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1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Language

Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the
use of words in a structured and conventional way. In addition, language is a system that consists
of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication,
particularly the human ability to do so and a language is any specific example of such a system.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. According to the philosophy expressed in the myths
and religions of many peoples, language is the source of human life and power.

1.2 Knowledge of the Sound System

Part of knowing a language means knowing what sounds are in that language and what
sounds are not. This is also unconscious knowledge that is revealed by way speakers of one
language pronounce words from other language. For example, French people speaking English
often pronounce ‘zis’ and ‘zat’ instead of this and that. The English represented by the initial letter
‘th’ in these words is not a part of the French sound system and the mispronunciation reveals the
French speakers' unconscious knowledge of this fact. Phonology describes the way sounds
function within a given language and operates at the level sound systems and abstract sound
units.

1.3 Grammar

The way we use the word grammar differs from most common usages. Grammar is the
knowledge speakers have about the units and rules of their language. Phonology is the rules for
combining sound into words meanwhile morphology is the rules of word formation. Besides that,
rules for combining words into phrases and phrases into sentences are called as syntax and
semantics is the rules for assigning meaning. Lexicon is the mental dictionary that lists the words
of the language, represents linguistic competence. In English grammar, sentence structure is the
arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. The grammatical meaning of a
sentence is dependent on this structural organisation, which is also called syntax or syntactic
structure. Grammatical error is a term used in prescriptive grammar to describe an instance of
faulty, unconventional, or controversial usage, such as a misplaced modifier or an inappropriate
verb tense.
2.0 UNGRAMMATICAL STRUCTURED PHOTOS AND DISCUSSIONS

The error in the picture is the word ‘Mens’. It is proven that the picture above consists of
grammatical error as it is stated ‘Mens Printed Summer Shorts’. The function of language for the
picture above is informative because it gives information about men’s summer shorts are available
there. The label above is semantically incorrect because the word ‘mens’ does not carry any
definition or meaning in English. According to Notion of Correctness, the label is acceptable but
not appropriate. The label is acceptable as mens is used as an alternative for the word men's. It
is considered acceptable now because there is also a common noun menswear which is often
used instead of men's wear. Moreover, it is considered as acceptable as the readers can
understand what is meant in the label. However, it is not appropriate because it is a possessive
which should have an apostrophe before the ‘s’. The label should be printed as Men's Printed
Summer Shorts, and the possessive use of the apostrophe correctly indicates that the clothing is
suited towards the group men. Besides that, it is considered not appropriate because it is wrong
in term of lexical semantically and morphological. In linguistics, morphology is the study of words,
how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. In addition,
morphology analyses the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words,
prefixes, and suffixes. Men is a plural noun and is classified as irregular plural forms. Many English
words become plural by changing their vowels, such as ‘oo’ to ‘ee’ or ‘an’ to ‘en’ and men is one
of the example. As the word men is the plural form of man, alphabet ‘s’ is not needed at the end
of the word. In addition, the picture does consist of phonological error. Although the both words,
‘mens’ and ‘men’s’ have same pronunciation, but it is considered as incorrect because in English
Dictionary the word ‘mens’ does not carry any meaning.

The label is informational as it promotes the bed sheets. The error in the picture is the word
bedshet. The label is acceptable in the term of Notion of Correctness because it is pragmatically
correct as the reader understands the label as well as assumes the correct intention of the label.
However, the label is considered not appropriate as it consists typographical error. Typographical
is a mistake in typed or printed text. There are a few types of typographical error such as
misspelled, atomic typos and others. In this case, the label has a misspelled word ‘bedshet’. The
word should be spelled as bed sheet instead of ‘bedshet’. The label is semantically incorrect as
the word ‘bedshet’ does not have carry any meaning in English dictionary. Moreover, the word
bed sheet is classified as open compound word where is should be written separately.
The function of the picture above is informative language function. According to Geoffrey
Leech (1974), informational function is the most important function of language. In fact, this
function concentrates on the message and it is used to give new information. The label above is
classified as informative as it conveys information that all the goods purchased will be opened for
inspection. The picture above consists ungrammatical structure words. Firstly, the word value
used in the information is wrong. According to Notion of Correctness, the information in the picture
is unacceptable as well as not appropriate. It is because the information in the picture consists of
a quite number of error and the structure of the sentences changes the function of the information.
According to the picture above, the word value is considered customers to be important or
beneficial and have a high opinion of. However, there is a wrong in the word class of the message
above. The word value supposedly should be valued instead of value. This is because the word
valued should be used as adjective instead of noun to describe the customers. Besides that, the
word cooperation in the picture is also considered as wrong. This is because the word cooperation
is spelled as co-operation. Even though the spelling is correct, but the hyphen should not be after
the word ‘co’. It is semantically incorrect as the word co-operation does not carry any meaning.
There is another grammatical error in the previous picture which was discussed. The use of
apostrophes in the picture is not correct. It is pragmatically incorrect as the reader can assume
the intention of the message wrongly. The words customer’s, good’s and counter’s should be
replaced with customers, goods and counters. There are few functions to use apostrophe which
are using an apostrophe to show that one person or thing owns or is a member of something, use
an apostrophe after the ‘s’ at the end of a plural noun to show possession and for contractions. In
this case, the apostrophe is not needed as it does not show possession as well as contractions.
The function of language of the banner above is informational as it conveys information to the
reader about the shop. The statement in the banner consists of typographical error, misspelled.
The word nugget is wrongly spelled in the banner. It is spelled as nougat instead of nugget in the
banner. It is semantically incorrect because it changes the actual meaning of the word whereas it
is also pragmatically incorrect because as the reader can assume the intention of the message
wrongly. In terms of Notion of Correctness, the statement is unacceptable and not appropriate
because the misspelled of the one word change the meaning and intention of the whole statement.
3.0 CONCLUSION

The knowledge of English sound system helps in avoiding misinterpretation. Pronunciation is very
important and plays a huge role in English Language as well as other languages in the world.
One of the branch which is related to phonology is homonym. Homonyms are two words that are
spelled the same and sound the same but have different meanings. The word “homonym” comes
from the prefix “homo,” which means the same, and the suffix “-nym,” which means name. For an
example, the word pen. This can mean both a holding area for animals and a writing instrument.
According to the phonological error which has been discussed earlier, a word can lead to different
pronunciations as well as meanings. To sum up, all the rules which has been discussed above
are a part of the grammar of a language and it is very important to develop the language that
includes the sound system.
REFERENCES

Givón, T. (2014). On understanding grammar. Academic Press.

Halliday, M. A. K., Matthiessen, C., & Halliday, M. (2014). An introduction to functional grammar.
Routledge.

Lee, D. (2017). Competing discourses: Perspective and ideology in language. Routledge.

Leech, G. N. (2016). Principles of pragmatics. Routledge.

Kahn, D. (2015). Syllable-based generalizations in English phonology. Routledge


CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Ungrammatical Structured Photos and Discussions

3.0 Conclusion

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