Circuits, Ohm’s Law,

DC Circuit Analysis
EEE 3 Lecture 02
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Recall
• Electric Quantities
• Current
• Voltage
• Power
• Power Supplied and Power Absorbed
• Energy
• Kirchhoff's Law
• Voltage
• Current
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Objectives
• Define Circuits

• Identify nodes, branches, loops, and meshes in a circuit

• Define DC Circuit Analysis

• Use Ohm’s Law to relate the current passing through a

resistor and the voltage across a resistor

• Perform DC Circuit Analysis using Ohm’s Law, KCL and KVL

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Outline
• Definition of a Circuit

• Parts of a Circuit

• Voltage Source, Current Source, Resistors

• DC Circuit Analysis
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Actual Circuit

Model (Schematic)
Diagram of circuit
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Circuit example: Power Systems

http://acust.kcpl.com/services/programs/documents/electric-system.gif
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Circuit example: Electronic Systems

http://m.eet.com/media/1051236/C0366-Figure1.jpg
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Electric Network

A combination of various elements (or

groups of elements) through which current
flows (or is expected to flow).
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Electric Circuit
An electric network with the presence of loops.
(That is, electrons can flow back to an initial position
if allowed to move through circuit elements.)
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I
Circuit Elements
+ V –

• Circuit Element - The mathematical model of a

physical device used to analyze its behavior.
• Simple Circuit Element - In circuit analysis, these are
basic units that cannot be subdivided into other simple
circuit elements (e.g. single resistor).
• General Circuit Element - May be composed of or
represented by one or more simple circuit elements (e.g.
DC Machine).
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Circuit Elements
I

+ V –

• Active element - capable of delivering/supplying

power to some other external element

• Passive element - always consumes energy

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Simple Circuit Element:

Independent Voltage Source
• Active circuit element
• Voltage across it is completely independent of current
passing through it.
• Its current is determined by other elements in the circuit.

v +
VS IS VS IS
Vs -

DC DC

+
VS IS
-
i AC
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Simple Circuit Element:

Independent Current Source
• Active circuit element
• Current passing through it is completely independent of
voltage across it.
• Its voltage is determined by the other elements in the circuit.

v
+ +
VS IS VS IS
- -
DC AC

Is i
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Simple Circuit Element:

Dependent/Controlled Source
The source quantity (voltage or current) is determined by a
voltage or current in some other location in the system under
consideration.

Voltage is controlling Current is controlling

+ quantity. quantity.
VS - IS
Voltage-Controlled Current-Controlled
Voltage
Voltage Source Voltage Source
Source
(VCVS) (CCVS)
Voltage-Controlled Current-Controlled
+ Current Current Source
Current Source
Source
VS IS (VCCS) (CCCS)
-
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Simple Circuit Element: v

Resistor
• Passive circuit element k=R
• Mathematical model:
Ohm’s Law: v = R*i i
where R = resistance
• The voltage across it is directly proportional to the
current passing thru it.

• Find the power consumed by a resistor i

• Generally, P = vi and R = v/i, so Presistor = ?
+
Presistor = vi = i2R = v2/R v R
-
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Simple Circuit Element:

Special Cases of Resistance
i

Short circuit is a circuit element with +

resistance approaching zero. Conductors v=0 R=0
or wires may be treated as short circuit.
−
Voltage across a short circuit is zero.

i=0

+
Open circuit is a circuit element with
v R=∞
resistance approaching infinity.
−
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Example:
Identify the circuit elements in the following circuit:

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
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General Circuit Element:

DC Machine model
• Example: DC Motor

Ra

Ia IL
Ec IF RF Vt
Tm

m
Te
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Concept Review
• A circuit is an electric ______ with the presence of ______?
• Network, Loops
• What type of element is capable of delivering/suppling
power?
• Active
• What type of element delivers the same current regardless
of voltage?
• Independent current source
• What type of element delivers a voltage dependent on a
current value on another location?
• Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)
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Structure of Electrical Circuit

• Branch is any portion of a circuit with two terminals, and may
consist of two or more circuit elements.
• Node is a junction of two or more branches or circuit elements.

• Path is a collection of branches; movement through the

network wherein no node is encountered more than once.
• Loop is any closed connection of branches; a closed path
(starting node is the ending node).
• Mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loops.

• Wires are ideal conductors; each part of a segment is

equipotential (i.e., has same voltage)
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Examples of Branch
Branch

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
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Examples of Node
Node

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
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Examples of Loop

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
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Examples of Mesh

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
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Ground node or Ground

A node with which the reference voltage is associated
(Vreference being zero volts). It may be called “reference node”.

0.45 A
Ve = 0V (grounded)
+ vX _ b c
Vae = Va ‒ Ve = Va = 30V a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
Vde = Vd ‒ Ve = Vd = 10V
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
e
Ground node

Symbol for ground

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Circuit Analysis
The process of a determining the relationships of
voltages, currents, power, and other
parameters/quantities in a circuit.

DC circuit analysis is the analysis of a circuit that is

governed by direct current (DC) sources (e.g.
batteries).
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Exercise
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Summary
1. Circuit is a combination of elements through which current
flows (or is expected to flow) in loops (start node = end node).
2. Circuit elements may be active (supplies power) or passive
(consumes power).
3. Simple circuit elements include independent and dependent
voltage and current sources, as well as resistors.
4. Branches are connected by or meet at nodes.
5. Loops are closed paths. Meshes are loops that do not contain
other loops.
6. Wires are ideal conductors. A wire can be treated as one whole
node.
7. Ohm’s Law: V = I*R
8. Ground is a voltage reference node, i.e. Vground = 0 V
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Agenda for Today

• Example Problem
• Exercise
DC Circuit Analysis
• A DC generator will be used to supply power to an electric stove. The
equivalent circuit of the DC machine is shown below.
A) What is the voltage across the terminals of the DC machine (Vt1)
when the stove is not yet connected? (Ans: Vt1 = 122.55V)
B) Assuming that the stove can be modeled as a resistor with a 62.5 Ω
resistance, find the voltage across the generator (Vt2) when the stove is
connected to the generator. (Ans: Vt2 = 120.66V)
C) How much power will be supplied by the generator to the stove?

1Ω DC Generator x

Ia IL +

+ 125 V IF 50 Ω
Vt
Stove
-

-
y
Week 2 Exercise
Circuits, Ohm’s Law, KCL, KVL
PART 1
Identify the number of: (i) nodes, (ii) loops, and (iii) meshes
in the circuit below:
PART 2
Use KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to find the missing quantities in
the circuits below:

+ V1 – IS2

1Ω + I2
I1
+ +
10V IS1 3Ω V2 5V 1Ω 2Ω
– –
–

Circuit 1 Circuit 2
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+ V1 –

1Ω +
+
10V IS1 3Ω V2
–
–

Circuit 1
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IS2

I1 I2
+ 2Ω
5V 1Ω
–

Circuit 2