m:-ii

LESS EFFORT ^m
to win sales
Will y o u r Company los«' sales l>> failing lo reducc the h u -
m a n effort it t a k e s t o iiiaiiufaclure y o u r prodiirt ? To s e n i r r
t h a t p r o d u c t ? T o use i t ?
T h e a n s w e r will bc " Y c s " — unless your Company j o t n s
o t h e r progressive firnis n o w m a k i n g a n i n t e n s i v e drive to
squceze » a s t e effort o u t of t h e i r p r o d u c t desigus. T h e y ' r «
s t o p p i n g w a s t e effort dead i n its t r a e k s riglil o n t h e d r a w i n g
board -— where euch waste is born m o r e often t h a n kille«!. II TAkhs Ltl;? TIME u> OTBKO linder than to type "quick brown f<«.'
I t ' s sitnply, say exeeutives of t h e s e firnti, > n i a l t e r of
ciicoiiraging desigiH-rs to considcr niore fiilly t l i e » n e u a n d
w o m e n w l o m a k e , s«Tviee, or use i h e i r produots» •.;

DESIGN FOR QUICK

Waste effort i> built iulo all sorts of products — evcn 1950-
style modeis for plant, office, farm, and hoiue. "Countless dc-
signs," says Prof. David Porter, of New York University, " r«;ffeet,
GET-ÄT-ABIUTY-
a great violation of motion-eeonomy priaciplcs." Tlic eost of this
«aste, to industry alone, is prodigiüus.
It's the kind of waste found in hundreds of plants where oper-
BY REMINGTON RAND
cantintwd ort fmge 4(1

HS I
BOTH S1DE COVERS snap «ff, vith only an effortless two-hati«) movement. KNT1RE HOliSING is completely out of the way villi back «wer «letaehnj

Modert» Industry
;u:
 ...,. •:. ... •..'... .. -
'•Mi'. •.-.::• •%..•••• •..;:.. ••

^«1« • .' -' •"; -

i'Eli DEFLECTOR. fecd roll» to midilv üftrd out - in a iil FRONT COVER I'I.VTE, h.-M firm In |>III-I>|M- i-iqw. i- ptilleil »ff easilj

MORE
gsier acecss for cieaning and minor adjustnrents to lrtaintain a tfaat make work for people as effortiess and rconoroical m possiblt:.
iwriter at Performance peak. That's provided by revolutionary It's a trend speeded both by growing sales aggressiveness and EFFORT-
jn improveraents shown in these pictures of Remington Rand's sharper consumer demands, j:;s ".•.. •:...,..--
In brieC machines that do a better j o b of inammig ihr firmluctimtjs, SAVING
"Super-ritcr." Timesaving and effortsawng ideas built into this
writer were cuiled from countlc** fieJd and laboratory studies of people point the way tor man'y cotnpanies to meet the needs and 10EAS ON
rpists in action. seize th<* opportunities of The Competitive 50Y To turn out such
hcv carry a story of signifkance to those who de«iga, make, «eil, machines call« for teamwork — bringing into pl;t> top irmnagtmcnt, FOLLOWING
uy equipment for plant, office, or home. . sales, desigrt, and production. At 'Reniington R a i d it pnjfluced PAGES,
hev typify a steady trend toward the devel<»pment of producta the Super-riter.

a#l8i.i:Mif

TU s l \ SCREl'S muovcd, carriace Wils hack for eleaimig or servict F1NALLY, four sniall holt» are takcn out and frame is frecd from inaehine.

Iv IS. 1950
1
mk
mS$Km^ SP*a
'wmmf
OIJ) S .NEW dcMüH-i for nimi
jcctor §Oimdheail are »bown bere from
front «ml rear. Kor »*tfort-a\ tag results
of rcplacing 3a-pieee wekled unk witli
Single? aSuiuiiium-dic räslinii. see belew.
Design for motion eeonomy
pays off in production
üotxl cxarnpk» of applying mo-
tion-eeonomy lliinking to prod-
»elsiii the drawitig hoard shows
up in Bell & llowell's lß-miu.
"Ftlinosotittd" projector. Ilere,
designers songhl no! only to
create a produet tliat would be
easier lo use hui also a produet
tliat would be easier to make.
()n otie pari of the projector
lln- s n i i i h l l i r a d [iit-l in-.-. J•••'.«•\ •
— a switeh from the old 33-
piece, welded-steel uitit to the
new single-pieee, aluminuin-tlie
caslittg gives tliest- resiills:
Pill>ri<-atingojK-ration.si»iluc«d
from 45 to 21: three of the four
original irtspeetions climinated;
Standard eosl cut Ä7'/c.
Single aüpplier now
Added to these direet-saving
henefits are further economic* in
simplilied purchasttig and stock
records. VVbcrc fortncrly three
suppliers furnishcxl the 33 parts,
now only one is needetl,
The new casling tmtkes it
easier to plan and sehedule ina-
to
...__. .£,-1.3
m <i
chiniiig tasks. Line produetion
tnethods arc adopted. Maehine
sotiip time is slashed. Maehiiiing
errors ure far Feuer,
All these manufaeturing ad-
vanlages are obtaiued with a
single design (-hange Ihal at llie
same tili«' improvesthe produet.
Ttilking ptHHtfi for mtlcsmen
The new casling* deereases
weiglttof Ute projector by ahotit
3 Ib., makes llie maehine easier '
to use. It gives the Filmosound
Unit a nea 1er appearanee as com-
pa.red wil.h previoos iiiodels, To
B & U's sales department, the
eoinbination of a better produet
and lower eost —from inotion-
economy-ininded designJitg -
bring* dislinel advatitages in a
liighly eouipetitive fielt!.
An offieial a! Bell & ljowell's
executive oll'ees in Chicago says:
"One of our prime engineeritig
objeetives is to make equipment
that's easy to use . . . and
motion eeonomy is a prime eon-
sideration in designing lt."
LESS EFF« >li I .,„.;,„,>.•„'
ators of raaehines umsl reach too far for a eontroi lever. They
taust stoop uncomfortably to turn a handwheel. They must tako
extra fatiguing Steps to sei up equipmi ul aml keep it. ruiining.
This kiml of waste is found in assemblx when
best i'ib.rtv of motion-eeonomy-rumded engineers
lespite the
miHion-, >>i
mau-hour.- and doilars are lost because designers of the parts
assemhled have paid liltle heetl to the linmaii faetor.
I'.yer\ i(iai;agi-meiil man kiii-w. Ihal litt- prineiples- tif motio;,
eeonomy are applied willi sneecss tu u idcly tliilerent tasks. llt-jtly
imtricnse resnlts in sayitig human elfort (and dollars) are gained
by rearraiiging workplaces fur asseinblv Jobs so ihal innre pr...
dtictivitv for eqiia.1 eiinrl is obtaiued. By rearraiiging inaehim
layottts to reduee nonprodiictive movement.- of men as well a-
maierials. B\ simplifymg office and administrative proeedure.
to improve Performance of people from elork» to top ewoulive-.
W by it h a s n ' t reeeivetl innre a t t e n t i o n
Bot not so gcnerally realized is the faef tliat very liltle progres.
has beert mitcle in applying lootion-eeonouiy prineiples to produet
design wherc the payofl' - in sales and eosts atlvantages — eat
be eqinilly handsoiiie. Why so liltle progress? The maiii reti-oi -
boil down to four:
1. (. iistortiors don't sound off ioiidly eiiough ahotit the motion-
eeononiy shorteomings of protbiels they buy attd use.
-'. Salesineii gloss over the "human " advatttttges of the proiluet-
they oller, pul stress instead on strietly ntechnnteal atlvantagi-;.
3. Designers are not exposed fully to the prineiples and pos.-i-
bililies of motion eeonomy, Unis fail t.o take them into füll aecount
in their creative work,
t. Top-managemeut men fail to see i\w " l i g h t " because the
dollars-and-ccnts polenlial in this approiieh isn't made elcar.
Hosts of other faetors aecount for violation of motion-ecouomy
prineiples in produet design.
'J'hey ränge from niere iron-bound tratlitioli to restrielions ini-
jKtsed on designers by the urgeucy of meeting customer priee and
dolivery tlemaiids.
Agaiitst this baekgiotmii, one faet Stands oul: From now on
inore and Inore eompanies will make "les.s elfort " u prime ingredi-
ent of the protlticts they seil. The customer is King again. No mat-
ter wltal he liiiys •— macliinc tool, fmsiness maehine. iraetor, dish-
n'aslier, or power lawn mower- hell insist on featnres tliat *«r<
elfort.
Tyi'iieal of todiiy's atlititde of iiidtistrial purehasers is this
eoiutuent to MI editors by K. II. Eige, of Western Electric: "So
fur as possible, we ttüliite Standard lypes of ntacliinery available
on the opett market. Obviously, there is always a selection. Our
engineers have uppormost in their minds the matter of human effi-
eiency wlieti scleeling efiiiiptueiit of this type for any purpose.
Fiirlherniore, we eondtiel a yery aetive program of m .ti ii-econ-
ouiy Training wifhiii our engitieering and design Organization, con-
stantly inipressing lipon the minds of the men in ihis group the
itiiportancf of giving human efieiency füll eonsideration."
Design engineers weilt back t o school
Good cxample of' selliug designers the need to btiilil matttifae-
turiug motion eeonomies into their designs is /»und at Glenn I.
Martin Co,,-Baltimore. Ilcre, cotispieuous savings in produetion
eosts resitli-.froiti shop-ftiiiiiliarization eoiirses for engineers and
draftsmen.'
To promote inore ecoiioiuical designs, t he course puts shop know-
how- directly into design engineers' hands. It"involvcs evehing
leetttres, visits to the shop for demotistratiotis. Too. members of
the group wherever possible tackle such tasks as milling. weiding.
attd explosive riveting. ,.
This Martin course is only one of itiauy practica! deviees for
Modern Itidustrv
 - •••• iiny. I t - S u n d s t r a i i d Cyclo Billiiig M a e h i n e
t i ur a g i ug d e s i g n e r s to »void p r o d u e t siieribcali - • -
needlcs- a n d exjiensiye eftorl from b o t h t h e pe<-pi • i l b i>- - 1 - S t a t e m e n t s a n d ledger c a r d s - litis
chines tliat m a k e the p r o d u e t . . - : » - , .- - •• an area only -> by 3 inelies to faeilitatc key-
)t sign elmnges in p r o d n e t s of Friden ( ale il t i n j M . *»«t-l .^jrra'.i "•'• ilh m i n i m u i n band travel.
-.. San Ix-audro, Calif.. m a k e lim. and dollar -.-.
-
- rot m a e h i n e tools leave iiuieh to bc desired in u n s re-
• . : ,-.-.;. . f e v i d t n e e to show treineiidoii.- a d v a n c e s .
m
tiug use of i n o r e - m o d e r n p r o d u e t i o n facil • - • ! • -
t-tihitor ktn top* a n d c o n l r o l b u r s f o r m - l \ •*-- - - . - - s: ..-. - • ':;::• tooU are inereasiiigly bitilding w a - l e effort • *©*'. ,
Med with reeessed fipures tediousl y filled ii .uiptne-d. C o m i n g linder closer scrutiiiy a r e w a y - t o
stin« paiiit. N o w - w i t h a double-injeeti - -' - • •-• „ - • . - ; . m o t i o n - siinultaiicously i n - t e a d of s e p a r a t e K : lo
p l a - l i c of e t u i t r a s t i n g eolor i- fon-.-ö i- ' -.•-.,- -..»-.£ • : . n t r o l s : to save Operato r s l e p s ; a n d to retluee f a t i g u e
• u u n i e r a l s to m a k e a suioolh Hush surfa. i Operations t h r o u g h t h e use of power . (See " W t i m i i i g

Itlea t l i a t b r o t i g b t 5 0 % O u t p u t j u m p
; - . . • -.-.•- with m o t i o n study,*" M I , 7 15 Mi.) n
*•! • --, in Mtifidcl, Professor of h n h i s t r i a l E n g i n e e r i n g at P u r d u o ,
Brought to t h e a t t e n t i o n of M I e d i t o r s n-,-, ntl » i - » ( i < ll • - . - - ' - iv,-. n . o t i o n - e e o n o m y tools for p n - t e - t i n g desipri- of
p r i n c i p l e , i n d i c a t e s liow oonntle.— ilolUr- .: --- '.-> • _. I kc :,::.. r\ while t h e y ' r e still on Ihe d r a w i n g h o a r d . O n e i- « m a n -
de - bot u n f o r t n n a t e l y are not at ' h ; -':-J.\v . ••-••
The easc i n v o l v e s a p a r t with .-ix s t u d - x \ : . - - • - :••
t h e s h o p , girl a s s e m b l o r - t h r e a d e d litis :.•;> •• ' i -" l -
ey u.-ed only one b a n d in a painfully slow . . ; . - ; . • ] - . s :. ••- >.---
p r o v e m e n l m a n soon eotivcrted this t a - k t o a two-h*3«i * r t u p . Motionsavers by Gisliolt Maehine
ter, s o m e o n e in t h e s h o p asked w h e t h e r t h e t i p e n d s of t b e « a r f c
il a n y funetioital valtte. T h e y did n it. So t h r e . o b : •:. :- » - " e
1 )c-';i.'iuT> of s h o p m a e l i i n e ry n o « give from " g i m i n i e k s " ( W i w j to c o m p l e t e
•ned d o w n to p r o v i d e a pilot on which asseoibfcrs c o o U cpiK-kly
ir.or« a t t e n t i o n to m i n i m i / i n g Operator push-btttton conlrol. For instance, a
sition e a e h mit a n d spin it s n t i g b into plac« . W i t l this - mple
.,,, ,->, etiorl a fael typified by featurcs p u s l i - b u t l o ii stutioti on one titöO Gisholt
»nge. O u t p u t was j u t n p e d a b o n t öd' , .
buill into p r o d u e t - of Gisholt M a e h i n e oliminatc s slooping or reachiiig for
It eould h a v e beeil tintde originaliu by the • :• -:.::.-r
( .... M a d i s o n . Wi-, 'These featurcs r ä n g e c r a n k s a n d levers used on older m o d e l s .
At t h e M a y t a g C o . , N e w t o n . I o w a , an a c t i v e Work Simpüfica-
n p r o g r a n i b r i n g s from e m p l o y e e s a s t e a t b para •
produet sign. o u s a n d s >•;' d >Uars a n n u a l l y .
her-, thougli not s p e e t a e u l a r . jiile up i m p >r:au: "---n _>m:e- For
ilance. 8*420 is s a v e d y e a r l y I m i n the - u g g e s t i on by :-. s u p e r t isor
st c l i m m a t t s a hole drillet! in a rod for a e . d i e r p m . I l a n g m i :
er Ihe eiul of llie rod now s e r v e - the -arm- p u r p o - e .
E x p o s u r e t o W o r k Simplification and it- t e a c h i n g of m o l i o n -
m o m y p r i n e i p l e s a n d Icclinifpics help- ]irodtict e n g i n e e r - at
rvel. I n c . . E v a n s v i l l e . I n d . . t o prop..- e U - t t e r d e s i g n - .

M u k i n g e i e r y o n c a w a r e of |M>ssibilities

A c e o r d i n g t o W o r k Simplification D i r e c t o r l l e r m a i i A. S t r a u s , it
in p u l - a w a y of t h i n k i n g into tl» m i n d s of S e r v e l ' s lool engl-
e r s t h a t leatis t o s u p e r i o r tools. jig- , a n d (ixtiire.-. M o r c o v c r ,
eh exiiosure for foremeit b r i n g - suggestitms for p r o d u e t - d e s i g n
anges ro.-ulting in c o s l s a v i n g m o t i on economies in t h e shop.
F o r i n s t a n c e , S t r a u s s a y s , " O n e f o r e m a n in o u r plant was h a v i n g I'II'E P E E G , r c f s s e d in smtg-Iltiii|! P R E S S U R E F I T T I N C , put
n s i d e r a b l e t r o u b l e reworking a e e r t a i n niiil. H e l.ried e v o r y - taikteck eenter on Gisholt autoaiabe in place of pipe plug. is read) for
ing he k n e w t o gel rid of t h e diflieulty. H e found n o t h i n g , a n d latlie, k chic to slick effortsav ing idea. onlinarv liafid-ty|a- grease gun.
•eitle«! t o live w i t h tliat t r o u b l e as long a s t h e p r o d u e t w a s with
m . After W o r k Simplification , he t a e k l e d it a g a i n . F r o m bis
s t e m a t i e a p p r o a c l i , he c a m e u p w i t h a change in produd design
:at eot rid of bis Irollbie and saveil S e r v e l $8,0(10 a y e a r . "
S. i v , !'- eiitire l o p - i n a n a g e m e n t l e a m hat! t h e s a m e e x p o s n r e as
te f o r e m a n . Sixtooii high orlieials, iiiciiiding B o a r d C h a i r m a n
u t h e n b u r g , a t t e n d e d H t h r e e - l i o u r sessions eondiictcil b y Dr.
larvin M u n d e ! , of Piirdne I n i v e r s i t y . "i'lms t o p m i d e r s t a n d i u g of
,'ork Simplification -~ b r i n g i n g u p p e r - e c l t e l o n s u p p o r l to niotioii-
s i u o m y t l i i u k i i t g a t i d a c t i o n - is tleveioped,
F r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of t h e uscr, a t t e n t i o n t o t h e h u m a n f a e t o r
v d e s i g n e r s is b r i n g i n g vtistlv i m p m v e d p r o d u e t - such as t y p e -
riters ( p p . 38-3!»), m o t i o n - p i e t u r e projector,- fp, 40), a n d m a e h i n e
» l s (at r i g h l a n d on p, 4'2).
Design e h a n g e s a d d Operator c o n v e n i e n c e to new m o d e i s of food
lachincs b y T o l e d o Scale C o . F o r i n s l a n c c . on T o l c d o ' s s t e a k
lacliinc. t h e c u t t i n g m e e h a n i s i n n t a y b e r e m o v c d a s a uiiit for
r. •
leaning. O n e a r l i e r m o d e l s , c u t t i n g rolls a n d g u i d e s h a d t o be O M A A F E V S T l t O K E S of guu are KEMOVING eenter, onlinarily
needed to for« grease into hole that rims a leilitius task that oecurs ofte«
isassetiililed p i e e e m e a l .
llirough to encj, tttus easily cjeel eenter. whcre work variea, is no« quick.
New p r o d u e t s of ü n d e r w o o d C o r p . , N e w Y o r k , i n e o r p o r a t e p r i n -

41
ulv 15, 1950
 «I
at
•iäfifism<*•-*'••;?•
i Smä
mm A l lm
••-:: ^
I
m •
i
TO HEIM (iE I I A N 1)1,1 M b litt protlllclivit) of tltrrrt Jl.lt.«-, llu- Walltet
<\ Swasev Licet ro-Cyele Conlrol elimtiiate- manmd opergtion olTteadstoek.
I.ESS E F F O R T r«iit(n»««f
maehine Operation ehart for listing in set|uenee the individual
human tnotiotis invölved in ilsing the «'«{iiipiiient for a specific fask,
The other i- an iirticulatctl liuuiaii leuiplat« niade lo Scale in
plan and proliic views- v lieh is plaecd on sliuilar Mittle views
of the maehine itself. The tt-tnplate is moved into positions that
eotiform with eaeli step on the matt-tnacliine eltart. Each position
is sttnlietl against a clieeklist of poinls, such as loctition of eon-
trols fuitl workplaec heigltt. Tlierel.y Ihe dcsigner ha- a beiter
opporlunity to catch and correct human defieioneies of the maehine
beforc it is built.
Diseoveriiig relalJon «if detail m o t i o n « , m a e h i n e Operation
Anotbcr prcplaniiing aid for luaehine design is a slidc-rule type
inau-machine eyeiograph develeped by •!. G. Surniacz, chief in-
dttstrial Mlgiiteer, Ingersoll Sleel D i e , Borg-Warner Corp., Chi-
cago.
It provitles a ready way to visualiw: detail motions and their
rclalion to maehine futictioniug.
To the growing fand of facts on nian-maohine relationships,
Colleges and tiniversilies atld a big sltare. 'Ulis exploration and
faet-Inding is tlone not »lötte by engiiiecring «leparttneiits but also
by psyehology and medienl professors and their studenls.
For instance, at Moimt Ilolyokc College, South Iladley, Alass.,
« N'avy-hTianccd projeet eoncentrates on human behavior a« it re-
iaies to design of railar and other tnilitary electronic- deviees, This
work is tlone linder a subctmlract with Johns Hopkins Ftiiversify,
Baltimore, which is aetively researching the subjecl,
'The Fniversity of California. Berkeley, is working on funda-
mental experiments in Ibis arca. One of llie mos! reeent reports
from V. of C. by Professor Louis E, Davis deals wiih human factors
in Ihe design of manual inacbiiie eontroU. Data secureil in bis study
shoiild be helpfltt to designers for deeiding on type autl locafion
of cotilrols (such as handwhcels, cranks, and erossbars) for
opli .mm operala-ii.
A three-vear jirojecl, begun in 104» at Harvard's Seitool of Public
Health sliüws how industry is enlisting psychologists for rcsearcli
that will lead to c-ffortsaving produet improvements. The study
äs known as " T h e Highway Transport Research Projeet." It is
42
mm
*K
%
• ..,-
.: ..•••'
* i11 SS
*
:'- Vi
•
J
warn
-
Al TOMVFIC O/XTRüL for tarrc-t on \\ X S iathe alle»- Operator to
pre-et maebine for eiMftf*!i*le eude of work bv adju-tjag kimrU'd knoh-.
fiuaiiced by the National Assn. of Motor Bus Operators, the Amer-
ican Triieking Assn., and the Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. It
aims to retluce aeeidents.
lmportant clcrucnls of the stutly are: i lj design of eipiipment
in rclalion to the human faetor; and (i) job analysis of Im- and
truck-driver Operation-,
A typieal linditig: Heeords show that triteks parket! on highwin .-
are in itiany serious ac-eidents, and that. ofteti they ocetir beforc
warning flares are sei.
With t h i s a s a lead, examinatiott of eertain trucks reveals that
flares are carried in a place altnost iuaeeessible t.o Ihe dri\-t>r. So
it takes the driver tot) long lo tilg out (lares and sei them: or he
deeides it's too mueh trouble, and igitores them.
Similarly, designers of other produets glossing over the hu-
muu faetor - f a i l to consider accessibilily. Examples are iegion.
ranging from hidden Itibricalioii poinls «in maebinery lo a shiit-olf
valve place«! where it takes a stcplatldcr to reaeh it.
For such oversights, eoinpanics pay and pay,
Costh htttuau errors — responsible for aeeidents, produet danj-
age, or iilisleading aecountirtg fignres • — are, again, made less
likcly tlirough tle.-igns llialfully consider ihe human faetor.
Psyehology plays big p a r i in clTective safeguards
llere, the psychologist also begins to assiime an iitereasingly
liclpful role for the designer (see "tJsing psyehology in produet
design," M I , 4/15 '48). For the psychologist is fotving atfenliori
— a- well as rcvealing htghly tiseful facts -- on such inatters as
legibilily of dials, visihilify, accessibility, human liiitits, attd
rcachability.
Wben luore attention is paid to these things, thcrc'll IM- fewer
produets that —- despile mueh meebanical efheieucy - have bailt-
in waste effort.
With the human being broughi into the dosigner's tuintl in these
ways, a whole new fielt! of opporlunity opens for industry to:
(1) Take a deeper litte into produetion eosts; und (£) buikl new
custotncr-winniiig tippeal into produets.
For cvery Company (.hat aims for these bcnefit.s, tlirough htiiiian-
izing its produet, the mosl ttnporlanl step is lo " g o to the person
who uses it, day in and day o u t . "
Modern Industry