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ACKNOWLADGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank SJVN Ltd. for providing me
with this opportunity to expand my learning horizons and to study these
various topics. I would also like to thank Sh. R. Sehgal his constant
guidance. I also would like to thank Er. Narendra Bhaskar for his guidance
and effort in helping me complete whatever tasks were assigned to me.
INTRODUCTION

During the course of this training, I studied about design of hydraulic


tunnels and detailed project report of NatwarMori Hydro Electric
Plant(NMHEP).

I studied about various implications involved in excavation of tunnels and


losses involved in flow of water through tunnels. I also studied about the
various functions of different structures involved with tunnels and how
carefully they have to be designed. I also studied rock load estimation by
Terzaghi’s table and Q method of design.

I also the studied detailed project report of NMHEP. There was a detailed
hydrologic study about rainfall patterns in the area which have a major
effect on output of the project. There was a detailed study regarding civil
structures involved in the project and geological study of the area. I also
studied the power generation in detail considering various heads and
losses. There was a also a detailed study regarding estimated cost of
project.
HYDRAULLIC TUNNELING

Introduction-
Hydraulic tunnels are designed to establish a pathway of water stream
from the dam(entry point) to the power house(turbines) and finally up to
an exit point. They are designed in such a way that the net head loss can be
minimized and maximum output can be achieved from the given project.
The general shapes of hydraulic tunnels are-
1) Circular shapes
2) D-shape
3) Horse shoe
4) Modified horse shoe

1) Circular shaped tunnels


A circular shape is most suitable consider the structural conditions. It is the
most stable type of tunnel. A circular shaped tunnel is usually adopted
when the rock conditions are poor. However, building a circular shaped
tunnel is not economical as costs of excavation and labor are much higher
as compared to other types of tunnels.

2) D Shaped tunnels
D shaped tunnels are adopted when the rock quality is good, i.e the rocks
are good quality intact sedimentary rocks. Also the external rock pressure
is not very large. It has a moderate structural stability.

3) Horse-shoe and Modified Horse-shoe


Modified horse shoe tunnels are the most widely used tunnels. They hava
decent structural stability and construction cost is not very high either.

Different types of losses in hydraulic tunneling:


A detailed study of losses and hydraulic radius for a given diameter using
Mullman’s formula.

Losses in hydraulic tunnels are of he following types-


1) Frictional losses
2) Trash rack loss
3) Entrance loss
4) Transition loss
5) Bending and junction loss
6) Gate losses
7) Exit losses

Excavation of tunnel:
Excavation of tunnels involves all the steps involved in construction of
tunnel from survey works to final mucking of tunnels.
The preliminary works include-
1) Survey and alignment: A detailed geographical survey of the location is
conducted. Various entry and exit points are assessed and final
alignment of the tunnel is laid out considering all the necessary bends
and changes in diameter. A rock quality estimation study is also
conducted to determine the condition of rock which plays a major role
in final diameter of tunnel.
2) Open excavation in overburden and rock: Once the tunnel alignment
has been finalized, excavation works begin from the entry point taking
into account the quality of rocks and overburden.
3) Arrangements for collection of drainage water: Upon beginning of the
excavation, the drainage water seeping down the holes needs to be
collected and transported. Amount of seepage water can vary
depending upon the location and geologic condition of the area e.g. a
mountain may hold an aquifer inside it which may contain a lot of
water. This water needs to be collected and drained as it may affect the
quality of rock.
4) Access roads: Excavation sites need to accessible to humans and
various equipment need to be transported in order to perform the
tunneling.
5) Equipment: Suitable equipment need to be arranged for and provided
to the workers for smooth and timely completion of excavation of the
tunnel.
6) Field Workshops: Field workshops need to be set up on site to ensure a
safe work environment and govern the progress of the project.

The general methods of tunneling include: -


1) Full face attack method
2) Bottom heading and stopping method
3) Top heading and benching method
4) Drift method
Out of these, the drift method is widely used in India for excavation
purposes.

The general sequence of activities in excavation is as follows-


1) Setting up of drilling holes: The location of entry into the tunnel is
carefully decided and holes are drilled.
2) Loading and blasting of holes: The drills are filed with explosive
materials (TNT) and blasting of holes is done.
3) Defuming and ventilating of holes: Poisonous gases like methane are
allowed to escape to avoid any injuries later.
4) Checking of misfits of explosion by an experience foreman.
5) Mucking: Removal of loose materials from inner lining of tunnel.
NatwarMori Hydro Electric Project

Introduction:
NatwarMori HEP is a hydroelectric power plant located on Tons river in between
Natwar and Mori in the northern state of Uttarakhand. The total rated capacity of
this project is 60W. This is obtained using two turbines of 30W capacity each.
Gross head utilized is about 96.76m.
The flow of river utilized is 1.3cum per sec after deduction of 10% for 90%
hydrologic year. The total head loss between the point of entry into the tunnel
and turbine is 6m. Therefore, the net utilized head is 90.76m.

Full reservoir level = 1267.0m above MSL


Minimum tail water level= 1168.20m above MSL
Maximum tail water level= 1170.75m above MSL
Design discharge of one unit/load= 14.70 cum per sec

Calculation of head loss :-


1) Head loss at intake= 0.3m
2) Head loss due to trash rack provided before bell mouth entrance= 0.016m
3) Head loss though bell mouth entrance= 0.002m
4) Head loss due to horizontal bends= 0.0025m
(A total of 3 horizontal bends are provided.)
5) Head loss due to friction=0.130m
6) Losses at surge and pressure shafts= 0.009m
7) Losses due to gate and stop log= 0.002m
8) Head loss due to bends in pressure shaft= 0.01m (total two
vertical bends have been provided)
9) Head loss due to bifurcation= ____
10) Frictional losses after bifurcation= 0.038m
11) Frictional loss due to butterfly valve= .660m

On conducting various statistical studies, 1984-85 was the 90% dependable year
and 1981-82 was the 50% dependable year.

Civil structures in NMHEP: -


The basic civil structures involved in NMHEP are:
1) Barrage structure across river Tons
2) Intake at reservoir, power channel and distillation tank
3) Tunnel intake and Head race tunnel
4) Underground surge tank
5) Pressure shaft
6) Underground power house with two turbines
7) Tailrace tunnel and tailrace channel
8) Surface switchyard
Final layout of major components involved in the project:
1) Barrage
For diversion of water for power generation. The radial gates are
designed to pass 1 in 100 years flood discharge of 1600 cum/sec.
2) Water conductor system
The water conductor system includes intake at water reservoir, power
channel, various distillation tanks, intakes to HRT, HRT, underground
surge shaft, pressure shaft and tailrace tunnel.
These tunnels are designed to carry a design discharge of 73.5cum/sec.
Head race tunnel is 4.33 km long with a diameter of about 5.6m.

River diversion arrangements:


Stage 1:
The first stage includes excavation of open distillation tank area.
Dimension of diversion channel is about 20m in width, 4.5m in height and 210m
in length designed to pass 1 in 25 years monsoon discharge of 250cum/sec.
Stage 2:
Stage 2 includes diversion of river water by providing Earthen bunds.

Head Race Tunnel (HRT): -


Head race tunnel is constructed between distillation tank and surge shaft
of length about 4.33km. Modified horse shoe type tunnel of diameter about 5.6m
is constructed designed to facilitate a design discharge of 73.5 cum/sec. during
the hydrologic studies the economic diameter was found out to be 6.03m but
5.6m was adopted to maintain a discharge speed of 2.88m/sec. the inner
concrete lining of tunnel is of M20 grade concrete about 0.35m thick. Contact
grouting is done all along the tunnel for waterproofing purposes.

Support system: -
For providing the support system, after a detailed geological study of the
area; 40% of the rocks are in good condition, 40% is of fair quality and rest 20%
is of poor quality. Bolts of length 3m with a diameter of about 25mm are used.
For lengths where the quality of rock is good, sets of 3 bolts alternating with 2 at
spacing of 2m are used. For fair quality rocks, sets of 5 bolts alternating with 4 at
spacing of 2m supports are used with shortcrete walls with welded wire mesh. In
case of poor quality rocks, set of 5 bolts alternating with 4 bolts in spacings of
1500mm with shortcrete lining along with welded wire mesh and steel ribs are
employed.

Pressure shaft: -
A steel lined pressure shaft of diameter of about 4m with an initial length
of 5.6m is constructed. The horizontal slope is about 70.6 degrees.
The total length of pressure shaft is 109m up to the bifurcation point. Surge shaft
has a total diameter of 18m.
Following gates have been constructed during the whole course of this project:
1) Barrage radial gates
Two radial gates of dimensions 9.1m x 8m with rubber seal on both sides
and a 9.1m x 14m with flap gates has been constructed. One floating debris
release gate of dimension 6.6m x 3.5m with fixed wheel type vertical lift gate has
been constructed.
2) Stop logs for barrage radial gates
3) Reservoir intake stop gate
4) Distillation tank stop log gate
5) Surge shaft gate
6) Tailrace gate
7) Draft tube gate

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