15 Watt Integrated Circuit Power Amplifier Documents PDF

ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, Rizal

College of Engineering
In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in
ENGAL07LAB
15 Watts Integrated Circuit

Bridged Power Amplifier
Submitted By:
Anore, Jefferson
Bolalin, Jerome C.
Cabrestante, Ace
Dapatnapo, Rey
Fernandez, Rachel Joy D.
Josue, Ryan Greggie D.
Raymundo, Alvin
Titong, John Victor
Submitted To:
Engr. Ivanlee Mendoza, RECE, RECT
December 18, 2017

APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electronics Engineering, this research project, under the subject of ENGAL07LAB,
entitled “15 Watts Integrated Circuit Bridge Power Amplifier” has been prepared
and submitted by the following students:
Anore, Jefferson Fernandez, Rachel Joy D.
Bolalin, Jerome C. Josue, Ryan Greggie D.
Cabrestante, Ace Raymundo, Alvin
Dapatnapo, Rey Titong, John Victor
Approved by:
Engr. Ivanlee Mendoza, RECE, RECT
Approved and accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering with the grade of
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every ominous work needs self-effort, discipline and hard work, but it is also
essential to have proper guidance for the task to be efficiently fulfilled. Due to
this, first and foremost, we would like to give our greatest gratitude to the
presence and aid of the Lord who have never failed to provide amazing things and
experiences for thus group of researchers. To God be the Glory!
We would also like to extend our earnest gratitude to the following individual/s
who have always been there to provide perpetual support throughout the duration
of this study:
Our parent/guardians/friends for their undying support, especially in both
financial and moral aspect and for serving as our inspiration and motivation to
achieve greater heights.
Engr. Ivanlee Mendoza, our subject instructor, for giving us the opportunity to
acquire new knowledge and information sharing throughout the span of this study.
Every member of the researcher team who have given their utmost dedication to
give conclusion to this research project.
The people whose name were not mentioned, we humbly extend our thanks for all
your help.
ii
DEDICATION
We, as the researchers, dedicate this dissertation to the following:
To our subject instructor who given us the opportunity to expand our technical
know-how in the field of Electronics and Communications Engineering.
To the future researchers who will use this study as reference for their own.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION.................................................................................................. iii
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ........................................................................ 4
ELECTRONIC SPECIFICATION .......................................................................... 7
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM .................................................................................... 9
BLOCK DIAGRAM .......................................................................................... 10
FUNCTION OF THE COMPONENTS ................................................................ 12
SAFETY ENGINEERING ................................................................................... 15
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................... 21
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 27
INTRODUCTION
Technology has become an essential part of humanity’s daily lives. It
pertains to the application of scientific principles and knowledge for practical use,
one of the main reason why our civilization has advanced to the level that it has
today. One of the many forms and applications of technology is what we call
electronics, or electronics technology rather, which pertains to the science of
manipulating electrical energy electrically. This branch or form of
technology/physics is concerned with the design of electrical circuitries using
components that are electrically driven (electronics components), incorporating
with its study the behavior and movement of electrons in different kinds of
materials. Electronics technology has been widely applied nowadays, from simple
toys to sophisticated military weaponry systems, and it becomes “smarter” as time
passes by.
Electronic equipment, like that of human-society, are grouped into internal
divisions or parts which has a specific purpose or task to accomplish in order for
the entirety to function effectively. For such phenomenon to take place, each
components need to communicate with one another in order to perform their
individual tasks efficiently. This can be done by the use of electric signals which
serve as “messages” for communication between these electronic components.
These components are mostly made with materials having both the properties of
insulation and conduction, which are called semiconductors, in some cases,
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because of its conductive properties, electric signals tend to have some amount of
loss in amplitude of one of its parameters or properties after passing through one
electronic component (or sometimes the electric signal is just too weak to be used
by some components). Due to that fact, it is sometimes essential for electric
signals to be amplified. This can be attained by using devices called amplifiers.
These are devices which are used to amplify weak electric (analog) signals so that it
can attain a certain level that the other components can use, especially speakers.
In technical terms, amplifier is an electronic device that amplifies or
increases the voltage, current or power of an input electric signal. Most amplifiers
are classified into two ways. The first classification is by their function. This
means that they're basically either voltage or power amplifiers. The other one
being by their frequency response. This means that an amplifier is also classified
based on a specific frequency range that it may amplify according to its design.
This study is specifically concerned with power amplifiers, audio power amplifiers
to be precise. Audio power amplifiers are commonly used in home audio systems
and musical instrument amplifiers like guitar amplifiers. Its in-depth discussion
will be provided on the chapters to come.
An audio power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that strengthens low-
power, inaudible electronic audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or
electric guitar pickup to a level that is strong enough for driving
loudspeakers or headphones. Power amplifiers make the signal—whether it is
recorded music, a live speech, live singing, an electric guitar or the mixed audio of
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an entire band through a sound reinforcement system—audible to listeners. It was
invented in 1909 by Lee De Forest when he invented the triode vacuum tube (or
"valve" in British English). The triode was a three terminal device with a control
grid that can modulate the flow of electrons from the filament to the plate. The
triode vacuum amplifier was used to make the first AM radio. The early audio
power amplifiers was based on vacuum tubes which produces notably high audio
quality but was later replaces by solid state devices (transistors). Transistor-based
amplifiers became a great trend nowadays because it has lighter weight, more
reliable and requires less maintenance though some enthusiasts today still uses
vacuum-tube based amplifiers because they perceive that it has a warmer tube
sound. Some of the important applications of an audio power amplifier
include public address systems, theatrical and concert sound reinforcement
systems, and domestic systems such as a stereo or home-theatre system.
The next chapter will have a more in depth and related discussion about the
device that is included in this study.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This study involves the creation of a 15 Watt Integrated Circuit Bridged Power
Amplifier. It accepts three different inputs namely magnetic phono, tuner, and
auxiliary inputs. The last input (auxiliary) can be used for tape/cassette players.
This device features a preamp and a tone control circuit in its preliminary
amplification stage and a loudness and balance (for stereo) along with the main
amplifier in its power amplification stage. The main amplifier of this device is
composed of a bridged connection between two audio power amplifiers ICs. It also
features a compact board design of only 7.3 x 9.3 cm.
In this study, we have used the LM387 Dual Preamplifier for the preamp and
tone control functions and LM383 Audio Power Amplifier in a bridged type
connection for the main amplifier function. The LM387 is a low power dual pre-
amplifier IC package that is used in the amplification of low level signals in
applications requiring optimum noise performance. Each of the two amplifiers is
completely independent, with an internal power supply decoupled-regulator,
providing 110 dB supply rejection and 60 dB channel separation. Other
outstanding features include high gain (104 dB), large output voltage swing (VCC =
2Vp-p), and wide power bandwidth (75 kHz, 20 Vp-p). The LM387 operates from a
single supply across the wide range of 9V to 30V.
In terms of the actual application of the LM387 in this circuit, one part of it
provides the pre-amplification and the other part is used for tone control. The
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preamplifier can provide either low or high gain depending on the input signal. If
the input signal comes from either the tuner or auxiliary input, the pre-amplifier
function provides low-gain. Otherwise, if the magnetic phono is selected, it
provides a high-gain amplifier-equalizer combination function which amplifies the
very weak signals from the magnetic cartridge and corrects the frequency response
of the input signal. By using the other part of the LM387 in a Bandaxall Negative
feedback tone control circuit, the bass or treble can be either cut or boosted
depending on the users’ preference with the help of two potentiometers.
The loudness control and balance control is also provided in the beginning
of the power amplification stage. The loudness control provides additional tonal
compensation in order to correct the low hearing sensitivity when the sound is too
low. The balance control is for used in two-channel operation to adjust the output
of two amplifier system to achieve an overall balance output. Two LM383 Audio
power amplifier are used in this system as the main power amplifying components.
The LM383 is a cost effective, high power amplifier suited for automotive
applications. It has a high current capability (3.5A) enables the device to drive low
impedance loads with low distortion. The LM383 is current limited and thermally
protected. High voltage protection is available (LM383A) which enables the
amplifier to withstand 40V transients on its supply. The LM383 comes in a 5-pin
TO-220 package. The main reason why a bridged type connection was chosen for
this study is because it can provide an overall greater power output.
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In theory, with these components working together, this audio power
amplifier can drive a 4-ohm 15 Watt or an 8-ohm 8 Watt Load Speaker in its output.
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ELECTRONIC SPECIFICATION
SEMICONDUCTORS TYPE VALUES

IC1 Low Noise dual-Preamplifier LM387
IC2,IC3 8-watt audio amplifier IC LM383
RESISTORS TYPE VALUES
R1 Carbon Composition Resistor 47Ω
R2 Carbon Composition Resistor 1K Ω
R3,R17 Carbon Composition Resistor 100K Ω
R4 Carbon Composition Resistor 470 Ω
R5, R19, R22 Carbon Composition Resistor 4.7 Ω
R6, R18 Carbon Composition Resistor 390K Ω
R7 Carbon Composition Resistor 39K Ω
R9, R11 Carbon Composition Resistor 12K Ω
R10,R13 Potentiometer 100K Ω
R12,R14 Carbon Composition Resistor 3.9K Ω
R15,R20 Carbon Composition Resistor 10K Ω
R16 Carbon Composition Resistor 3.3K Ω
R21 Potentiometer with center tap 100K Ω
R8, R23, R25, R26 Carbon Composition Resistor 220 Ω
R24,R27 Carbon Composition Resistor 2.2 Ω
R28 Carbon Composition Resistor 1M Ω
R29 Trimmer 100K Ω
RS Potentiometer 100K Ω
CAPACITORS TYPE VALUES
C1,C8,C14,C15,C22,C23 Electrolytic Capacitor 1uF/50V
C2 Electrolytic Capacitor 22uF/25V
C3 Mylar or Ceramic Capacitor 0.0082uF/50V
C4, C12 Mylar or Ceramic Capacitor 0.002uF/50V
C5 Electrolytic Capacitor 2.2uF/50V
C6 Electrolytic Capacitor 100uF/16V
C7, C13 Mylar or Ceramic Capacitor 0,1uF/50V
C9, C10, C17 Mylar Capacitor 0.033uF/50V
C11 Mylar Capacitor 0.0047uF/50V
C19, C25 Electrolytic Capacitor 10uF/25V
C20, C24 Electrolytic Capacitor 470uF/16V
C21, C26 Mylar Capacitor 0.22uF/50V
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Others (Misc.) Value/Quantity

Speaker Terminals 1 pc.
3-jack RCA Jack 1 set
4 pole 3-position Rotary Switch 1 pc.
DPDT Switch See-saw or Push button 3 pcs.
PCB ---
AWG #25 Stranded Wire
AWG #22 Stranded Wire
Soldering Wire ---
8 pin IC Socket ---
Bolt And Nuts ---
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Fig. 1 15 Watt Integrated Circuit Bridged Power Amplifier Schematic Diagram
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
Input (Tuner, Aux,

Magnetic Phono)
Dual Function Preamplifier DC Supply In
Using LM387 (12V to 16V)
Baxandall Tone
Control Circuit
Volume Control, Loudness Control and Balance

Control (For Stereo Only)
DC Supply In
Bridged Power Amplifier
Using LM383 (12V to 16V)
Output
(Loud Speaker)
Fig. 2 15 Watt Integrated Circuit Bridged Power Amplifier

Block Diagram
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Input
(220V AC)
Step Down
Transformer
(220V to 12V)
Full-wave Rectifier
Filter
Output (12V to
16V DC)
Fig. 3 Power Supply

Block Diagram
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FUNCTION OF THE COMPONENTS
Component Functions
R1, R3, R17, R24, Limits the flow of current to the ground to minimize power
R27 loss.
R4 and C2 Charging circuit, generally serves as power reservoir to IC1A
R8 Controls the current flow from the supply to the preamp
Serves as power reservoir. It ensures that there is a continuous

C6 and C7
supply on the Preamp and Main Power Amp ICs
Provides the necessary feedback for the preamp circuit. When
magnetic phono input is selected by S1, without the
components R2 and R5, it creates a high-gain amplifier-

R5, R6, R7, C3,
equalizer combination circuit with IC1A. On the other hand,
C4, (R2, C5)
when the auxiliary or tuner input is selected, with the
components R2 and C5 connected to the feedback circuit, a low
gain amplifier circuit is created due to the heavy feedback.
C1, C8, C15, Filters incoming signals and allows only AC signals to pass
C16, C19 through while blocking the DC signals
R15, (R9, C10, Forms the filter circuit that can either boost or cut the bass. (R9
R11, C9) and C10 for boost while R11 and C9 for cut)
The main controlling element for the bass part of the tone
R10
control circuit.
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Forms a filter circuit with either R14 or R12 to either boost or

C11
cut the treble. (R14 for boost while R12 for cut)
The main controlling element of the treble part of the tone

R13
control circuit.
Reduces or filters or minimizes the noise from the incoming

R16 and C12
signal to IC1B.
C13 Provides reserved power for IC1B.
Ensures that there is minimal power loss in the tone control

R17
circuitry.
R18, C14 Provides a negative feedback path to the tone control circuit.
Filters incoming signals and allows only low frequency bands to

C18 and R19
pass through.
Provides a common path for loudness control which will render

C17 and R20
the loudness control in an off state
R21 Main control element of the loudness control
Controls the current flow of the output from the loudness

R22
control circuit
RS Balance Control element for stereo operation
C20, R23, R24 Provides negative feedback to IC2
Provides filtration of signal that will be used as an input signal

R28, R29, C25
for the IC3
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C24, R26, R27 Provides negative feedback to IC3
R25 Creates a bridge connection between IC2 and IC3 outputs
C21 Power reservoir for IC2
C26 Power reservoir for IC3
C22, C23 Power reservoirs for the load speaker
IC1A The Pre-Amplifier part of the LM387
IC1B The Tone Control Circuit part of LM387
Main Audio Power Amplifier, connected in bridged type

IC2, IC3
configuration to attain greater power
S1 DPDT selector switch for input signals
S2 Selector Switch for loudness circuit
S3 Selector Switch for Channel 2 (Stereo Operation)
F1 Provides safety connection cut-off at surges that may occur
T1 Steps down 220V AC to 12V AC
Provides a full wave rectification in the secondary (output) part

D1, D2
of the transformer
Acts as power reservoir in order to lessen ripples in the power

4700 uF E-Cap
supply output.
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SAFETY ENGINEERING
There are lot of scenarios that can go wrong with electricity with potentially
dire consequences. Some of these are obvious - NEVER use your finger to test for
the presence of a mains voltage! - but others may not be such as heat-sinks that are
connected to the high voltage connector of a triac. However, take note that the
things that will be discuss are only few of many things to consider, so always
consider every possible aspect and scenario while working with circuits. If in any
doubt seek out the advice of a qualified person.
Electrocution
The most obvious risk from electricity is electrocution through contact
with a live circuit. This is where an electrical current flows through the
body which can result in the heart stopping to work (cardiac arrest).
You may have heard some people say that AC is more dangerous than DC
power, or vice-versa. Rather than get into too much debate over one vs.
the other both AC and DC at high voltages can be lethal. AC is considered
to be more likely to cause cardiac arrest by interrupting with the electrical
signals controlling the heart, but DC can cause burns and both can still kill
so debating the differences is pretty academic. Just remember electricity
can kill if it has sufficient voltage and current whether it's AC or DC.
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The following are ways to reduce the risk of an electrical shock.
1. Avoid mains electricity. The safest way is to completely avoid using
mains voltage in powering up the amplifier circuit. Most electronic
circuits work on low voltages and can be powered by batteries or an
external plug-in transformer.
2. Earth the case of mains equipment. If you do use mains voltage in a
project then you should normally use a metal case and earth the
case. This is done by taking a wire from the earth terminal and
connecting this to an exposed metal part of the case. Sometimes
there is a special connector in the case for connecting the earth, but
if not then it can be connected to a metal screw holding the parts of
the case together. You should then perform appropriate testing to
make sure that all the metal/parts of the case is properly earthed.
3. Check the condition of any equipment and use insulated leads.
Before you connect any equipment to the mains voltage always
check that the equipment is not visibly damaged and that leads are
not damaged. This applies to any electrical equipment whether
home-made or bought as cables can deteriorate over time especially
if they are not stored properly.
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4. Always unplug the amp before going in to solder something - don't depend
on the power switches.
5. Electrolytic (and other type) filter capacitors can hold lethal charges - be
sure to discharge them before working on an amplifier. This can be done by
shorting the "+" side to the "-" side, or the "+" side to the chassis (unless the
cap is in a negative voltage supply, like the bias supply, where you must
short the "-" side to the chassis), using a wire or a screwdriver. This will
make a big spark and a loud noise, which is sure to impress any
onlookers. If you'd rather do it more discreetly, make a jumper cable
consisting of alligator clips on the ends, with a resistor in series in the
middle of the jumper. Use a value of somewhere between 10K and 100K,
with a power rating of 5W or so (a high power rating is not really necessary
for dissipation reasons, but mainly because the higher power resistors are
physically more robust and won't tend to break). Be sure to adequately
insulate the resistor with heat-shrink tubing so the wires aren't exposed, or
you'll get shocked while trying to discharge the capacitors. The larger the
value of the resistor, the longer it will take to discharge the caps, and the
less of a spark you will see. If you use a large value resistor, be sure to
leave it in place long enough for it to drain all the charge out of the
capacitor (if in doubt, measure the voltage across the capacitor to make sure
it is close to zero). Note that many amplifiers will incorporate "bleeder"
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resistors, which will drain the capacitor charge automatically in a few
minutes after the amp is turned off. Don't depend on this resistor to do it's
job!
6. Be sure to turn the power off to the amplifier before discharging the
electrolytic filter capacitors, or you will get an unpleasant surprise.
7. Be sure to remove any capacitor-discharging jumper wires before re-
powering up the amp, or you will get another unpleasant surprise.
8. Learn first aid and buddy up. If working on mains voltage you
should have someone nearby that knows what you are doing so that
they can assist if anyone does go wrong. If you ever come across
anyone that is suffering from an electrical shock and are still
connected to the supply then do not touch them directly as you can
also receive a shock from them. Where possible you should
disconnect the electrical supply (un-plug or switch off the
equipment). If it is not possible to disconnect the supply then push
the person away from the supply using an insulating material such
as a dry wooden or plastic broom handles.
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Risk of fire and explosion
Electrocution is not the only way that you can be harmed through using
electricity incorrectly. Fire can be just as big a risk and can happen at
much lower voltages than electrocution. Again this is a high risk with
mains electricity, but you should also take this into consideration when
working with lower voltage systems such as car or leisure batteries or low
voltage lighting all of which are capable of providing very high currents.
Fire can be caused by overheating due to overloading a plug socket, or if
too high a current going through a particular component or wire.
Burns
There is obviously a risk of burns whilst soldering, but there is also a risk
if a component is touched after it gets hot. Light fittings are well known
for their heat, but other components that are switching heavy loads can
also cause burns if touched.
Dangerous tools
Always read the warning instructions that come with tools. We’re not
particularly talking about metal working tools used in creating a home for
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your new creation, but you may also use power tools on the circuit itself,
such as rotary tools and heat guns used with heat shrink insulation.
Remember that the warnings are there for a reason. You may have drilled
hundreds of holes using an electric drill, but the first metal splinter in
your eye may permanently damage your sight. Always wear goggles /
safety glasses / gloves where it is specified in the instructions.
Dangerous chemicals
If you get into making your own printed circuit boards then there are dangerous
chemicals that need to be handled with care as well as disposed of in a safe
manner to prevent damage to local wildlife. Always read the instructions provided
with your chemicals and contact your supplier if you are in any doubt about the
risks and how to dispose of them appropriately.
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GLOSSARY
A- The symbol for amps, or amperes, which is a unit of current flow. Common
prefixes are "m", for mA (10-3amps), and "u", for uA (10-6 amps).
AC- Alternating Current. This is electric current that periodically changes the
direction in which it flows. The most common form of an alternating current
supply is the sinusoidal current that comes out of a wall outlet. It has no positive
or negative terminals, because AC has no polarity, other than an instantaneous
polarity that changes at a rate equal to the frequency of the current. Common
household AC current is supplied at a frequency of 60Hz in the United States and
some other countries, and 50Hz in other places in the world, most notably,
England. "Hz" stands for "Hertz", which is the name of the unit for frequency, and
means "cycles per second", indicating how many cycles, or changes from positive
to negative, the AC waveform goes through each second. In some older literature,
you may see the term "CPS", which stands for "cycles per second", used in place of
"Hz". Alternating current does not have to be sinusoidal in shape; the square wave
of a distorted guitar amplifier output is also AC, because it changes polarity
periodically.
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AMPLIFIER - an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals,
used chiefly in sound reproduction.
BIASING - the term commonly used for the practice of setting the idle current in
an output tube. Preamp tubes are biased as well, but they are biased only during
the initial design of the amplifier and use what is known as "cathode biasing", and
don't require rebiasing as part of general amplifier maintenance.
CAPACITOR - a device consisting of two parallel plates separated by an insulator,
called the "dielectric". The capacitance is proportional to the area of the plates,
and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Capacitors are used to
block DC while passing AC. They are frequency-dependent devices, which mean
that their capacitive reactance or "effective resistance" to AC increases as the
frequency gets lower. This makes capacitors useful for tone controls, where
different frequency bands must be passed, or for bypassing AC signals to ground
while passing DC through for filtering purposes.
CURRENT - The term given to electron flow. The unit of current is the "amp", or
"ampere", and indicates a current flow of one coulomb per second. A coulomb is a
unit of electron charge.
DIODE - a two-element device which passes a signal in one direction only. They
are used most commonly to convert AC to DC, because they pass the positive part
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of the wave, and block the negative part of the AC signal, or, if they are reversed,
they pass only the negative part and not the positive part. This allows them to be
used to generate a positive or negative DC supply. There are both solid-state and
tube diodes. Since a diode will pass current in only one direction, they can also be
used to "clip" the top or bottom part of a signal. Diodes are also commonly
called "rectifiers" because they rectify the AC voltage, however, the term "rectifier"
is usually reserved for diodes used in the power supply section of an amplifier,
while "diode" is generally used in small signal, or low power applications, such as
clippers.
FILTER (Electronic) - circuits which perform signal processing functions,
specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to
enhance wanted ones, or both.
GROUND - The common "reference" point for the circuit. This is usually also
connected to the chassis, but there can be independent circuit grounds and chassis
grounds.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT - (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is
a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors,
capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as
an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. A
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particular IC is categorized as either linear (analog) or digital, depending on its
intended application.
JUMPING WIRE/CABLE - is an electrical wire or group of them in a cable with a
connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which
is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components,
without soldering.
NOISE - is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal.
PCB - printed circuit board, or PC board. A piece of phenolic or glass-epoxy board
with copper clad on one or both sides. The portions of copper that aren't needed
are etched off, leaving "printed" circuits which connect the components. Most
modern amplifiers use this type of construction. However, many manufacturers
use cheap, single-sided PC boards without plated-through holes, which tend to pull
up pads when a component is desoldered. Some even go so far as to not use a
solder mask or silkscreen. This type of construction should be avoided, and is a
good indication of a cheaply made amplifier.
POWER - is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an
electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
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RESISTOR - a circuit element that presents a resistance to the flow of electric
current. A current flowing through a resistance will create a voltage drop across
that resistance in accordance with Ohm's law.
RIPPLE/RIPPLE VOLTAGE - in electronics, is the residual periodic variation of the
DC voltage within a power supply which has been derived from an alternating
current (AC) source. This ripple is due to incomplete suppression of the
alternating waveform after rectification.
SPEAKER - a transducer designed to reproduce audio frequencies. There are
many different models of guitar speakers, each with its own particular power
handling capability and tone.
SWITCH - a device that opens and closes an electric circuit.
TRANSFORMER - a device for changing levels of AC signals, or for changing
impedances of circuits. It consists of a minimum of two coils, the primary and the
secondary, wound on the same core. The core material can be ferrous (magnetic,
such as iron), or non-ferrous (non-magnetic, such as an air core). Transformers
used in guitar amplifiers are invariably wound on iron cores. An ideal transformer
has no losses, it merely steps a voltage up or down in proportion to the turns ratio
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between the primary and the secondary. This is useful in converting the voltage
from a wall outlet, typically 120 or 240 volts, into a higher voltage for the tube
plate supply, typically 400V or more, and a lower voltage for the tube filament,
typically 6.3 or 12.6V. The transformer will also "reflect back" to the primary the
impedance which is connected to the secondary, in proportion to the square of the
turns ratio. That is, if you have a 20:1 transformer with a 16 ohm impedance
connected to the secondary, it will "look like" a 6.4K ohm impedance on the
primary side. This is useful in matching the plate of a tube, which is very high
impedance, typically on the order of several thousand ohms, to a speaker, which is
very low impedance, typically on the order of 4, 8, or 16 ohms.
VOLTAGE - the term for electric force. Voltage is the energy per unit charge
created when positive and negative charges are separated.
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REFERENCES
"Classification of Amplifiers Integrated Publishing"
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book8/30a.htm
"Audio
Amplifiers|Wikipedia"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_power_amplifier#Applic
ations
"LM387/LM387A Low Noise Dual Amplifier"
http://www.experimentalistsanonymous.com/diy/Datasheets/LM387.pdf
"LM383/LM383A Audio Power Amplifier" http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-
content/uploads/2009/03/lm383.pdf
"Electronic Enthusiasts Projects and Circuits Volume 1" p. 132 – 136
“Safety Engineering” http://www.penguintutor.com/electronics/electrical-safety
“Safety Tips for Working on Tube Amplifiers”
http://www.aikenamps.com/index.php/safety-tips-for-working-on-tube-amplifiers
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15 Watt Integrated Circuit Power Amplifier Documents PDF

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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, Rizal

In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in

15 Watts Integrated Circuit

Engr. Ivanlee Mendoza, RECE, RECT

December 18, 2017

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Electronics Engineering, this research project, under the subject of ENGAL07LAB,

and submitted by the following students:

Anore, Jefferson Fernandez, Rachel Joy D.

Bolalin, Jerome C. Josue, Ryan Greggie D.

Cabrestante, Ace Raymundo, Alvin

Dapatnapo, Rey Titong, John Victor

Engr. Ivanlee Mendoza, RECE, RECT

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering with the grade of

experiences for thus group of researchers. To God be the Glory!

Our parent/guardians/friends for their undying support, especially in both

achieve greater heights.

give conclusion to this research project.

We, as the researchers, dedicate this dissertation to the following:

know-how in the field of Electronics and Communications Engineering.

APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................ i

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ........................................................................ 4

ELECTRONIC SPECIFICATION .......................................................................... 7

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM .................................................................................... 9

BLOCK DIAGRAM .......................................................................................... 10

FUNCTION OF THE COMPONENTS ................................................................ 12

SAFETY ENGINEERING ................................................................................... 15

Technology has become an essential part of humanity’s daily lives. It

electronics, or electronics technology rather, which pertains to the science of

manipulating electrical energy electrically. This branch or form of

technology/physics is concerned with the design of electrical circuitries using

components that are electrically driven (electronics components), incorporating

toys to sophisticated military weaponry systems, and it becomes “smarter” as time

Electronic equipment, like that of human-society, are grouped into internal

components need to communicate with one another in order to perform their

serve as “messages” for communication between these electronic components.

insulation and conduction, which are called semiconductors, in some cases,

by some components). Due to that fact, it is sometimes essential for electric

signals to be amplified. This can be attained by using devices called amplifiers.

In technical terms, amplifier is an electronic device that amplifies or

will be provided on the chapters to come.

An audio power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that strengthens low-

electric guitar pickup to a level that is strong enough for driving

loudspeakers or headphones. Power amplifiers make the signal—whether it is

an entire band through a sound reinforcement system—audible to listeners. It was

sound. Some of the important applications of an audio power amplifier

include public address systems, theatrical and concert sound reinforcement

systems, and domestic systems such as a stereo or home-theatre system.

device that is included in this study.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

features a compact board design of only 7.3 x 9.3 cm.

amplifier IC package that is used in the amplification of low level signals in

applications requiring optimum noise performance. Each of the two amplifiers is

completely independent, with an internal power supply decoupled-regulator,

providing 110 dB supply rejection and 60 dB channel separation. Other

single supply across the wide range of 9V to 30V.

function provides low-gain. Otherwise, if the magnetic phono is selected, it

provides a high-gain amplifier-equalizer combination function which amplifies the

depending on the users’ preference with the help of two potentiometers.

protected. High voltage protection is available (LM383A) which enables the

this study is because it can provide an overall greater power output.

In theory, with these components working together, this audio power