Institution: Universidad Politécnica de Yucatán.

Course: Interface of Electronics systems

Instructor: Angel Peña
Operational amplifiers Unit II

Operational Amplifiers (aplication problems)

EXAM UNIT II
Morales Torres Carlos Daniel al1709098@upy.edu.mx

Universidad Politécnica de Yucatán

Computational Robotics Engineering
Interface of Electronics systems
Robotics 4A, February 28th 2019

Abstract — This document intends to give details about different problematics of operational amplifiers and depicts in certain detail
how it may be solved

Key words— Operational amplifier, offset, peak voltage, cell battery.

I. INTRODUCTION
THEORICAL FRAMEWORK:
Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have the
properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification and are
therefore used largely in signal conditioning, filtering or to
perform mathematical operation such as add, subtract,
integration and differentiation.
An operational amplifier, or op-amp is basically a voltage
amplifying decide designed to be used with external feedback
components such as resistors and capacitors between its
output and input terminal. These components are necessary to
determine the resulting functions or operation of the amplifier
and varying these factors, the amplifier can also vary its
functions; in other words, a resistance or a capacitor can
change the application of the amplifier.
Zero voltage= 2.5volts
Negative voltage peak= --5V = 0volts
Research about how to offset voltage might be applied for an
operational amplifier.
First of all, we have to define that input offset voltage is a
parameter defining the differential DC voltage required
between the inputs of an amplifier, especially an operational
amplifier, to obtain the 0volts with respect to ground or
between differential outputs depending the output type.
In other words, due to the different limitation of
manufacturing op-amplifiers, the input voltage for being 0v
should mean that the output is 0v as well; nevertheless, a
differential input is present with an output to be zero at a non-
zero value of differential input, called the input offset voltage.

In contrast with the previous point, operational amplifiers will SOLUTION A)

also present some different limitation or challenges that
should be face them in order to success in a robotics or
electronics project. For that reason, in this document it will be
presented two different problematics or limitation using
operational amplifiers and how can we face them.
By having understood what is the offset voltage and the need
for our Arduino of not being able of reading negative values,
we can provides a very simple solution by imaging a little bit
about our graph representation.

If, we want to amplify a signal of 5v for example, we will not

EXERCISES:
1) Create a circuit for amplifying a signal. The signals
list are:
 V from 0 to pk
This signal has to be amplified to a value for using in the
Arduino (5v) keeping in mind that our Arduino is not able to
measure negative values, so you will have to apply an offset
voltage for converting the signal, For example:
Positive voltage peak 5v= 5volts
have negative values; therefore, a certain percentage of the
voltage will be lost.
Then, the solution would be provide an extra source of power
supply (extra voltage) for replace the lost voltage in the
negative area; in other words, if we want to use 5v, 2.5 will be
lost in the negative area, therefore, we just have to add 2.5 v
from the main-inputs to fill the lost voltage.
Institution: Universidad Politécnica de Yucatán.
Course: Interface of Electronics systems
Instructor: Angel Peña
Operational amplifiers Unit II
Image 1.0 Simulation in Proteus of an operational amplifier
with an extra source of voltage
Bearing in mind the previous simulation, it may be assumed
that such extra voltage will add the original required voltage
used.
V2.5v
-2.5v
V5v
2.5v
Image 2.2 graphical demonstration of how by adding extra
voltage to the Arduino, a signal can be made up.
In the previous demonstration, we can easily understand that
if we want to use amplify 5v with out Arduino, 2.5 from the
negative area will be not read; therefore, just by adding an
offset voltage of 2.5v we will have more voltage in the
positive area in where we will be able to have the original
required voltage for the application in use.
SOLUTION B)
Now, using a TL081 operational amplifier
Using this amplifier, terminals N1 and N2 are supportive
inputs that work in order to make up for the offset voltage.
Now, with the negative input connected to both resistors and
the positive one to earth, and connecting N1 and N2 with a
resistor of roughly 100k and 1.5 with a potentiometer we can
move the potentiometer until we obtain 0v that is the value
that we want to obtain an offset voltage.
Now, applying this offset for Arduino we have to define the
minimum tension= voltage in the middle with an amplitude
of:
Minimum voltage: 2,5V -0V= 2.5 V
Maximum voltage: 2.5v+2.5v= 5V
SOLUTION:
Having understood the previous limitations, we can use the
op-amplifier TL082 with a range of 15 and – 15 v and 2
batteries of 9V to be connected in series and obtain an
alimentation of 9V.
Then, connect the V(pin8)and -V(Pin9) with the operational
amplifier. After, connect the signal from the input non-
inverting of the amplifier (pin3) and the connection to earth
to the reference of 0V in the supply power. In addition, using
a resistor for pin q and pin 2 of 100kohm and using a
Institution: Universidad Politécnica de Yucatán.
Course: Interface of Electronics systems
Instructor: Angel Peña
Operational amplifiers Unit II
potentiometer of 10kohm wired as a variable resistor to
adjust the gain.
Now, using this circuit, R2 es a resistor of 100kohm and R1
is 10kohm. Making spinning out the the resistor of R1 from
0ohms to 10kohm we obtain the following calculations:
When it turned around to the left, the resistor is 10kohms and
the relation is 1+100/10= 11
If the signal provides an amplitude of 200mVm, it will be
amplified to 2.2V that is close to a range of 2,5V without
exceeding the 2,5V as it was defined.
Now, if we turned around the middle with a resistor of
5Kohms, we can calculate the relationship between Vout a
Vin again:
1+100/5= 21 times 200mV= 4200mmv= 4.2 V which is
exceeding the value previously defined, therefore, we just
need to reduce the amperage to 100mV getting 2.5V
In this case, it is expected to obtain a graph in the
oscilloscope similar to this one:
Fig 1.0 and 1.1 expected graph of op-amplifier from Arduino
applying offset voltage
It is noticeable how the Arduino cannot read the negative
values but, by adjusting and defining the minimum and
maximum voltage we can move the amplitude obtaining
positive values.
On the other hand, if we add offset by adding another power
supply, we can increase the signal to 1v and the sine will be
a half of its original value and having 1V-0.5 we will get a
rectified signal.
Image 1.2 rectified signal expected from the previous
statement
SECOND PROBLEM:
We have a cell battery and we are trying to get the voltage of
every cell in order to improve the chargin battery circuit. At
first we will have to measure every cell. What cicuit you
would think is the best for this application. After having
chosen the best configuration for our op-amp. Measure every
cell. You can use as many op-amp as you need.
For that reason, we need to define what an differential
amplifier that is a type of electronic amplifier that it is also an
analog circuit with two inputs and one output that amplifies
the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any
voltage common to the two input, for this configuration, the
output is ideally proportional to the difference between the
two voltages.
For that reason, this application is strongly enough for being
able to measure the output voltage of each battery cell.
Fig. 3.0 amplifier of difference
This configuration of amplifier uses both, inverting and non-
inverting inputs with a gain of one to produce an output equal
to the difference between the inputs. It is a special case of the
differential amplifier.
Institution: Universidad Politécnica de Yucatán.
Course: Interface of Electronics systems
Instructor: Angel Peña
Operational amplifiers Unit II

In this configuration whether the resistors forming the voltage

divider for V2 are each multiplied by the same number
preserving their ratio, the amplification is unchanged.

On the other hand, the rule application for this amplified

difference is given by:

Image 3.1 Application rules for differential amplifier

configuration