Network+

Basics
1
 Networks

What’s Network?

Why We Need Networks?

2
 Network+; First Step to the
Net World

Microsoft: MCSE2003, MCITP2008, MCSE2012

MCSE2003 - MCSE2003 R2

MCITP2008 - MCITP2008 R2

MCSE2012

Cisco

Linux

3

Microsoft:

MCITP:

MCITP Windows 7 Configuration (70-680)

MCITP Active Directory Configuration (70-640)

MCITP Network Infrastructure Configuration (70-642)

MCITP Application Infrastructure Configuration (70-643)

MCITP Enterprise Administration Configuration (70-647)

MCSE:

Installing and Configuring Windows Server 2012 (70-410)

Administering Windows Server 2012 (70-411)

Configuring Advance Windows Server 2012 Services (70-412)

Design and Implementing a Server Infrastructure (70-413)

Implementing and Advanced Server Infrastructure (70-414)
4
 Network+; First Step to the
Net World

Cisco:

CCNA:

ICND1 (100-101)
CCNA (200-120)

ICND2 (200-101)

CCNP:

CCNP Route (642-902)

CCNP Switch (642-813)

CCNP T-Shoot (642-832)

5
 Network+; First Step to the
Net World

Linux:

LPI 1 (101)

LPI 2 (102)

6
 Network History

First Local Net created by Xerox and called PARC
Ethernet (Ethernet I) (Palo Alto Research Center)

Next versions improved by DEC and Intel and called
DIX Ethernet

7
 Internet History

1950s: ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency)

1962: ARPA Net

1982: TCP/IP

1986: NSF Net (First Backbone)

1993: InterNic (Internet Information Center)

1995: VBNS (VeryHighSpeed Backbone Network
System)

8
 Internet History

1990s: Web (CERN: Tim Berners-Lee)
(Center Europeen de Recherche Nucleaire = European
Nuclear Research Center)

9
 Network Types

LAN

WAN

MAN

PAN

10
Network Types

11
 Network Connection Concepts

Internet

Intranet

Extranet

12
 Network Connection Concepts

Segment

Backbone

13
 Network Connection Concepts

Client/Server Networks

Point-to-Point Networks

14
 Network Connection Concepts

Unicast Address

Broadcast Address

Multicast Address

15
 Responsible Organizations for
Network Protocol Standards

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers )

IEEE802.x

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

Covers all standards except Electrical & Electronic Standards

IAB (Internet Activities Board)

IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

16
 Responsible Organizations for
Network Protocol Standards

TIA/EIA (Telecommunicational Industry Association
/Electronic Industries Alliance)

Physical Layer

ANSI (American National Standard Institute)

Private Organization

17
 Network Models

OSI Model (Open System Interconnection)

TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)

18
OSI Model

19
PDU

APDU

PPDU

SPDU

Segment

Packet

Frame

Bit

20
Same-Layer Interaction &
Adjacent-Layer Interaction
Concept Description
Same-layer interaction on The two computers use a
different computers protocol to communicate with
the same layer on another
computer.

Adjacent-layer interaction On a single computer, one

on the same computer layer provides a service to a
higher layer

21
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP

Application

Transport
Internet

Network Access
(Host-to-Network)

22
 OSI vs TCP/IP

OSI TCP/IP
Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link Network Access

Physical (Host-to-Network)
23
Some OSI & TCP/IP
Protocols

24
Hybrid Model
Hybrid Model

Application

Transport

Network
Data Link
Physical
25
OSI Layer and Their Functions

Layer7: Application

Provide an Interface Between Communication Software's in
two Separate Computer

Authentication

26
OSI Layer and Their Functions

Layer6: Presentation

Negotiate & Define Data Format

Encryption

Compression

27
OSI Layer and Their Functions

Layer5: Session

Defines How to Start, Control, and End Conversations

Control and Management Bidirectional Messages

28
OSI Layer and Their Functions

Layer4: Transport

Error Control

Flow Control

End to End Connection

Segmentation and Order a Large Data

Multiplexing

Connection Establishment & Termination

29
OSI Layer and Their Functions

Layer3: Network

Logical Addressing

Routing

Path Determination

30
OSI Layer and Their Functions

Layer2: Data Link

Define Header and Trailer Format

Define FCS Field

Error Detection

31
OSI Layer and Their Functions

Layer1: Physical

Refers to Medium Standards from Other Organizations

32
OSI Layer and Their Functions
Layer Name Protocols and Devices
Specifications
Application, Telnet, HTTP, FTP, Firewall, Intrusion
Presentation, SMTP, POP3, VoIP, Detection System
Session (Layers 5–7) SNMP
Transport (Layer 4) TCP, UDP
Network (Layer 3) IP Router
Data link (Layer 2) Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), LAN Switch, Wireless
HDLC, Frame Relay, Access Point, Cable
PPP Modem, DSL Modem
Physical (Layer 1) RJ-45, EIA/TIA-232, LAN hub, Repeater,
V.35, Ethernet (IEEE Cables
802.3)
33
 A Way to Memorize

OSI:

All People Seem To Need Data Processing (Layers 7 to 1)

TCP/IP:

ATIN (Layer 4 to 1)

34
Physical
Layer
35
 Cable Topologies

Bus

Ring

Star

Mesh

36
Bus Topology

37
Ring Topologies

38
Mesh Topologies

39
Star Topologies

40
 Cable Types

Twisted Pair:

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

STP (shielded Twisted Pair)

Coaxial

Fiber Optic

41
UTP Cable

42
STP Cable

43
Most Common Types of Ethernet

Common Speed Alternative Name of Cable Type,

Name Name IEEE Maximum
Standard Length
Ethernet 10 Mbps 10BASE-T IEEE 802.3 Copper, 100m
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps 100BASE-TX IEEE 802.3u Copper, 100m
Gigabit 1000 Mbps 1000BASE-T IEEE Copper, 100 m
Ethernet 802.3ab
Gigabit 1000 Mbps 1000BASE-LX, IEEE 802.3z Fiber,
Ethernet 1000BASE-SX 550m(SX) 5km
(LX)

44
Coaxial Cable

45
 Coaxial Cable
(Original Ethernet Standards)

Name Cable MAX Nodes

10Base5 Thick Coax 500m 100

10Base2 Thin Coax 185m 30

46
Fiber Optic Cable

47
 UTP Categories
Category Bandwidth
Cat1 0.4 MHz
Cat2 Token Ring
Cat3 16MHz
Cat4 20MHz
Cat5 100MHz
Cat5e 100MHz
Cat6 250MHz
Cat6e 250MHz (500MHz according to some)
Cat6a 500MHz
Cat7 600MHz
Cat7a 1000MHz
Cat8 1200MHz 48
 Ethernet UTP Cabling
(Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Straight Through

Cross Over

Roll Over

49
 UTP Cabling Standards

TIA/EIA 568A :

TIA/EIA568B:

(Telecommunicational Industry Association /Electronic

Industries Alliance)

50
UTP Cabling Standard Colors

Green/White Green

Orange/White Orange

Blue/White Blue

Brown/White Brown

51
TIA/EIA 568A

52
TIA/EIA 568B

53
Straight Through (1)

54
Straight Through (2)

55
Cross Over

56
Roll Over

57
Roll Over

58
 Device Connections

PC to PC: C

Switch to Switch: C

Router to Router: C

PC to Switch: S

Switch to Router: S

PC to Router: C

59
 Device Connections

Devices That Transmit on 1,2 Devices That Transmit on 3,6

and Receive on 3,6 and Receive on 1,2

PC Hub/Switch
Cross

Router Hub/Switch

Straight

60
RJ45 Socket

61
 Required Devices for Cabling

RJ45 Socket Pliers

RJ45 Socket

UTP Cable

62
 Transmission Methods

Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

63
 CSMA/CD Algorithm

A device that wants to send a frame, waits until the
LAN is silent -in other words, no frames are currently
being sent- before attempting to send an electrical signal

If a collision still occurs, the devices that caused the
collision wait a random amount of time and then try again

64
CSMA/CD Algorithm

65
 Back Off

After a collision occurs and all stations allow the cable to
become idle (each waits the full interface spacing), then the
stations that collided must wait an additional and potentially
progressively longer period of time before attempting to
retransmit the collided frame

The waiting period is intentionally designed to be random
so that two stations do not delay for the same amount of time
before retransmitting, which would result in more collisions
66
 CSMA/CD Algorithm

Using Full Duplex cause disable CSMA/CD algorithm

67
 Repeater

A repeater is a network device used to regenerate a signal

Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by
transmission loss due to attenuation

A repeater does not perform intelligent routing

68
 The 4 Repeater Rule

The Four Repeater Rule for 10-Mbps Ethernet should

be used as a standard when extending LAN segments

This rule states that no more than four repeaters can
be used between hosts on a LAN

This rule is used to limit latency added to frame travel
by each repeater

69
 Hub

Hub is a Shared Ethernet

It means bandwidth is
shared between hosts

Hubs cannot manage the
network traffic

Hub is a Physical
Layer Device
70
 Switch

Is a Switched Ethernet

It means bandwidth is
not shared between hosts

Switch has ability to
manage the network traffic

Switch is a Data Link
Layer Device
71
 Router

Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices

Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple
connections, and manage data transfers

They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them
to connect LANs that are separated by great distances

Router is a Network Layer Device

72
 WAN Connections

CSU/DSU:

DCE:

DTE:

Clock Rating:

Serial Interface:

Leased Line:

73
WAN Cabling Standards

74
Building a WAN Link in a LAB

75
Data Link
Layer
76
 Ethernet Addressing

IEEE 802.3 Committee (MAC Committee) worked on
Ethernet Addressing

MAC address is 48 bits in length and expressed as
twelve hexadecimal digits

MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in
addresses (BIA) because they are burned into read-only
memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access
memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes
77
 Ethernet Addressing

Two format to show MAC address:

Six Octet, Each one 8 bits:00-27-19-EC-97-35

Or

Three Parts, Each one 16 bits: 0000.0C12.3456

78
Ethernet Addressing

79
 LAN Addressing Terminology
Term Description
MAC Media Access Control. 802.3 (Ethernet) defines the MAC
sublayer of IEEE Ethernet
Ethernet Address- Other names often used instead of MAC address. These
NIC-LAN terms describe the 6-byte address of the LAN interface card
Unicast Address A term for a MAC that represents a single LAN interface

Broadcast Address An address that means “all devices that reside on this LAN
right now.” (FFFF.FFFF.FFFF)
Multicast Address On Ethernet, a multicast address implies some subset of all
devices currently on the Ethernet LAN (0100.5exx.xxxx)

80
 LAN Header Format
DIX
Preamble Destination Source Type Data & Pad FCS
8 6 6 2 46-1500 4

IEEE 802.3
Preamble SFD Destination Source Length/ Data & Pad FCS
7 1 6 6 Type 2 46-1500 4

81
 Encapsulation

It’s a way for data framing

This protocol works on layer 2

82
 Encapsulation Types

HDLC (High Level Data-Link Control):

Cisco Proprietary

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol):

Standard Protocol

83
Ethernet LAN
Switching
Concepts
84
Historical Progression: HUB

85
Historical Progression: Bridge

86
Historical Progression: Switch

87
 Switching Logic

The IEEE defines three general categories of Ethernet
MAC addresses:

Unicast Addresses: MAC addresses that identify a single
LAN interface card

Broadcast Addresses: A frame sent with a destination address
of the broadcast address (FFFF.FFFF.FFFF) implies that all
devices on the LAN should receive and process the frame

Multicast Addresses: Multicast MAC addresses are used to
allow a dynamic subset of devices on a LAN to communicate
88
 Switching Logic

Switches do three main job:

Deciding when to forward a frame or when to filter (not
forward) a frame, based on the destination MAC address

Learning MAC addresses by examining the source MAC
address of each frame received by the bridge

Creating a (Layer 2) loop-free environment with other bridges
by using Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

89
Decision Making

90
Decision Making

91
 Learning MAC Addresses

Switches build the address table by listening to incoming
frames and examining the source MAC address in the frame

If a frame enters the switch and the source MAC address is
not in the MAC address table, the switch creates an entry in
the table

92
 Flooding Frames

When there is no matching entry in the table, switches
forward the frame out all interfaces (except the incoming
interface)

Switches forward these unknown unicast frames (frames
whose destination MAC addresses are not yet in the bridging
table) out all other interfaces, with the hope that the unknown
device will be on some other Ethernet segment and will reply,
allowing the switch to build a correct entry in the address table
93
 Attention

All these words are the same:
MAC Address Table = Switching Table = Bridging Table
= Content Address Table

94
 Internal Processing on Cisco
Switches
Switching Description
Method
Store-and- The switch fully receives all bits in the frame (store)
forward before forwarding the frame (forward). This allows the
switch to check the FCS before forwarding the frame
Cut-through The switch forwards the frame as soon as it can. This
reduces latency but does not allow the witch to discard
frames that fail the FCS check
Fragment-free The switch forwards the frame after receiving the first
64 bytes of the frame, thereby avoiding forwarding
frames that were errored due to a collision

95
 Collision Domains

A Collision Domain is a set of network interface cards (NIC) for

which a frame sent by one NIC could result in a collision with a
frame sent by any other NIC in the same collision domain

96
 Broadcast Domains
A Broadcast Domain is a set of NICs for which a broadcast
frame sent by one NIC is received by all other NICs in the
same broadcast domain

97
Virtual LAN

98
What IEEE 802.1d Does

99
 Three Classes of Problems
Caused by Not Using STP

Problem Description
Broadcast Storm The forwarding of a frame repeatedly on the same links,
consuming significant parts of the links’ capacities
MAC Table Instability The continual updating of a switch’s MAC address table with
incorrect entries, in reaction to looping frames, resulting in
frames being sent to the wrong locations
Multiple Frame A side effect of looping frames in which multiple copies of one
Transmission frame are delivered to the intended host, confusing the host

100
 What IEEE 802.1d Does

Prevent loop in layer 2 Switches

Its enabled by default in Cisco Switches

Switches information multicast by BPDU messages

STP block all ports that play a roll in loop

If Network changes, SPT will decide again about blocking
port

For determining which port should be block, an election will
be occurred
101
Campus LAN Design
Terminology

102
Network
Layer
103
 IP Address

IP Address is a unique address that identify a device
on the network

IP Address is 32 bits

4 Octet, Each one 8 bits:

Example: 160.5.73.2

104
IP Classes

105
IP Packet/Header

106
 IP Addresses

Class A:

Network: 128

Host: 16,771,216 (256*256*256)

Class B:

Network: 16,384 (64*256)

Host: 65,536 (256*256)

Class C:

Network: 2,097,152 (32*256*256)

Host: 256
107
 IP Addresses

Class A Class B Class C

First Octet Range 1 to 126 128 to 191 192 to 223

Valid Network 1.0.0.0 to 128.0.0.0 to 192.0.0.0 to

Numbers 126.0.0.0 191.255.0.0 223.255.255.0
Size of Network Part 1 2 3
of Address (Bytes)

Size of Host Part of 3 2 1

Address (Bytes)

108
Network and Host Parts and
Default Masks
Class of Size of Network Part Size of Host Part Default Mask for
Address of Address in Bits of Address in Bits Each Class of
Network
A 8 24 255.0.0.0

B 16 16 255.255.0.0

C 24 8 255.255.255.0

109
Network and Host Parts

11
0
Network and Host Parts

111
Network and Host Parts

112
RFC 1918 Private Address Space

Class of Private IP Networks OR

Networks
A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 10.0.0.0/8

B 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 172.16.0.0/12

C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 192.168.0.0/16

113
IP Configuration

114
Why We Use Subnetting?

115
3 Math Operations for Subnetting

Converting IP addresses and masks from binary to

decimal, and decimal to binary

Performing a binary math operation called a Boolean AND

Converting between two formats for subnet masks: dotted
decimal and prefix notation (CIDR Notation)

116
 Memorize
255 127 63 31 15 7 3 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255
117
Classful and Classless Subnetting

118
Address Formats When
Subnetting is Used

119
 Analyzing Subnet Mask

Number of Network Bits: Always defined by Class A, B, C

Number of Host Bits: Always defined as the number of
binary 0s in the mask

Number of Subnet Bits: Two Ways:

32 - (Network Size + Host Size)

24 - (Host Size) or 16 - (Host Size) or 8 - (Host Size)
H

Number of Host Per Subnet: 2 - 2
S

Number of Subnets: 2
120
 Exercise

8.1.4.5 /8

130.34.21.7 /16

200.23.1.77 /24

8.1.4.5 /18

102.4.102.1 / 21

130.4.102.1 /22

199.1.1.100 /27

199.1.1.100 /30
121
 ICMP (Internet Control
Messaging Protocol)

Ping

Tracert

Traceroute

122
Ping

123
 ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP is a layer3 protocol for finding MAC address
from IP address

124
 RARP

Reverse ARP is a layer3 protocol for finding IP

address from MAC address

125
ARP

126
 DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol)

DHCP is a Layer3 protocol that give IP Address,

Subnet mask and other network settings to the Host or
Client

127
DHCP

128
 Routing

Routing Protocols

Routed Protocols

129
 Types of Routing Protocols

Static Routing Protocol

Dynamic Routing Protocol

130
 Static Routing Protocol

Static Route

Default Route

131
 Dynamic Routing Protocols

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocols):

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocols):

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

132
Fundamentals
of Transport
Layer
133
 Main Layer4 Protocols

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

134
 Main Layer4 Concepts

Connection Oriented

Connection Less

135
TCP Header

136
UDP Header

137
Popular Applications and Their Well-
Known Port Numbers
Port Number Protocol Application
20 TCP FTP Data
21 TCP FTP Control
22 TCP SSH
23 TCP Telnet
25 TCP SMTP
53 TCP, UDP DNS
67, 68 UDP DHCP
69 UDP TFTP
80 TCP HTTP (WWW)
110 TCP POP3
161 UDP SNMP
443 TCP SSL
16384 - 32767 UDP RTP Based Voice & Video 138
 QOS

Bandwidth

Delay

Jitter

Loss

139
Application
Layer
Protocols
140
Main Application Layer Protocols

Telnet

SSH

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: Send)

POP3 (Post Office Protocol v.3: Receive)

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol: Receive)

HTTP

HTTPS

141
Main Application Layer Protocols

DNS

FTP

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

142
DNS

143
DNS

144
VM Ware

145
Packet Tracer

146
GNS3

147
 Main
Concepts
148
 Main Concepts in Network

Client OS

Server OS

149
 Main Concepts in Network

Workgroup

Domain

150
 Main Concepts in Network

Permission

Share Permission

NTFS Permission

Effective Permission

151
 Main Concepts in Network

Simple Sharing

Advanced Sharing

152
 Main Concepts in Network

Switching

Routing

153
 Main Concepts in Network

IP

Subnet Mask

Wild Card Mask

Gateway

154
 Main Concepts in Network

Policy

Group Policy

155
 Main Concepts in Network

SID:

New SID

Sysprep

156
 Main Concepts in Network

Access Point (AP)

Switch

157
 Main Concepts in Network

AAA:

Authentication

Authorization

Accounting

158
 Main Concepts in Network

Disk Types:

Basic:

Default Mode

For OS installation

Dynamic:

Has more features like Span, RAID (Redundant Array of
Independent Disks)

Attention: OS disks should be Basic (not Dynamic)

Dynamic disks could not be Repaired or Upgrade
159
 Main Concepts in Network

Partition Styles:

MBR (Master Boot Record)

Three Primary and any Extended

GPT (GUID Partition Table)

No limitation on Primary

Must use in more then 2TB disks

160
 Disk Management: RAID
(Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

What is RAID?

Types of RAID:

Hardware RAID

Software RAID

RAID Goals:

Fault Tolerance

Performance
161
 Main Concepts in Network

RAID:

RAID 0

RAID 1

RAID 5

RAID 6

RAID 0+1 or 1+0

162
 Main Concepts in Network

Clustering

Scalability

High Availability

Load Balancing

163
 Main Concepts in Network

Clean Installation

Upgrade

Migrate

Windows Easy Transfer

164
 Main Concepts in Network

Role

Feature

Server Roles

165
 Main Concepts in Network

Firewall Types:

Host Base Firewall

Software firewalls on OS

Infrastructure Edge Firewall

Hardware firewalls such as Juniper FW, ASA FW, PIX FW. .

166
 Main Concepts in Network

Firewall Profiles:

Home or Work (Private) Network Location Setting

Public Network Location Setting

Domain Network Location Setting

167
 Main Concepts in Network

Inbound Traffic:

Outbound Traffic:

168
 Main Concepts in Network

Backup

Full

Incremental

Differential

Copy (Mirror)

Restore

169
 Main Concepts in Network

Backup Tools:

Microsoft Backup Tools

Norton Ghost

Acronis

Backup exeC

170
 Main Concepts in Network

Hot Standby

Cold Standby

171
 Main Concepts in Network

Design

Configuration

Trouble Shooting

172
 Main Concepts in Network

RADIUS

Kerberos

173
 Main Concepts in Network

Remote Desktop

Remote Assistant

Terminal Service

174
 Main Concepts in Network

Internet Connection Sharing

175
 Main Concepts in Network

Software Restriction

AppLocker

176
 Main Concepts in Network

Users

Groups

17
7
 Main Concepts in Network

EFS

BitLocker

178
 Trouble Shooting

Layer 1:

Check devices position: Turn On / Off

Check connection between devices

Check cable: Straight / Cross

. . .

179
 Trouble Shooting

Layer 2:

Check TCP/IP Stack:

ping 127.0.0.1

Check Network Adapter

180
 Trouble Shooting

Layer 3:

ipconfig/all Command

ping Command

tracert Command

181
IPV6

182
Why We Need IPV6?

183
 IPV6 Advantages

Increased address space

Automatic Address Configuration

Network level security

Routing table size

Header size and extension headers

Removal of broadcast traffic

184
 IPV6 Addressing and
Summarization Rules

2001:0db8:0012:0000:0000:0000:1234:56ab

2001:db8:12:0:0:0:1234:56ab

2001:db8:12::1234:56ab

2001:0000:0000:0db8:0012:0000:0000:56ab

2001::0db8:0012::56ab

2001::0db8:0012:0:0:56ab
185
 Kinds of Addressing

Unicast:

Global Unicast: 2000::/3 (001)

Site Local: FEC0::/10 (Similar to A, B, C Private Addresses)

Unique Local: FD00::/8 (Private-EUI64 )

Link Local: FE80::/10 (APIPA-Non Routable)

Multicast: FF00::/8

Anycast

186
 Common Multicast Addresses

Purpose IPv6 Address IPv4 Equivalent

All IP nodes on the link FF02::1 Subnet broadcast address
(RA; Send By Router to Hosts)
All routers on the link FF02::2 N/A
(RS; Send By Hosts to Router)
OSPF messages FF02::5, FF02::6 224.0.0.5, 224.0.0.6

RIP-2 messages FF02::9 224.0.0.9

EIGRP messages FF02::A 224.0.0.10

DHCP relay agents (Routers that FF02:1:2 N/A

forward to the DHCP server)

187
 Some Reserved Addresses

::1 127.0.0.1

:: 0.0.0.0

3FFF:FFFF::/32

2001:0DB8::/32

2002::/16

188
 IPv6 Address
Configuration Options
Static or Option Portion Configured
Dynamic or Learned
Static Do not use EUI-64 Entire 128-bit address

Static Use EUI-64 Just the /64 prefix

Dynamic Stateful DHCPv6 Entire 128-bit address

Dynamic Stateless Autoconfiguration Just the /64 prefix

Extended Unique Identifier-64

189
NAT

190
 NAT and PAT

Network Address Translation

Port Address Translation

191
NAT and PAT

192
 NAT and PAT

Inside Local

Inside Global

Outside Local

Outside Global

193
NAT and PAT
200.1.1.1

194
 Types of NAT

Static NAT

Dynamic NAT

PAT

195
Wireless
196
197
 Organizations That Set or
Influence WLAN Standards
Organization Standardization Role

ITU-R Worldwide standardization of communications

(International that use radiated energy, particularly managing
TelecommunicationUnion- the assignment of frequencies
RadioCommunication)
IEEE Standardization of wireless LANs (802.11)
Wi-Fi Alliance An industry consortium that encourages
interoperability of products that implement
WLAN standards through their Wi-Fi certified
program
Federal Communications The U.S. government agency with that regulates
Commission (FCC) the usage of various communications frequencies
in the U.S
198
 WLAN Standards
Feature 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g
Year ratified 1999 1999 2003

Maximum speed using DSSS — 11 Mbps 11 Mbps

Maximum speed using OFDM 54 Mbps — 54 Mbps

Frequency band 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz

Channels (Nonoverlapped) 23 (12) 11 (3) 11 (3)

199
Encoding Classes and IEEE
Standard WLANs
Name of Encoding Class What It Is Used By

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 802.11

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 802.11b

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 802.11a, 802.11g, (802.11n)

(OFDM)

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 WLAN Modes and Names

Mode Service Set Name Description

Ad hoc Independent Basic Allows two devices to communicate

Service Set (IBSS) directly. No AP is needed
Infrastructure Basic Service A single wireless LAN created with
(one AP) Set (BSS) an AP and all devices that associate
with that AP
Infrastructure Extended Service Multiple APs create one wireless
(more than one AP) Set (ESS) LAN, allowing roaming and a larger
coverage area

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 Wireless LAN Security

To reduce the risk of attacks, three main types of tools

can be used on a WLAN:

Mutual Authentication

Encryption

Intrusion tools

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 WLAN Security Standards

Name Year Who Defined It

Wired Equivalent Privacy 1997 IEEE
(WEP)
The interim Cisco solution while 2001 Cisco, IEEE 802.1x Extensible
awaiting 802.11i Authentication Protocol (EAP)

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) 2003 Wi-Fi Alliance

802.11i (WPA2) +2005 IEEE

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 Troubleshooting Wireless
Networks

Check Signaling

Check Wireless AP to work correctly

Check technology: b, a, g, n

“b” and “g” technologies are not compatible with “a”

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