency response of bpf
BPF with bias compensation
 Comparators: Basic Rules

• V0=A(V2-V1)
V1
- V0 • V0 = 0 if V1 = V2
A
V2 • V0 = +VSAT if V1 < V2
+
• V0 = -VSAT if V1 > V2
• No current flows into either
input terminals of the op-
amp.
 Simple comparator (inverting)
V0
V- +10V
-Vref*R1 /(R1 +R2 )
Vi R1
- V0 Time
Vref R2 A
+
Vi*R2 /(R1 +R2 )
-10V
V0
10V
V- = (Vi*R2+Vref*R1)/(R1+R2) VSA
T -10V 10V Vi
Output stays at +VSAT if V-<0
-
Output goes to -VSAT if V->0 -Vref*R1 /R2 -10V VSAT
 Comparator with hysteresis

V- = (Vi*R2+Vref*R1)/(R1+R2)
V-
V+ = V0*R3 /(R3+R4)
Vi R1
- V0
Vref R2 A
+
V+

R4 Output stays at +VSAT if V-<V+

R3
Output goes to -VSAT if V->V+
 Characteristics
V-
Vi R1
- V0
Vref R2 A VH = -Vref*R1/R2 – VSAT*R3/(R3+R4)
+
V+
VL = -Vref*R1/R2 + VSAT*R3/(R3+R4)
R4
R3

V0
+VSAT V0 +10V
-Vref*R1 /(R1 +R2 )
10V VH
Vhys Vhys
VL
-10V 10V Vi
Time
VH
Vi*R2 /(R1 +R2 )
VL -10V -10V
-VSAT
 Op-Amps in Reality
• Fabricated using integrated-
circuit technologies
– Inside an op-amp:
1) Transistors
2) Parasitic capacitors
3) Internal resistors
• Op-amp chip configuration that we will use:
Quad-channel (i.e. 4-in-1)
– 14 pins in the op-amp chip
Instrumentation Amplifier
 Overall Circuit Structure
• Overall differential gain is given
 2 R  R 
by:
GD = Gα Gβ = 1 + 2  4 
 R1  R3 
R2
2 R2 R4
Gα = 1 + Gβ =
R1 VS+ R3
R4

va VS+
R3
VS– vo
R1
R2 R3
VS–
Input VS+ R4 Difference
Conditioner Amplifier

vb
VS–
 In-Amp: Input Conditioner
• Note that iR1 = iR2a = iR2b. Then the diff. output
voltage is given by:
R2
vb '−va ' = iR1 (R1 + 2 R2 ) iR2a VS+

• The diff. input voltage is equal to:v a

iR1
va'

VS–
vb − va = iR1 R1 R1
R2 iR2b

VS+
• The differential gain is thus equal to: vb'
vb '−va ' 2 R2 vb
GD = = 1+
vb − va R1 VS–
 In-Amp: Input Conditioner
• This input conditioner does not amplify
common-mode signals!
• Brief proof of principle: R 2

iR2a VS+
– Since vb – va = iR1R1:
va va'
va = vb = vcm ⇒ iR1 = 0 iR1
VS–
R1
R2
– The output voltages are thus
iR2b

equal to: VS+

va ' = vb ' = vcm

vb'
vb

VS–
 In-Amp: Difference Amplifier
1) From voltage divider principles:
iR2a R2
 R2 
v+ = vb   iR1a VS+
 R1 + R2 
R1
va
vo
2) Note that iR1a = iR2a. Thus:
vb
R1
VS–
R2
vo − v− v− − va
=
R2 R1
vo  1 1 va
⇒ =  + v− −
R2  R2 R1  R1
 In-Amp: Difference Amplifier
3) Note that v– = v+. So from the voltage divider
expression: i R R2a 2

VS+
 R2  iR1a R1
v− = vb   va

 R1 + R2 
vo
vb
R1
VS–
4) Substituting the above into the R2

output voltage expression, we get:

vo  R2 + R1  R2  va
=   vb −
R2  R2 R1  R2 + R1  R1
R2 vo R2
⇒ vo = (vb − va ) ⇒ Gd = =
R1 vb − va R1