ABSTRACT

Harmonics in HVDC power systems, which are caused by highly non-linear devices,
affect its performance. Therefore, the main concern of power engineers in power system
design and operation have been controlling and eliminating such repulsion. In respect of this,
HVDC power system repulsion analysis is, therefore, imperative in power system planning,
control and operation. It is worthy of note that, different alternatives of filter design should be
considered before making final decision on filter Configuration. The essence of this paper is
basically to compare the mitigation techniques of 6-pulse HVDC systems using passive and
series active power filters to eliminate line current repulsion and to compensate reactive
power by increasing the power factor. Conventionally, passive LC filters and capacitors have
been used to eliminate line current harmonics and to compensate reactive power by
increasing the power factor. However, these filters have the disadvantages of large size,
resonance and fixed compensation behavior. the series active power filter appears to be a
viable solution for eliminating repulsion currents and current transient condition. Shunt active
power filter compensates current by injecting equal voltage compensation are created by
nonlinear loads.

1
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy sources (RES) have experienced a fast development in recent years.
These systems employ with micro sources like PV, fuel cells etc. Though PV cells can be
made into array and connected in series to produce high voltage there exist serious problems
like shadowing effects, short circuit which drastically reduces its efficiency. In order to
overcome such adverse effects this micro source energy is utilized by the high step up
converter to produce high voltage and satisfy the demands. Conventional boost converters
can’t provide such a high DC voltage gain for extreme duty cycle.

Thus high step up dc-dc converters are used as front end converters to step from low
voltage to high voltage which are required to have a large conversion ratio, high efficiency
and small volume (Q. Zhao and F. C. Lee., 2003). In some converters active clamp circuit is
used to overcome voltage spikes caused by the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor.
Though ZVS technique is employed for soft switching it can’t sustain light loads (T.F. Wu,
and B. Axelrod., 2008). Low level voltage from the PV, fuel cells is connected to Kilo watt
level using step up dc-dc converter and inverter circuits. Voltage spikes and switching losses
are eliminated by active clamping. In dc-ac, inverter always tends to draw ac ripple current at
twice the output frequency. Resonant inductors cost and circuit volume is high (R.J. Wai.,
2008). In some converters high voltage conversion is obtained by changing transformer turns
ratio which will increase the overall efficiency but still the operation of main switch involves
hard switching and also EMI noise gets raised (J.M. Kwon and B.W. Kwon., 2009). Impacts
of SiC (silicon carbide) MOSFETS on converter, switching and conduction losses are
reduced even though fast switching is done. Si diodes have ideal, but sill SiC devices
processes large amount of ringing current at turn OFF relatively to other devices. Package of
external diode and the diode itself have more parasitic capacitances that are added to the
devices parasitic aggravating the ringing

2
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITRATURE
2.1 MORE THAN ENVIRO-FRIENDLY: RENEWABLE ENERGY IS ALSO GOOD
FOR THE BOTTOM LINE
With the increasing integration of renewable energy generation into high power grids,
transmission at the DC level is becoming increasingly more useful than AC transmission. In
this regard, emerging applications, such as offshore wind farms, require a high voltage gain
DC/DC conversion system to interface with high power transmission networks. This paper
presents a new high voltage gain resonant switched-capacitor (RSC) DC/DC converter for
high power offshore wind energy systems. The proposed DC/DC converter is characterized
by the resonant switching transitions to achieve minimal switching losses and maximum
system efficiency. Therefore, a higher switching frequency is conceivable to attain a higher
power density. The double stage output voltage of the proposed converter operates at seven
times as high as the input voltage with a small device count.

The output capacitors are charged and discharged continuously by a 180º phase shift
with respect to each other to eliminate the output voltage ripples with the low capacitance
requirements. The proposed series-modular and cascade configurations show the intrinsic
advantage of being readily applicable to multi-stage power switching converters. The
developed topology has been implemented on a 5-kW prototype converter to test its
feasibility.

2.2 DYNAMIC MODELING AND OPERATION STRATEGYFOR A MICROGRID

WITH WIND AND PHOTOVOLTAIC RESOURCES
ANY applications powered by batteries call for high performance, high step-up dc–dc
converters. As an example, for a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp ballast used in
automotive headlamps in which the start-up voltage is up to 400 V, the dc–dc converter needs
to boost the 12 V of the battery voltage up to 100 V during steady-state operation. Another
example of a high step-up application is the front-end converter with dual inputs. The
convergence of computer and telecommunications industries makes the well-defined 48 V
battery plant a good choice for offering hours of reserve time during outages of the ac mains .
Although both powered by the 48 V dc power plant, the dc-input converter is more efficient
and less complex than the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) . The dc-input converter must
boost the 48 V of the dc bus voltage to about 380–400 V. Generally speaking, the high step-
up dc–dc converters for these applications have the following common features.

3
 1) High step-up voltage gain. Generally, about a tenfold step-up gain is required.
2) High efficiency.
3) No isolation is required.
There are two major concerns related to the efficiency of a high step-up dc–dc converter:
large input current and high output voltage. The large input current results from low input
voltage; therefore, low-voltage-rated devices with lower necessary in order to reduce the
conduction loss. Another concern is the severe reverse-recovery problem that occurs in the
output rectifier due to the high output voltage. The boost and buck–boost converters are the
simplest non isolation topologies. Unfortunately, the switch sustaining the high output
voltage has a high - . Furthermore, the short pulse current with high amplitude that flows
through the output rectifier due to extreme duty ratio induces a severe rectifier reverse-
recovery problem. The high - of the switch and the severe rectifier reverserecovery problem
limit the output power . The nonisolation converters can provide high step-up voltage gain
without incurring extreme duty ratios. For the third-order two-switch converter, the voltage
gain is infinite when the duty is equal to 0.5.
The basic idea behind this group of circuits is to store sufficient energy in the inductors
by assembling the input and output voltage sources so that they are in series during switch-on
time. However, having the output voltage source charge the inductor introduces high levels of
circulating current. The voltage stress of the switch is 2 . The high - of the switch and the
huge circulating current make it extremely difficult to achieve decent efficiency. One
attractive solution is the twocascade boost converter. Although there are two energy-
processing steps, the efficiency of the two-cascade continuous-current-mode (CCM) boost
converters can still be very high .
The major drawback to this solution is the complexity resulting from the two sets of
active switches, the magnetic components and the controllers. The controllers must be
synchronized to avoid the beat frequency, and the stability of the converter is also a concern.
Due to the high levels of both output power and output voltage, the output rectifier of the
second boost stage has a severe reverse-recovery problem, which not only degrades
efficiency but also causes EMI noise. Instead of non isolation converters or cascade dc–dc
converters, those with coupled inductors, such as flyback or isolation Sepic converters, could
be used . Converters with coupled inductors can easily achieve high step-up voltage gain,
utilizing low - switches at low power levels.
However, the leakage energy induces high voltage stress, large switching losses and
severe EMI problems. An active-clamp circuit can recycle the leakage energy with minimal

4
voltage stress to the main switch, but at the cost of topology complexity and some losses
related to the clamp circuit. Adding the active-clamp switch and the floating gate driver
increases both the circuit complexity and the cost. Any accidental overlap between the main
and active-clamp switch gate-drive signals could lead to a fatal failure of the circuit. The
efficiency improvement is limited because the high current through the active-clamp switch
can induce high conduction loss. This paper presents a family of high-efficiency, high step-up
clamp-mode converters without extreme duty ratios. By only adding one additional diode and
a small capacitor, the proposed converters’ operation is similar to that of their active-clamp
counterparts, but with better performance. In the proposed converters, the additional diode
serves as the body diode of the active-clamp switch. The coupled winding and output rectifier
together act as a switch similar to a magnetic switch, serving the same function as the active-
clamp switch. Topologies with one active switch have significantly reduced cost and circuit
complexity compared to those using the active-clamp scheme. Therefore, the reliability of the
converter could be dramatically increased. The proposed clamp-mode coupled-inductor
converters can use a low-voltage-rated switch to minimize the conduction loss. The clamp
circuit recovers the leakage energy and has a lower circulating current. The leakage inductor
can be used to control the current decrease rate of the output rectifier. Therefore, the output
rectifier reverse-recovery problem is significantly alleviated. High efficiency is achieved
because of the low - of the switch, the efficient recycling of leakage energy, and the
controlled of the output rectifier

2.3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A STAND-ALONEWIND ENERGY CONVERSION

SYSTEM WITH BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE TO A WIND

In stand-alone power supplies have garnered high esteem for reducing atmospheric
pollution that are produced by fossil fuel combustion . Distributed generation (DG) units,
including both renewable and nonrenewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) modules, fuel
cells (FCs), and wind generators, provide alternative environment-friendly energy to satisfy
current electrical demands of consumers. In traditional power systems, power stations with
fossil combustion engines that are located far from the consumers require the building of long
transmission lines, which is very expensive. Moreover, estimates by the World Bank state
that as much as 40% of the world’s population lives in villages that are not tied to any utility
grid . Therefore, the DG units are often taken as a prime candidate in the building of a small-
scale stand-alone generation plant for household electric supply. However, the DG units often
have a low output voltage, so they cannot directly support electrical appliances with the same

5
power qualities of the grid in terms of frequency and amplitude. Thus, the design of a power
conversion system with two-stage topologies that include a dc–dc converter and a dc–ac
inverter, which are commonly used to efficiently interface the low-voltage dc power to the
electric utilities, as well as stand-alone power supply, has recently become a major research
topic.
A dc–dc converter with a steep voltage ratio is an essential mechanism in stand-alone
DG applications to interface a lowvoltage power source to the later inverter via a high-
voltage dc bus. For example, uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) are widely used in the
industry and in offices, which need a dc–bus voltage that is higher than the peak voltage that
the utility provides. Conventional boost converters cannot provide such a high voltage gain,
even for an extreme duty cycle. It may also result in serious reverse-recovery problems and
increase the ratings of all devices. As a result, the conversion efficiency is degraded, and the
electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem is severe under this situation. To increase the
conversion efficiency and voltage gain, many modified boost converter topologies have been
investigated in the last decade. Although voltage-clamped techniques were manipulated in the
converter design to overcome the severe reverse-recovery problem of the output diode in
high-level voltage applications, there still were overlarge switch voltage stresses, and the
voltage gain was limited by the turn-on time of the auxiliary switch. In, a coupled inductor
was employed to provide a high step-up ratio and to substantially reduce the switch voltage
stress while also efficiently alleviating the reverse-recovery problem of the output diode. In
this case, the leakage energy of the coupled inductor is another problem that arises when the
switch was turned off. It results in a high-voltage ripple across the switch due to the resonant
phenomenon that the leakage current induced. To protect the switch devices, either a high
voltage-rated device with higher RDS(on)or a snubber circuit is usually adopted to deplete
the leakage energy. With these methods, the power conversion efficiency will be degraded.
Zhao and Lee introduced a family of high-efficiency high step-up dc–dc converters by only
adding one additional diode and one small capacitor. It can recycle the leakage energy and
alleviate the reverse-recovery problem. In this scheme, the magnetic core can be regarded as
a flyback transformer, and most of the energy was stored in the magnetizing inductor.
However, the leakage inductor of the coupled inductor and the parasitic capacitor of the
output diode resonated after the switch was turned on, so a proper snubber is necessary to
reduce the output rectifier peak voltage.
Moreover, the capacity of the magnetic core should substantially be increased when the
demand of high output power is required. Therefore, a high efficiency high-step-up converter

6
with a coupled inductor is utilized in the proposed conversion system. The manipulation of a
coupled inductor with a lower voltage rated switch and passive regenerative snubber circuit is
adopted to promote the voltage gain. Moreover, the problems of stray inductance and the
diode reverse recovery in conventional boost converters can also be solved so that it can
achieve the objective of high efficiency power conversion. In the second stage, a
conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverter with an LC filter circuit
is, probably, the most important power converter topology and is used in many particular
industrial and commercial applications such as a UPS for telecommunication systems,
computer sets, hospital equipment, and ac motor drivers. However, the instantaneous average
output voltage is always lower than the input dc–bus voltage, and the output current needs to
pass through a filter inductor. Hence, an inductor with a higher inductance increases the
product’s weight and severe copper loss.
Additionally, the output waveform tends to distort around the peak turning point and
generates high-frequency harmonics. The output inductor also cumbers the adjustable ability
of the voltage-source inverter while suddenly loading or supporting nonlinear loads occurs.
The current-source inverting methodology has mainly been used to charge the output
capacitor to accumulate a pure sine waveform so that it can lower the high-frequency
harmonics and solve the problem of EMI. However, the inductor current and switch voltage
stress are difficult to handle due to the utilization of a large inductor in this circuit. To protect
the switch devices, either a high-voltage-rated device or a snubber circuit is normally applied
to deplete the leakage energy. However, it will degrade the corresponding power conversion
efficiency. Voltageclamped and soft-switching techniques are commonly used in high-
efficiency inverters. Ishikawa and proposed a new series-resonant dc-link inverter with a
voltage clamped circuit to provide soft-switching characteristics and restrain the voltage
stress across a switch below four times that of the dc–bus voltage.
presented a novel soft switched current-source inverter for single-phase utility interfaces
to achieve the soft-switching capability. Unfortunately, their inverter requires a bulky
inductor for the operation of variant switching frequency and adopts a large output capacitor
for lowering the total harmonic distortion (THD). Moreover, Wai and Duan developed a new
current-source sinusoidal voltage inverter with a smaller inductor and compressed the voltage
stress across switches, which is approximately double that of the dc–bus voltage. However,
the secondary winding of the coupled inductor has a high circulating current, which feeds
back to the input dc bus; the inductor current should be controlled in the discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM).

7
 Therefore, the efficiency improvement is limited to light loads. In addition, the switching
frequency is typically increased to minimize the size and weight of the current-source
inverter. However, increasing the frequency leads to substantial switching losses and
deteriorates overall system efficiency. Hence, this paper employs a current-source inverter
that is designed by the voltage-clamped and soft-switching techniques to provide an output
voltage that possesses high conversion efficiency with a reduced THD value. The voltage
ratings of the switches are comparatively lower than the ratings in, so it will result in smaller
conduction losses, whereas the corresponding switching losses are also diminished via the
soft-switching technique.
By surveying the previous two-stage power conversion strategies for FC applications, a
newly designed topology that is composed of a high-step-up dc–dc converter and a current
source sine-wave voltage inverter was presented in. In this converter circuit, the leakage
inductor of the coupled inductor and the parasitic capacitor of the output diode resonated after
the switch was turned on; a proper snubber is necessary to reduce the output rectifier peak
voltage. Moreover, the capacity of the magnetic core should substantially be increased when
the demand of high output power is required. In this inverter scheme, the secondary winding
of the coupled inductor has a high circulating current, which feeds back to the input dc bus,
and the inductor current should be controlled in the DCM.
Therefore, the entire maximum conversion efficiency is measured to be lower than 88%.
Waiet al. investigated a high efficiency FC power condition framework, including a
conventional boost converter and a two-inductance two-capacitance (LLCC) resonant
inverter. Unfortunately, the main switch in this converter circuit must possess the power
capability of high voltage and large current, and it has the problem of reverse recovery
within the output diode. In addition, the geometric mean frequency is sensitive to load style,
and the larger THD value in the inverter output voltage is induced by the third-order
harmonic component. As a result, the dc voltage gain is limited, and the entire maximum
conversion efficiency is measured to be lower than 85%.
In previous two-stage power conversion strategies for PV applications, Changet al.
recorded that the efficiency of a two-stage PV-grid inverter that is composed of a traditional
boost converter and a full-bridge inverter was generally about 84.6%. The topology that
Changet al. proposed could be seen as a single-stage PV power conversion, and it can
raise the efficiency to 90% if the energy transmission path from the utility to the load is
considered.

8
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
A control algorithm for a standalone solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel-battery hybrid
system is implemented in this paper. The proposed system deals with the intermittent
nature of the energy generated by the PV array and it also provides power quality
improvement. The PV array is integrated through a DC-DC boost converter and
controlled using a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to obtain the
maximum power under varying operating conditions. The battery energy storage system
(BESS) is integrated to the diesel engine generator (DG) set for the coordinated load
management and power flow within the system. The admittance based control algorithm is
used for load balancing, harmonics elimination and reactive power compensation under three
phase four-wire linear and nonlinear loads. A four-leg voltage source converter (VSC)
with BESS also provides neutral current compensation. The
Performance of proposed standalone hybrid system is studied under different loading
conditions experimentally on a developed prototype of the system.

3.1 Existing Block Diagram

9
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

A hybrid system comprise of Photovoltaic (PV), Battery, Ultra capacitor (UC), Fuel
Cell (FC) to meet isolated DC load demand. The PV is the primary energy source, whereas
battery and SC both are considered for their different power density to supply transient and
steady load respectively. To increase the reliability of the system source FC has been chosen
to keep the battery fully charged. The battery sources are connected to DC bus by DC-DC
converters. A power flow control strategy adapts their variable DC voltage to Bus voltage by
means of these converters. In this work, FC is chosen to work for a limited period. This will
avoid the over sizing of the FC and limit the operational cost of the system.

3.3 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 3.2 Proposed Block Diagram

ADVANTAGES:

 This circuit having Dual Ultra Capacitor (DUC)

 DC-DC Voltage Source Converter (VSC) having less harmonic
 Load sharing among all the energy sources in energy management strategy.
 Charging-discharging cycle of battery. Battery is allowed to discharge up to a certain
limit and then it gets charged .
 Less Switching Losses

10
 CHAPTER 4

TESTING AND MODEL PREPARATION

4.1 SOFTWARE TESTING DESCRIPTION

4.1.1 DEFINITION OF MATLAB

Mat lab is a technical computing environment for high-performance numeric

computation and visualization, produced by The Maths Works Inc. It includes a number of
subject specific toolboxes as well as a dynamic system simulation package, Simulink.
MATLAB® is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical
computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data,
develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in
math functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than
with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java®. You can
use MATLAB for a range of applications, including signal processing and communications,
image and video processing, control systems, test and measurement, computational finance,
and computational biology. More than a million engineers and scientists in industry and
academia use MATLAB, the language of technical computing.

It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use

environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
Typical uses include:

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to
write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or Fortran.

11
 The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects,
which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.

MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very

important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

4.1.2 A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

This tutorial is intended as a cut and paste tutorial to Mat lab’s capabilities. The
reader would be served to have this web page open along with a Mat lab window. To execute
Mat lab in a UNIX environment, at the prompt, type Mat lab and return. If Matlab is
successfully executed, a small pop up window will appear with the Mat lab logo. In the
UNIX window, an introductory message will stream by and the Mat lab prompt will appear.
To enter commands in Mat lab, simply type them in. Beware that Mat lab is case sensitive;
this tutorial contains Mat lab code. Each line of Mat lab code starts with the prompt >>.
When you cut a segment of code from this tutorial, do not cut the prompt >>.
Power system simulation involves modeling power generation equipment, planning
the integration of power plants onto the electric grid, and performing generator control
system parameter estimation.

Critical power system simulation and optimization tasks include:

 Simulating performance against grid code and ensuring production goals are met

 Automating control system parameter estimation to meet regulatory requirements

 Performing EMT simulation and harmonic analysis to identify and mitigate power quality
issues

12
Structures

MATLAB has structure data types.Since all variables in MATLAB are arrays, a more
adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array has the same field names.
In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names[12] (field look-ups by name, field
manipulations, etc.). Unfortunately, MATLAB JIT does not support MATLAB structures,
therefore just a simple bundling of various variables into a structure will come at a cost.

Functions

When creating a MATLAB function, the name of the file should match the name of
the first function in the file. Valid function names begin with an alphabetic character, and can
contain letters, numbers, or underscores.

Function handles

MATLAB supports elements of lambda calculus by introducing function handles or

function references, which are implemented either in .m files or anonymous/nested functions.

Classes and object-oriented programming

MATLAB's support for object-oriented programming includes classes, inheritance,

virtual dispatch, packages, pass-by-value semantics, and pass-by-reference semantics.
However, the syntax and calling conventions are significantly different from other languages.
MATLAB has value classes and reference classes, depending on whether the class
has handle as a super-class (for reference classes) or not (for value classes).

4.1.3 MAT LAB ADVANTAGES

Mat lab is an interpreted language from numerical computation. It allows one to

perform numerical calculations, and visualize the results without the need for complicated
and time consuming programming. Mat lab allows its users to accurately solve problems,
produce graphics easily and produce code efficiently.

13
4.1.4 MAT LAB DISADVANTAGES

Because Mat lab is an interpreted language, it can be slow, and poor programming
practices can make it unacceptably slow.

4.2 SYSTEM MODEL

4.2.1 MEDIUM AND HIGH POWER INVERTERS
There are different power converter topologies and control strategies used in inverter
designs. Different design approaches address various issues that may be more or less
important depending on the way that the converter is intended to be used. The issue of
waveform quality is one the important concern and it can be addressed in many ways. In
practice capacitors and inductors can be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a
transformer, filtering can be applied to the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or
to both sides. Low-pass filters are applied to allow the fundamental component of the
waveform to pass to the output while limiting the passage of the harmonic components.
Thus quality of waveform can be adjusted. Note that, normal inverters always
generate very low quality output waveforms. To make the output waveform qualitative, low
pass (LC filter) are often added in the circuit. Thus, at this point of time readers might have a
question that, why the quality of converter output is low? And why Low pass filter are
frequently added in the circuit. Further, what kinds of solutions are available to increase
quality of output waveform without losing its efficiency? All this are open problems
associated with present day inverters.
However, eventually all this will be addressed in this thesis. But at first we try to
figure out the converter applications from low power to high power and then we summarize
the requirements to meet the high power demand. Finally we try to present the problems and
solutions available to meet the high power demand.

4.2.2 CHALLENGING ASPECTS IN MEDIUM AND HIGH POWER INVERTERS

The current energy arena is changing. The feeling of dependence on fossil fuels and
the progressive increase of its cost is leading to the investment of huge amounts of resources,
economical and human, to develop new cheaper and cleaner energy resources not related to
fossil fuels [3]. In fact, for decades, renewable energy resources have been the focus for
researchers, and different families of power inverters have been designed to make the
integration of these types of systems into the distribution grid a current reality.

14
 The transmission lines, high-power electronic systems are needed to assure the power
distribution and the energy quality. Therefore, power electronic inverters have the
responsibility to carry out these tasks with high efficiency. The increase of the world energy
demand has entailed the appearance of new power converter topologies and new
semiconductor technology capable to drive all needed power. A continuous race to develop
higher-voltage and higher-current power semiconductors to drive high-power systems still
goes on.
However, at present there is tough competition between the use of classic power
converter topologies using high-voltage semiconductors and new converter topologies using
medium-voltage devices. Power inverters are an amazing technology for industrial practice
powered by electric drive systems. They are potentially helpful for a wide range of
applications: transport (train traction, ship propulsion, and automotive applications), energy
conversion, manufacturing, mining, and petrochemical, to name a few. Many of these
processes have been continuously raising their demand of power to reach higher production
rates, cost reduction (large-scale economy), and efficiency .

The power electronics research community and industry have reacted to this demand
in two different ways: developing semiconductor technology to reach higher nominal
voltages and currents (currently 8 kV and 6 kA) while maintaining traditional converter
topologies (mainly two-level voltage and current source inverters); and by developing new
converter topologies, with traditional semiconductor technology, known as multilevel
inverters. The first approach inherited the benefit of well known circuit structures and control
methods. Adding to that, the newer semi-conductors are more expensive, and by going higher
in power, other power-quality requirements have to be fulfilled, thereby there may be need of
additional power filters. Therefore it will be quite feasible to choose to build a new converter
topology based on multilevel concept. This is the challenging issue right now.
The fundamental MVSIs are diode clamped (DCM), flaying capacitor (FCM) and
cascaded (CHB) multilevel inverters. Despite all the mentioned merits, MVSIs have some
disadvantages over the conventional two-level structure. In multilevel topologies an increase
in the number of levels consequences an increase in circuit intricacy, which reduces the
efficiency and reliability. The diode-clamped inverters face with some challenges. As the
number of output levels become more and more, the difficulty to retain the voltages of DC
capacitors balanced increases as well. This voltage imbalance can be the result of many
factors such as load power factor, operation conditions and the control techniqu

15
 To overcome the mentioned problem, several procedures have been suggested. In
FCM, the control scheme is intricate to uphold the voltage levels for each of the capacitors at
the target value [12]. Modularity, easier controllability and higher reliability are the
properties that distinguish the CHB inverter from the other mentioned structures. CHB is the
series connected of several H-bridge units. Each unit can generate three-level staircase
waveform utilizing one DC source and four unidirectional switches. DC voltage are
produced either by insulated supplies or,frequently, by a bulky array of capacitive voltage
splitters . The high number of components in CHB inverter is the main concern that the
advanced topologies of the cascade inverter try to reduce it. A lot of efforts have been done
by researchers to meet this requirement. So, it is a useful thought to propose new MVSI
topology that reduces the requirements for essential equipment and has higher performance

4.2.3 HIGH-FREQUENCY INVERTER FOR INDUCTION HEATING

APPLICATIONS

The basic power conversion scheme in most in- duction heating systems. From the
above discussion on the basic principle of the IH system, it can be said that the heart of the IH
system is the high-frequency inverter. This high- frequency inverter works at very high
switching frequency, i.e. about 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Generally, semiconductor switches which
are used in DC-DC or DC-AC converters are operated in hard switching mode. During turn-
on and turn-off, there is always some amount of voltage and current present across the
switches. Due to this, a large amount of switching losses occur. Also, due to the high
switching fre-quency, EMI problem and di/dt or dv/dt type problems occur. Power loss due to
switching at a higher frequency can be calculated as [23] and it can be concluded from
equation (2) that at higher switching frequency, more power loss across the switches occurs.
This deteriorates the efficiency of the converter.

4.3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION

High step-up DC–DC converters are widely used in many applications, such as in
high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp ballasts for automobile headlamps, DC back-up energy
systems for uninterruptible power supplies. Theoretically, the conventional boost converter
can be used for high step-up voltage conversion with a large duty ratio. However, the
conversion efficiency and step-up voltage gain of the boost converter are limited under a
large duty ratio condition owing to the loss of power switches and rectifier diodes, as well as

16
the equivalent series resistance of inductors and capacitors. A very large duty ratio results in
serious reverse-recovery problems and increases the rating of the output diode leading to very
low efficiency. Additionally, a power converter operating at a duty ratio of greater than 50%
requires a slope compensation in current mode pulse width modulation (PWM) to overcome
the instabilities with load disturbances. Therefore a step-up converter with a reasonable duty
ratio to achieve high efficiency and high voltage gain performance is very important for high
voltage gain applications. Flyback and forward converters generally achieve high stepup
voltage gains by adjusting. However, the active switch of this converter produces high
voltage spike and poor efficiency because of the leakage inductance. To reduce the voltage
spike, the resistor –capacitor –diode (RCD) snubber is adopted to limit the voltage stress on
the active switch. However, this approach reduces the efficiency .Hence, non-dissipative
snubbers have been applied to recycle the leakage inductance energy and to suppress the
voltage spike on the active switch. Since the energy regeneration snubber circuit requires
additional components, it has an increased cost. Many boost converters have been presented
to improve the conversion efficiency and raise the step-up voltage gain . Various high step-up
converters with low current ripple using the coupled inductor have been developed. However,
leakage inductance issues relating to voltage spike and efficiency remain significant.
proposed a very simple topology for a high efficiency DC– DC converter with a high step-up
voltage gain. An integrated boost-flyback converter based on a coupled inductor has been
presented. The energy stored in the leakage inductance is recycled into the output during the
switch-off period, increasing the efficiency and limiting the voltage spike. Several
counterpart converters have been proposed based on this converter integration and output
stacking concept. presented a high step-up DC– DC converter with integrated coupled
inductor and common-mode electromagnetic interference reduction filter. Parket al developed
a sepic-flyback converter with a coupled inductor and output voltage stacking. Baeket al.
introduced a high step-up gain converter that uses coupled inductor and voltage-double
technique on output stacking to achieve high voltage gain. Zhao and Lee[16] proposed a high
step-up gain boost converter that utilises multiple coupled inductors for output voltage
stacking. Moreover, a simple and effective converter has been presented for high step-up
voltage gain. Kolar et al. presented a switching converter, which recycles the leakage
inductor energy stored to increase the conversion efficiency and suppress the switch voltage
stress. Also, the converter alleviates the problem of the reverse-recovery time on the output
diode. However, since most of the energy is stored in the coupled inductor, a large magnetic
core is required for the demand of high output power application. Luo and Ye introduced the

17
voltage-lift technique for high step-up voltage conversion. Because the switch must endure
large current during switch-on period, voltage-lift technique is suitable for low-output-power
applications. Wai et al.investigated high-gain step-up converters with coupled inductor for
applying in fuel-cell electrical conversion. The step-up converter with coupled inductor and a
sub-converter are presented for high step-up onverter . The step-up converter with low
voltage stress on output diode and power switch uses an integrated coupled inductor and the
voltage-lift technique for high step-up voltage conversion . Besides, the leakage inductance of
the coupled inductor in can be used to limit the current spike in these topologies. However, a
three-winding coupled inductor is required in . Since high step-up voltage gain, high
efficiency and low voltage rating require an appropriate power switch, these converters are
suitable for high-output-power applications. However, the requirement for a coupled inductor
with high coupling coefficient increases the manufacturing difficulty and cost increment and
solves the circulating current problem. This paper presents a novel high-efficiency DC– DC
converter, which uses the coupling inductor and voltage-lift technique to achieve a high
voltage gain. The proposed converter has the following features:
1. High step-up voltage gain.
2. The duty ratio can be designed to less than 0.5 by adjusting the turns ratio of the coupled
inductor. Thus, the converter can be operated under current-mode PWM.
3. The energy stored in the leakage inductance of the transformer is recycled, thus, increasing
the efficiency.
4. The voltage is clamped on the active switch, enabling the power switch to be selected with
a low voltage rating and low conducting resistancerds(on).
5. The converter uses low-rating switch and diodes to minimise the cost.
The rest of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 presents the operating principle of the
proposed converter in detail. Section 3 then describes the circuit design and experimental
results of the proposed converter.
The proposed converter, which is a boost converter with voltage-lift technique and a coupled
inductor. The equivalent model of the coupled inductor includes the magnetising inductor
Lm, leakage inductors Lk1 and Lk2 and an ideal transformer. This converter consists of a DC
input voltage Vin, one power switch, one coupled inductor, three diodes and three capacitors.
The boost converter is adopted to generate a stable voltageVC1 and to supply the energy for
the load. Additionally, the diode D1 is tuned on when switch S is in turned-off period, the
voltage across switch S is clamped at a low voltage level, and the energy stored in the leakage
inductance is recycled into C1. Since switch Shas a low voltage rating and low conducting

18
resistance rds(on), the proposed converter has high efficiency. The voltage-lift technique is
applied to generate a constant voltage VC2and provide the energy to output. Because the
voltage acrossC2 is constant, the voltage gain can be enhanced. Furthermore, the turn ratio of
the coupled inductor is adjusted to achieve
a high step-up voltage gain.
To simplify the circuit analysis, the following conditions are assumed:
1. CapacitorsC1, C2andCoare large enough that theVC1, VC2, and Vo
are constant values in one switching period.
2. All semiconductor components are ideal.

19
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

5.1 SIMULATION OUTPUT

20
SOLAR CELL WITH MPPT

21
PI LOGIC

22
PLUSE COMPARISION

23
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

This paper successfully developed a high step-up isolated converter with two input
power sources using voltage-clamped and soft-switching techniques. In the stand-alone state,
the properties of current sharing and soft switching guarantee that both conduction and
switching losses can be reduced for high efficient conversion. In the united power supply
state, the maximum efficiency of the proposed converter could be higher than 95%, because
the conduction loss can be effectively reduced by topological design of series connection of
two input circuits. In the charge and discharge state, the conversion efficiency slightly
decreases because higher current loading on switches is caused by opposite inductor currents.
Fortunately, the function of bidirectional power flow can be achieved without an auxiliary
power converter.

24
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