FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Technical Report

Subject/Code: Fluid Mechanics BTP2323 Date: 21st January 2019

Section: 01
Module title: Bernoulli’s Equation Name : Hasni Binti Abdul Rahim
(TD18024)

Learning Outcome: Able to identify fluid flow rate quantities and use the
continuity equation for steady flow and define and apply Bernoulli’s
equation to fluid flow systems.

Abstract:
This experiment is carried out to investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s principle when applied to various types of fluid
flow. Bernoulli’s principle relates the pressure,velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility
and viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady. The TechQuipment H10 Flow
Measurement Apparatus is used in this experiment. The pressure difference taken is from h1 to h10 where the values of
h1 to h10 are 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm, 80 cm, 90 cm and 100 cm respectively. The time taken
to collect 5 kg of water in the tank was measured. Lastly, the mass flow rate and the inlet kinetic head is calculated using
data from the experiment. Based on the result obtained, it has been observed that velocity of the fluid increases when it
flows from a wider to narrower tube regardless of the type of flow and the pressure different.
Objectives: 1. To identify fluid flow rate quantities and use the continuity equation for steady flow.

2. To define and apply Bernoulli’s equation to fluid flow systems.

Introduction:
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli’s principle states that an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a
decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy. Bernoulli’s principle can be applied to various types of
fluid flow, or also known as Bernoulli’s equation. There are different Bernoulli’s equation for different types of flow and
the simple form of Bernoulli’s principle is valid only for incompressible flows.
Bernoulli’s principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. The sum of all forms of energy in a fluid
in a steady flow along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. However, the sum of kinetic energy,
potential energy and internal energy must remains constant. So, increase in the speed of fluid (increase in both dynamic
pressure and kinetic energy) occurs simultaneously with decrease of its static pressure, potential energy and internal
energy.
Bernoulli’s Principle can be demonstrated by the Bernoulli’s equation. The Bernoulli’s equation is an approximate
relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation. While the continuity equation relates the speed of a fluid that
moving through a pipe to the cross sectional area of the pipe. It says that as cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases,
the speed of fluid flow must increase and vice-versa. However, Bernoulli’s Principle can only be applied under certain
conditions. The conditions to which Bernoulli’s equation applies are the fluid must be frictionless and of constant
density; the flow must be steady, and in a single streamlines. The Bernoulli equation is as follows :

Type equation here.

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Technical Report

Apparatus/Material:
TechQuipment H10 Flow Measurement Apparatus

Procedure:

1. The air purge valve was closed. The H10 control valve is closed fully, then it was opened by about 1/3.

2. The hydraulic bench pump was switched on. The hydraulic bench valve was opened slowly until water starts to flow.
Allow the Flow Measurement apparatus to be filled with water.

3. The bench valve was opened fully, and the H10 control valve was closed.

4. The hand pump was connected to the air purge valve and was pumped until all the manometers read approximately
330 mm. Entrapped air was removed from the manometers by gently tapping it with fingers. The water levels were kept
constant.

5. The apparatus valve was opened until the rotameter shows reading of approximately 10 mm. The flow with the
hydraulic bench was measured when a steady flow was maintained. The readings of the manometers was recorded
during this period in Table 1.

6. Step 1 and 2 were repeated for a number of equidistant values of rotameter readings until the maximum pressure
values can be recorded from manometers.
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Technical Report

Result/Discussion:
Table 1 Form of results

Test Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A 234 208 198 182 164 149 128 122 106 94

B 58 58 60 60 60 68 58 60 60 58

C 208 186 178 160 148 132 116 108 100 90

D 210 188 178 160 150 130 118 108 100 90

Manometer
E 220 200 190 170 156 138 124 114 108 94
Levels
F 10 10 20 20 56 30 40 42 98 48

G 46 40 50 46 54 50 54 56 58 56

H 44 38 46 44 50 48 52 54 56 54

I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rotameter (cm) 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06

Water W (kg) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Time T (seconds) 17.8 9.8 10.0 11.5 11.6 13.4 14.4 15.9 16.8 19.8

Venturi 0.068 0.096 0.121 0.136 0.161 0.183 0.221 0.228 0.247 0.272

Mass Flow Orifice 0.086 0.114 0.129 0.149 0.183 0.202 0.228 0.255 0.279 0.304
Rate m Rotameter 0.307 0.279 0.304 0.304 0.304 0.304 0.304 0.304 0.304 0.304
(kg/s)
Weigh
0.099 0.125 0.156 0.1834 0.232 0.245 0.283 0.3245 0.368 0.391
Tank

Venturi -1.183 2.367 2.637 3.155 3.155 7.101 9.467 9.467 14.201 14.201

∆H/ Inlet Orifice 125.283 219.245 281.887 375.850 563.774 689.057 876.981 1096.226 1315.472 1566.038
Kinetic
Head Rotameter 1597.358 1534.717 1566.038 1566.038 1566.038 1566.038 1566.038 1566.038 1566.038 1566.038

DIffuser 3.517 0.937 3.304 -2.367 0.937 0.937 0.937 -1.430 0.937 0.937
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Conclusion & Recommendation:

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