Kampo

Kampo medicine (漢方医学 Kanpō igaku), often known simply as Kanpō ( 漢方

Chinese [medicine]), is the study of traditional Chinese medicine in Japan following Kampo
its introduction, beginning in the 7th century.[1] Since then, the Japanese have Japanese name
created their own unique system of diagnosis and therapy. Japanese traditional Kanji 漢方医学
medicine uses most of the Chinese therapies including acupuncture and
Transcriptions
moxibustion, but Kampō in its present-day sense is primarily concerned with the
study of herbs.
Romanization Kanpō igaku

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 日本漢方醫學
Contents
Simplified Chinese 日本汉方医学
History
Origins Literal meaning "Han [Chinese]
Early Japanese adaptation medicine in
Early revision Japan"
Era of Western influence
Transcriptions
Approved Kampō medicines
Standard Mandarin
Herbs
Hanyu Pinyin Rìběn Hànfāng yīxué
Kampō outside Japan
Yue: Cantonese
See also
References
Yale Yaht-bún Hon-fōng
Romanization yī-hohk
Further reading
External links

History

Origins
According to Chinese mythology, the origins of traditional Chinese medicine are traced back to the three legendary sovereigns Fuxi,
Shennong and Yellow Emperor. Shennong is believed to have tasted hundreds of herbs to ascertain their medicinal value and effects
on the human body and help relieve people of their sufferings. The oldest written record focussing solely on the medicinal use of
plants was the Shennong Ben Cao Jingwhich was compiled around the end of the first century B.C. and is said to have classified 365
species of herbs or medicinal plants.

Chinese medical practices were introduced to Japan during the 6th century A.D. In 608 Empress Suiko dispatched E-Nichi, Fuku-In
and other young physicians to China. It is said that they studied medicine there for 15 years. Until 838 Japan sent
19 missions to Tang
China. While the officials studied Chinese government structures, physicians and many of the Japanese monks absorbed Chinese
medical knowledge.

Early Japanese adaptation

In 702 A.D., the Taihō Code was promulgated as an adaptation of the governmental system of China's Tang Dynasty. One section
called for the establishment of a university (daigaku) including a medical school with an elaborate training program, but due to
incessant civil war this program never became effective. Empress Kōmyō (701–760) established the Hidenin and Seyakuin in the
Kōfuku-Temple (Kōfuku-ji) in Nara, being two Buddhist institutions that provided
free healthcare and medicine for the needy. For centuries to come Japanese Buddhist
monks were essential to convey Chinese medical know how to Japan and to provide
health care for both the elite and the general population.

In 753 A.D., the Chinese priest Jianzhen (in Japanese Ganjin) who was well-versed
in medicine arrived in Japan after five failed attempts in 12 years to cross the East
China Sea. As he was blind he used his sense of smell to identify herbs. He brought
medical texts and a large collection of materia medica to the imperial palace in Nara,
which he dedicated to theEmperor Shōmu in 756, 49 days after the emperor’s death.
They are kept in a log-cabin style treasure house of the Tōdai-Temple (Tōdai-ji)
known as Shōsōin.

In 787 A.D., the "Newly Revised Materia Medica" (Xinxiu Bencao, 659 A.D.),
which had been sponsored by the Tang Imperial Court, became an obligatory text in
the study of medicine at the Japanese Health Ministry, but many of the 844
medicinal substances described in this book were not available in Japan at the time.
Around 918 A.D., a Japanese medical dictionary entitled "Japanese names of
(Chinese) Materia Medica" (Honzō-wamyō) was compiled, quoting from 60 Chinese
medical works.
Shennong (Japanese: Shinnō)
During the Heian Period, Tanba Yasuyori (912–995) compiled the first Japanese tasting herbs to ascertain their
medical book, Ishinpō ("Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine"), drawing from qualities (19th-century Japanese
numerous Chinese texts some of which have perished later.[2] During the period scroll)

from 1200 to 1600, medicine in Japan became more practical. Most of the
physicians were Buddhist monks who continued to use the formulas, theories and
practices that had been introduced by the early envoys from aTng China.

Early revision
During the 15th and 16th century, Japanese physicians began to achieve a more
independent view on Chinese medicine. After 12 years of studies in China Tashirō
Sanki (1465–1537) became the leading figure of a movement called "Followers of
Later Developments in Medicine" (Gosei-ha). This school propagated the teachings
of Li Dongyuan and Zhu Tanxi that gradually superseded the older doctrines from
the Song dynasty. Manase Dōsan, one of his disciples, adapted Tashiro's teachings to
Japanese conditions. Based on own observation and experience he compiled a book
on internal medicine in 8 volumes (Keiteki-shū) and established an influential
private medical school (Keiteki-in) in Kyōto. His son Gensaku wrote a book of case
studies (Igaku tenshō-ki) and developed a considerable number of new herb
formulas.

Since the second half of the 17th century a new movement, the "Followers of Classic
Methods" (Kohō-ha) evolved, that emphasized the teachings and formulas of the
Chinese classic "Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders" (Shanghan Lun, in Japanese
Shōkan-ron). While the etiological concepts of this school were as speculative as
Manase Dōsan (1507-94) who laid
those of the Gosei-ha, the therapeutic approaches were based on empirical
the foundations for a more
observations and practical experience. This return to "classic methods" was initiated
independent Japanese medicine
by Nagoya Gen'i (1628–1696), and advocated by influential proponents such as
Gotō Gonzan (1659–1733), Yamawaki Tōyō (1705–1762), and Yoshimasu Tōdō
(1702–1773). Yoshimasu is considered to be the most influential figure. He accepted any effective technique, regardless of its
particular philosophical background. Yoshimasu's abdominal diagnostics are commonly credited with differentiating early modern
Traditional Japanese medicine (TJM) fromTraditional Chinese medicine(TCM).

During the later part of the Edo period, many Japanese practitioners began to utilize elements of both schools. Some, such as Ogino
Gengai (1737–1806), Ishizaka Sōtetsu (1770–1841), or Honma Sōken (1804–1872) even tried to incorporate Western concepts and
therapies, that had made their way into the country through physicians at the Dutch trading-post Dejima (Nagasaki). Although
Western medicine gained some ground in the field of surgery, there was not much competition between "Eastern" and "Western"
schools until the 19th century, because even adherents of "Dutch-Studies" Rangaku)
( were very eclectic in their actual practice.

Traditional medicine never lost its popularity throughout the Edo period, but it entered a period of rapid decline shortly after the
Meiji
Restoration. In 1871, the new government decided to modernize medical education based on the German medical system. Starting in
1875, new medical examinations focused on natural sciences and Western medical disciplines. In October 1883, a law retracted the
licenses of any existing traditional practitioner. Despite losing legal standing, a small number of traditional physicians continued to
practice privately. Some of them, such as Yamada Gyōkō (1808–1881), Asada Sōhaku (1813–1894), and Mori Risshi (1807–1885),
organized an "Association to Preserve [Traditional] Knowledge" (Onchi-sha) and started to set up small hospitals. However, by 1887,
the organization was disbanded due to internal policy dissent and the death of leading figures. The "Imperial Medical Association"
(Teikoku Ikai) founded in 1894, was short-lived too. In 1895, the 8th National Assembly of the Diet vetoed a request to continue the
practice of Kampō. When Azai Kokkan (1848–1903), one of the main activists, died, the Kampō-movement was almost stamped out.

Era of Western influence

Any further attempt to save traditional practices had to take into account Western concepts and therapies. Therefore, it was graduates
from medical faculties, trained in Western medicine, who began to set out to revive traditional knowledge. In 1910 Wada Keijūrō
(1872‐1916) published "The Iron Hammer of the Medical World" (Ikai no tettsui). Yumoto Kyūshin (1876–1942), a graduate from
Kanazawa Medical School, was so impressed by this book that he became a student of Dr. Wada. His "Japanese-Chinese Medicine"
(Kōkan igaku) published in 1927 was the first book on Kampō medicine in which Western medical findings were used to interpret
classical Chinese texts. In 1927 Nakayama Tadanao (1895–1957) presented his "New Research on Kampō-Medicine" (Kampō-igaku
no shin kenkyū). Another "convert" was Ōtsuka Keisetsu (1900–1980), who became one of the most famous Kampō practitioners of
the 20th century.

This gradual revival was supported by the modernization of the dosage form of herbal medicine. During the 1920s, the Nagakura
Pharmaceutical Company in Osaka began developing dried decoctions in a granular form. At about the same time,sumura
T Juntendō,
a company founded by Tsumura Jūsha (1871–1941) in 1893, established a research institute to promote the development of
standardized Kampō medicine. Gradually these "Japanese-Chinese remedies" (wakan-yaku) became a standard method of Kampō
medicine administration.

In 1937, new researchers such as Yakazu Dōmei (1905–2002) started to promote Kampō at the so-called “Takushoku University
Kampo Seminar”. More than 700 people attended these seminars that continued after the war. In 1938, following a proposal of
Yakazu, the "Asia Medicine Association" was established. In 1941, Takeyama Shinichirō published his "Theories on the Restoration
of Kampō Medicine" (Kampō-ijutsu fukkō no riron, 1941). In that same year, Yakazu, Ōtsuka, Kimura Nagahisa, and Shimizu
Fujitarō (1886–1976) completed a book entitled "The Actual Practice of Kampō Medicine" (Kampō shinryō no jissai). By including
the Western medical disease names he greatly expanded the usage of Kampō formulas. A new version of this influential manual was
printed in 1954. This book was also translated into Chinese. A completely revised version was published in 1969 under the title
( ampō Shinryō Iten).[3]
"Medical Dictionary of Kampō Practice" K

In 1950 Ōtsuka Keisetsu, Yakazu Dōmei, Hosono Shirō (1899–1989), Okuda Kenzō (1884–1961), and other leaders of the pre- and
postwar Kampō revival movement established the "Japan Society for Oriental Medicine" (Nippon Tōyō Igakkai) with 89 members
(2014: more than 9000 members). In 1960, raw materials for crude drugs listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia
Nippon
( Yakkyoku-hō)
received official drug prices under the National Health Insurance (NHI,Kokumin kenkō hoken).
Approved Kampō medicines
Today in Japan, Kampō is integrated into the Japanese national health care system. In 1967, the Ministry of Health, Labour and
Welfare approved four Kampō medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program. In 1976, 82 kampo
medicines were approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. This number has increased to 148 Kampo formulation
[4]
extracts, 241 crude drugs, and 5 crude drug preparations.

Rather than modifying formulae as in Traditional Chinese medicine, the Japanese Kampō tradition uses fixed combinations of herbs
in standardized proportions according to the classical literature of Chinese medicine. Kampō medicines are produced by various
manufacturers. However, each medicine is composed of exactly the same ingredients under the Ministry's standardization
methodology. The medicines are therefore prepared under strict manufacturing conditions that rival pharmaceutical companies. In
October 2000, a nationwide study reported that 72% of registered physicians prescribe Kampō medicines.[5] New Kampō medicines
are being evaluated using modern techniques to evaluate their mechanism of action.

Regulations, and likewise safety precautions, are much stronger and tighter for Japanese Kampō than Chinese traditional medicine
due to strict enforcement of laws and standardization.

Herbs
The 14th edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP, Nihon yakkyokuhō) lists 165 herbal ingredients that are used in Kampō
medicines.[6] Lots of the Kampō products are routinely tested for heavy metals, purity, and microbial content to eliminate any
contamination. Kampō medicines are tested for the levels of key chemical constituents as markers for quality control on every
formula. This is carried out from the blending of the raw herbs to the end product according to the Ministry’s pharmaceutical
standards.

Medicinal mushrooms like Reishi and Shiitake are herbal products with a long history of use. In Japan, the Agaricus blazei
mushroom is a highly popular herb, which is used by close to 500,000 people.[7] In Japan, Agaricus blazei is also the most popular
herb used by cancer patients.[8] The second most used herb, is an isolate from the Shiitake mushroom, known as Active Hexose
Correlated Compound.

Kampō outside Japan

In the United States, Kampō is practiced mostly by acupuncturists, Chinese medicine practitioners, naturopath physicians, and other
alternative medicine professionals. Kampō herbal formulae are studied under clinical trials, such as the clinical study of Honso Sho-
saiko-to (H09) for treatment of hepatitis C at the New York Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,[9] and liver cirrhosis caused by
hepatitis C at the UCSD Liver Center.[10] Both clinical trials are sponsored by Honso USA, Inc., a branch of Honso Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan.

See also
Chinese classic herbal formula
List of branches of alternative medicine
Doumei Yakazu

References One of the first sources showing the term "Kampō" in its
modern sense (James Curtis Hepburn:A Japanese and
1. Dharmananda, Subhuti."Kampo Medicine: The
English Dictionary; with an English and Japanese Index.
Practice of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Japan"(ht
London: Trübner & Co., 1867, p. 177.)
tp://www.itmonline.org/arts/kampo.htm). Institute
for Traditional Medicine. Retrieved December 12,
2010.
 2. "Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine (Ishinpō)"(http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100173?x=&y=&s=&d_lang=en&s
_lang=ja&word=%E5%8C%BB%E5%BF%83%E6%96%B9&class=&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&cptype=&owner=&p
os=1&num=1&mode=simple&century=). National Institutes for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
3. Yamada, Terutane (1996). "The Tradition and Genealogy of the KampoMedicine" (http://ci.nii.ac.jp/lognavi?name=n
els&lang=en&type=pdf&id=ART0005781881). Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine(in Japanese). 46 (4): 505–
518. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
4. Kotoe Katayama; et al. (2013). "Prescription of Kampo Drugs in the Japanese Health Care Insurance Program" (htt
p://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/576973.pdf)(PDF). Evidence-Based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2013: 576973. doi:10.1155/2013/576973 (https://doi.org/10.11
55/2013/576973). Retrieved August 25, 2014.
5. "Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine:A Worldwide Review" (http://apps.wh
o.int/medicinedocs/pdf/h2943e/h2943e.pdf)(PDF). 2001. pp. 155–159. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
6. M. Matsuomoto; K. Inoue; E. Kajii (December 1999). "Integrating traditional medicine in Japan: the case of Kampo
medicines". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 7 (4): 254–5. doi:10.1016/S0965-2299(99)80012-0(https://doi.or
g/10.1016/S0965-2299%2899%2980012-0). ISSN 0965-2299 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0965-2299).
PMID 10709312 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10709312). cited in: Garner-Wizard, Mariann (June 30,
2000). "Kampo — Traditional Herbal Medicine of Japan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070926083230/http://www .h
erbalgram.org/youngliving/herbclip/pdfs/041806-179.pdf)(PDF). Herbclip. American Botanical Council. Archived
from the original (http://www.herbalgram.org/youngliving/herbclip/pdfs/041806-179.pdf)(PDF) on September 26,
2007. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
7. T. Takaku; Y. Kimura; H. Okuda (May 2001)."Isolation of an antitumor compound from Agaricus blazei Murill and its
mechanism of action" (http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11340091)
. The Journal of Nutrition.
131 (5): 1409–13. PMID 11340091 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11340091). Retrieved August 25, 2014.
8. I. Hyodo; N. Amano; K. Eguchi (April 2005). "Nationwide survey on complementary and alternative medicine in
cancer patients in Japan".Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (12): 2645–54. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.126(https://doi.
org/10.1200/JCO.2005.04.126). PMID 15728227 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728227).
9. "Clinical Trials: Find a Clinical Trial | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center"(http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/22
70.cfm?IRBNO=02-073). Mskcc.org. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
10. [1] (http://health.ucsd.edu/ntrials/031532.htm)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20050403000328/http://health.u
csd.edu/ntrials/031532.htm)April 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.

Further reading
Kenner, Dan (August 1, 2001). "Research inJapanese Botanical Medicine (Kampo) and Immune Modulating Cancer
Therapy". Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients.
Wen, Dan (2007). "Sho-saiko-to, a Clinically Documented Herbal Preparation for reating
T Chronic Liver Disease".
HerbalGram: The Journal of the American Botanical Council(73): 34–43.
Y. Motoo; T. Seki; K. Tsutani (February 2011). "Traditional Japanese medicine, Kampo: its history and current
status". 17 (2). Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine: 85–87. doi:10.1007/s11655-011-0653-y. PMID 21390572.
Rister, Robert (1999). Japanese Herbal Medicine: The Healing Art of Kampo . Avery Pub. ISBN 978-0-89529-836-2.
Shizu Sakai; Tatsuo Sakai (2009). Christian Oberländer, ed. Transaction in Medicine & Heteronomous
Modernization: Germany, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy.
Yoshiharu Shibata; Jean Wu (1997). Kampo Treatment for Climacteric Disorders. Paradigm Publications.ISBN 978-
0-912111-51-3.
Tsumura, Akira (1991). Kampo: How the Japanese Updated Traditional Herbal Medicine. Japan Publications.
ISBN 0-87040-792-9.
Tsumura Juntendō 70 nenshi (A 70 Year History of Tsumura Juntendo Co.). Tsumura Juntendo Co. 1964.
Yasui, Hiromichi (2007).History of the Schools of Kampo Medicine. 58. Kampo Medicine. pp. 177–202.
doi:10.3937/kampomed.58.177.

External links
International Society for Japanese Kampo Medicine(in English)
Japan Society for Oriental Medicine(in English)
 Current Kampo Medicine (Special Edition)(PDF). International Institute of Health and Human Services, Berkeley
.
November 2005. ISSN 1559-033X.
Center for Kampo Medicineat the Keio University School of Medicine (in English)

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