Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
SESSION-2014
CERTIFICATE
Submitted to:-
Prachi Parashar
(Astt. Proff. Of ECE)
II
LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE, BHOPAL (M.P.)
DECLARATION
Rahul Sharma
Enrollment no. 0157EC121066
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every work started and carried out with systematic approach turns out to be
Successful. Any accomplished requires the effort of many people and this work
is no different. This seminar difficult due to numerous reasons some of error
correction was beyond my control. Sometimes, I was like rudderless boat
without knowing what to do next. It was then the timely guidance of that has
seen us through all these odds. I would be very grateful to them for their
inspiration, encouragement and guidance in all phases of the endeavor.
IV
BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
(BCI/MMI/DNI)
INDEX
ABSTRACT 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 HISTORY 3
2. ARCHITECTURE OF BRAIN 4
3.1 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY 9
SPECTROSCOPY
V
5.0 APPLICATIONS OF BCI 14
5.2 COMMUNICATION 15
5.3 ROBOTICS 15
6.0 CONCLUSION 17
REFERENCES 18
VI
Abstract
For generations, humans have fantasized about the ability to communicate and
interact with machines through thought alone or to create devices that can
peer into person’s mind and thoughts. These ideas have captured the
imagination of humankind in the form of ancient myths and modern science
fiction stories. However, it is only recently that advances in cognitive
neuroscience and brain imaging technologies have started to provide us with
the ability to interface directly with the human brain. Primarily driven by
growing societal recognition for the needs of people with physical disabilities,
researchers have used these technologies to build brain computer interfaces
(BCIs), communication systems that do not depend on the brain’s normal
output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. In these systems, users
explicitly manipulate their brain activity instead of using motor movements to
produce signals that can be used to control computers or communication
devices.
The impact of this work is extremely high, especially to those who suffer
from devastating neuromuscular injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such
as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which eventually strips individuals of
voluntary muscular activity while leaving cognitive function intact.
1
Introduction
For generations, humans have fantasized about the ability to communicate and
interact with machines through thought alone or to create devices that can peer
into person’s mind and thoughts. These ideas have captured the imagination of
humankind in the form of ancient myths and modern science fiction stories.
However, it is only recently that advances in cognitive neuroscience and brain
imaging technologies have started to provide us with the ability to interface
directly with the human brain. This ability is made possible through the use of
sensors that can monitor some of the physical processes that occur within the
brain that correspond with certain forms of thought.
2
―Brain computer interface is the technology to interact with human brain
to the computer or any communicating device.”
The impact of this work is extremely high, especially to those who suffer from
devastating neuromuscular injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which eventually strips individuals of voluntary
muscular activity while leaving cognitive function intact.
1.1 History
3
Architecture of Brain
4
Fig2.1 Functional areas of cerebral cortex (Lateral view)
5
2.1.1 Cerebral Cortex System (Geography of Thoughts)
The cerebral cortex is split into two hemispheres that often have very
different functions. For instance, most language functions lie primarily in
the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere controls many abstract and
spatial reasoning skills. Also, most motor and sensory signals to and from
the brain cross hemispheres, meaning that the right brain senses and
controls the left side of the body and vice versa.
The brain can be further divided into separate regions specialized for
different functions. For example, occipital regions at the very back of the
head are largely devoted to processing of visual information. Areas in the
temporal regions, roughly along the sides and lower areas of the cortex, are
involved in memory, pattern matching, language processing, and auditory
processing. Still other areas of the cortex are devoted to diverse functions
such as spatial representation and processing, attention orienting,
arithmetic, voluntary muscle movement, planning, reasoning and even
enigmatic aspects of human behavior such as moral sense and ambition.
6
Brain Imaging Technologies
7
Figure 3.1 Invasive and Non-invasive method
8
3.1 Electroencephalography
EEG uses electrodes placed directly on the scalp to measure the weak (5–100
µV) electrical potentials generated by activity in the brain. Because of the
fluid, bone, and skin that separate the electrodes from the actual electrical
activity, signals tend to be smoothed and rather noisy. Hence, while EEG
measurements have good temporal resolution with delays in the tens of
milliseconds, spatial resolution tends to be poor, ranging about 2–3 cm
accuracy at best, but usually worse. Two centimeters on the cerebral cortex
could be the difference between inferring that the user is listening to music
when they are in fact moving their hands. We should note that this is the
predominant technology in BCI work.
9
Figure3.2 Schematics of BCI
10
Experiments and Researches
11
4.2 Monkey Operated a Robotic Arm (2008)
In May 2008, a monkey controlled a robotic arm to feed himself In
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
12
Figure4.3 Fist human brain to brain communication
13
Applications of BCI
14
5.2 Communication
Communication systems that do not depend on the brain’s normal output
pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. In these systems, users explicitly
manipulate their brain activity instead of using motor movements to produce
signals that can be used to control computers or communication devices.
5.3 Robotics
Controlling robots with thought has long been a popular science fiction
concept. Recent work with BCIs, however, has shown that robotic control is
indeed possible with brain signals. Applications for neurally-controlled robots
currently center on assistive technologies—―helper‖ robots—but BCI control
has been proposed for military and industrial applications as well. One of the
earliest BCI-controlled robots, the experiment explored the effects of real-
world feedback (the movement of the robot) in conjunction with a P300-based
BCI, which depends on user attention. The robot was configured to perform
the steps to make coffee, such as getting powdered coffee, sugar, and cream,
and stirring the mixture with a spoon. The results showed that users can
effectively attend to real-world feedback while operating an attention-based
BCI.
15
Figure5.2 A lady controlling a robotic arm to feed herself
16
Conclusion
However, many obstacles remain for BCI researchers. BCIs are still
notoriously slow and error-prone compared to traditional input technologies.
More research is essential in order to develop techniques to reduce both
neural and environmental artifacts, to reduce error rates, and to increase
accuracy. For BCI systems to be feasible for mainstream real-world use in the
home and office, they must be simple, small, wearable, and unobtrusive. New
sensor technologies such as dry EEG electrodes and fNIR emitter/detectors
must be perfected. Adaptive systems must be sufficient to automatically
calibrate and ―tune‖ BCIs to an individual’s brain signal patterns without
expert assistance. These are daunting challenges, but as the BCI field matures,
effectiveness and accuracy are increasing. The BCI field is rapidly
approaching critical mass to develop the human-computer interaction methods
of the future.
17
REFERENCES
18