10 True Repair Case Histories of LCD Monitors Volume I

Basic Laser Printer Troubleshooting
And Repair
Brought To You By William Hor
http://www.LaserJetPrinterRepairGuide.com
ImagineX ElectronicS
DISCLAIMER AND/OR LEGAL NOTICES
The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precaution that
might be indicated by the activities herein and to avoid all potential hazards. This
E-book is written, compile from other resources for informational purposes only
and the author does not accept any responsibilities or liabilities resulting from the
use of this information. While every attempt has been made to verify the
information provided here, the author cannot assume any responsibility for any
loss, injury, errors, inaccuracies, omissions or inconvenience sustained by anyone
resulting from this information. Most of the tips and secrets given should only be
carried out by suitably qualified electronics engineers/technicians. Please be
careful as all electrical equipment is potentially dangerous when dismantled. Any
perceived slights of policy, specific people or organizations are unintentional.
Table of Contents
Safety first 4
How a laserjet printer functions 5
1. Engine control unit 6
2. Formatter 10
3. Image formation system 13
4. Laser/scanner unit 16
5. Paper pick up / paper-feed system 22
Paper jam detection 25
Troubleshooting guidelines 27
Laser printer common fault 30
Laser printer service manual 39
Others recommended ebook 47
Safety First
Laser printers are not generally considered dangerous piece of equipment, however
it present a variety of hazards that should not be underestimated and need to be
treated with great respect while servicing.
Below are some areas you should be caution when repairing a laser printer.
1. AC Line Output – If necessary to work inside with the power on, cover the
AC line output such as power board with non conductive material so you
won’t get electrocuted. In additional to the AC line output, the fuser is
usually powered from the line. Thus, dangerous voltage may appear (come
and go as the fuser cycles) at contacts deep inside the machines-possibly
hidden from the view but not touch. The main motor drive may also use line
voltage.
2. Main Drive Motor And Gear Trains – The main drive motor and gear
trains in a laser printer are quite powerful, especially in a heavy-duty laser
printer. There is no telling what can get sucked in due to carelessness.
3. Fuser Assembly – The fuser is very HOT (heat-wise) and can cause a nasty
burn. It remains hot for a long time after power is removed.
4. Laser Scanner – The laser beam in a laser printer is hazardous to vision if it

is focused to a fine point on the retina. Fortunately, under normal conditions,
the laser beam will not be turned on unless all sensors are closed and a page
is actually being printed and will be in constant motion as a result of the
scanning mirror (which reduces the risk considerably). It is virtually
impossible to get to the laser beam before the scanning mirror without total
disassembly. However, certain failure modes could result in a stationary
beam, which ignores the sensor, so take care whenever working on a laser
printer with the covers removed.
How A Laser Printer functions
In this ebook, we shall see the complete working of the laser printers. I am using
HP laserjet printer as an example as it is the most common laser printer in the
market. If you are worried about others brand of Laser printer, don’t be as the basic
working principle of most of the other Laser printers are the same. Once you
understand these working principles, understanding any other Laser printer will not
be a difficult task for you.
Basically printer functions are divided into 5 groups;
1. Engine control Unit (ECU)
2. Formatter
3. Image Formation System
4. Laser/Scanner Unit
5. Pickup and Feed System
Engine Control Unit (ECU)
Printer Unit Functional Block Diagram
The engine control unit (ECU) coordinates all print engine activities, drives the
laser, and coordinates print data from the formatter with the image formation
process. The ECU is includes power supply and distribution circuitry.
In some other HP LaserJet products, the ECU is also known as the controller PCA
or the DC controller PCA.
The ECU controls the following systems and functions:
Printer engine control
• Paper motion monitoring and control - The ECU controls paper motion in
the printer by continuously monitoring the various paper sensors and
coordinating the timing with the other print processes.
• Motor - The motor is controlled by the ECU. The motor provides all of the
print paper movement through gears (gear train) and rollers.
• Printer laser/scanner drive - The ECU sends signals to the laser/scanner

assembly to modulate the laser diode “on” and “off” and to drive the
laser/scanner motor.
Power system on ECU
The AC, DC and high-voltage power supply circuits are all contained within the
ECU.
AC power distribution
The AC power circuitry supplies AC voltage whenever the power cord is

connected to the AC power source. AC voltage is distributed to the DC power
supply circuitry and to the AC driver circuitry, which controls AC voltage to the
fuser assembly heating element.
DC power distribution
The DC power distribution circuitry, located on the ECU, distributes +3.3 Vdc, +5
Vdc, and +24 Vdc as follow:
• +3.3 Vdc Formatter
Laser/beam detect circuitry ECU
Photosensors
• +5 Vdc Formatter
ECU
Laser/beam detect circuitry
• +24 Vdc: Motor
Exhaust fan
Laser/Scanner motor
Document scanner motor
Solenoid
Formatter (routing only)
High voltage power supply
Fuser safety circuit
Overcurrent/overvoltage
There are two overvoltage devices in this printer:
• A fuse provides overcurrent protection for the fusing system circuitry.

Another fuse provides overcurrent protection to the printer DC power supply
circuitry.
• In addition, the +24 Vdc and +3.3 Vdc power circuitry contains an
overcurrent protection circuit that automatically shuts off the output voltage
when an overcurrent condition occurs as a result of a short or an abnormal
voltage on the load side.
High-Voltage power distribution
The high-voltage power supply applies an overlap of DC and AC voltage to the

primary charging roller and the developing roller. This circuit also applies a
positive or negative DC voltage to the transfer roller according to the instructions
from the engine control unit. This circuit also controls the image density by
charging the primary AC voltage and the developing AC bias according to the print
density setting. High voltage is disabled when the printer door is open.
The various ECU loads

9
Printer engine control system
Formatter system
The formatter is responsible for the following:
• Controlling the optional copier/scanner
• Formatting and controlling copies
• Receiving and processing print data from the printer interface
• Monitoring the control panel and relaying printer status information
• Developing and coordinating data placement and timing with the print
engine
• Communicating with the host computer through the bidirectional interface
The formatter receives print data from the bidirectional Extended Capabilities Port
(ECP) mode interface or Universal Series Bus (USB) interface and converts it into
10
a dot image. The ECU synchronizes the image formation system with the paper-
feed system and signals the formatter to send the print image data. The formatter
sends the print image data (dots) in the form of a video signal, and the printing
process begins.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
A laser printer requires a Central Processing Unit to execute the program stored
inside its ROM memory, to control different operations of the printer and to
properly interface with the computer system. Different type of Laser printer will
have different types of CPU chips. However the newer laser printer might have a
Micro Controller Unit (MCU) chip built in with processor core, eprom, memory
and ram all together.
EPROM /ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Rom is used for 2 different purposes inside the Laser printer, one use is to store the
control program required to control different operations and interface. As these
programs are stored inside a ROM they are always available to printer, whenever
the system is switched on.
Second use of the ROM is to store the dot patterns of different internal fonts
provided by the printer. These fonts are always available to the printer user.
NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory)
The NVRAM is a type of read/write memory that does not lose its content when
power supply to the printer is switched off. This memory is used to store the
configuration setup information entered via the control panel; this RAM also keeps
the page count information.
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
DRAM is a read/write type of memory which is used to stores the incoming data
from the computer system before the page is printed. This memory is also used to
store the font information download from the computer.
11
The memory is used as a temporary storage area for print image (dot image) data
before the data is sent to the print engine.
Page formatting information and any other parameters required by the internal
microprocessor are also stored in this memory. It is the job of the microprocessor
to subdivide this memory into different section according to the use.
Most of the printers contain 512 kilobyte or 1024 kilobyte on the printer, an
expansion memory board of 1, 2, 3, or 4 Bytes can be added to increase this basic
memory size.
Adding a 4MB memory module in a printer having 512KB memory will make the
total available memory equal to 4.5MB.
ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Chip)
The ASIC is a custom-built integrated chip designed to assist the main

microprocessor in formatting print image information. The ASIC provided on the
Laserjet printer has two subsystems
• The dynamic memory controller and hardware assist logic
• The video direct memory access control
It is the job of the ASIC to control the DRAM operation inside the printer. The
video direct memory portion of the ASIC prepares and provides serialized dot
image information as video data to the print engine’s Laser subsystem.
Font Cartridge Interface
Most of the laser printers have option to add additional “Font cartridge” which
hold additional dot pattern data for different fonts not provided with the printer.
This interface is used to connect an external ROM cartridge to the printer system.
This interface can also be used to overlay the internal ROM provided to control the
printer with some other ROM code or printer emulation code such as Postscript
emulation cartridge.
12
Image Formation System
Laser printing requires the interaction of several different technology including
electronics, optics and electrophotographics to provide a printed page. Image
formation process revolves around a photosensitive drum or called Organic Photo
Conductive (OPC) drum. Each process functions independently and must be
coordinated with the other printer processes. Image formation consists of seven
processes:
Image formation block diagram
13
Toner Cartridge
Toner Cartridge
As the focal point of the image formation system, the toner cartridge houses the
cleaning, conditioning and developing stages of the process. The toner cartridge
contains aluminum cylinder coated by non toxic layer of organic photoconductive
material (OPC) or call photosensitive drum, primary charging roller, developing
station, toner cavity and cleaning station. By including these components (which
wear, degrade, or are consumed) in the replaceable toner cartridge, the need for
many service calls is eliminated. The special photosensitive properties of the drum
form an image on the drum surface when exposed to light (laser/scanner unit) and
then transfer the image to media (paper).
Do not expose the drum (OPC) to direct sunlight or any other bright light source,
which can permanently damage the drum. Protect the toner cartridge whenever
removing it from the printer.
14
Photosensitive Drum (OPC)
Breakdown of the seven image formation processes

Conditioning stage (primary charging)
This process applies a uniform negative charge to the surface of the drum with the
primary charging roller, which is located in the toner cartridge. The primary
charging roller is coated with conductive rubber. An AC bias is applied to the
roller to erase any residual charges from any previous image. In addition, the
primary charging roller applies a negative DC bias to create a uniform negative
potential on the drum surface. The print density setting modifies the DC voltage.
15
1. Writing stage (scanning exposure)
During this process, a modulated laser diode on a laser scanner unit, projects the
beam onto a rotating scanning mirror. As the mirror rotates, the beam reflects off
the mirror, first through a set of focusing lenses, the off a mirror and finally
through a slot in the top of the toner cartridge, and onto the photosensitive drum.
The beam sweeps the drum from left to right, discharging the negative potential
wherever the beam strikes the surface. This creates a latent electrostatic image,
which later is developed into a visible image.
16
Writing/Scanning Stage
Because the beam sweeps the entire length of the drum while the drum rotates, the
entire surface area of the drum can be covered. At the end of each sweep, the beam
strikes the beam detect lens, generating the beam detect signal (BD signal). The
BD signal is sent to the ECU where it is converted to an electrical signal used to
synchronize the output of the next scan line of data.
Overview of Laser/Scanner operation
17
2. Developing stage
During this process, the latent electrostatic image is present on the drum. The toner,
made by black plastic resin, powdery substance bound to iron particle obtain a
negative surface charge by rubbing against the developing cylinder, which is
connected to a negative DC supply. The negatively charged toner is attracted to the
discharge (exposed, grounded) areas of the drum, and it is repelled from the
negatively charged (unexposed) areas.
18
3. Transfer stage
During this process, the toner image on the drum surface is transferred to the paper.
The transfer roller or corona assembly applies a positive charge which is stronger
than the charge on the OPC drum to the back of the paper, which attracts the
negatively charged toner on the drum surface to the paper. After separation, the
drum is cleaned and conditioned for the next image.
19
4. Separation stage
During this process, the paper separates from the drum. To stabilize the feed
system and prevent toner dropouts on the printed image at low temperature and
humidity, the static eliminator reduces the charge on the back of the paper. The
static eliminator is a row of sharp metal teeth which applied a high negative
voltage to weaken the attractive force between the negative charged drum surface
and positive charge paper
20
5. Fusing stage
During this process, the heat and pressure fuse the toner into the paper to produce a
permanent image. The paper passes between a heated fusing element and a soft
pressure roller, which melt the toner and press it into the paper.
6. Drum cleaning stage
During this process, the cleaning blade is in contact with the surface of the drum at
all times. As the drum rotates during printing, it wipes excess toner off the drum
and stores it in the waste toner receptacle.
21
Paper Pick up/ paper-feed system
Step 1
The main input tray and the priority input tray merge into, main input area. Media
placed in any of these areas enables the paper-out sensor (PS201), which informs
the ECU that media is present. The following steps occur when a printer received a
print job:
Step 2
The ECU enables the laser/scanner assembly and the motor. Paper motion begins
when the ECU energizes the solenoid (SL001).
22
Step 3
The paper pickup roller rotates once. The paper lift plate pushes the media against
the pickup roller.
Step 4
The pickup roller grabs the top sheet and advances it to the feed assembly drive
rollers. To ensure that only one sheet is fed, a main separation pad and two subpads
hold the remainder of the stack in place.
23
Step 5
The feed assembly drive rollers advance the media to the paper top sensor (PS402).
This sensor informs the ECU of the exact location of the leading edge media, so
that the image being written on the photosensitive drum can be precisely
positioned on the page.
Step 6
The feed assembly drive rollers then advance the media to the transfer area where
the toner image on the photosensitive drum is transferred to media.
Step 7
After the image is transferred, the media enters the fuser assembly where heat from
the fuser and pressure from the pressure roller permanently bond the toner image to
media. The paper delivery sensor (PS401) determines that media has successfully
moved out of the fusing area.
Step 8
The fuser assembly exit rollers deliver media to either the paper output bin or the
straight-through output path, depending upon the position of the straight-through
output path door.
24
Paper jam detection
The paper-out sensor (PS201) detects the presence of media in either the priority
input tray or the main input tray. The paper top sensor (PS402) and the paper
delivery sensor (PS401) detect media moving through the printer. If a jam is
detected, the ECU immediately stops the printing process and displays a jam
message on the control panel
25
A jam can be detected under any of the following conditions:
Pickup delay jam
Media does not reach the paper top sensor (PS402) after the pickup solenoid
(SL001) has been turned on twice (the original pickup plus a retry) within 2.8
seconds (Depending on types of Laserjet printer)
Pickup stationary jam
The paper top sensor (PS402) does not detect the trailing edge of media within 4.6
seconds (Depending on types of Laserjet printer) of detecting the leading edge.
Delivery-delay jam
The paper delivery sensor (PS401) does not detect the leading edge of media
within 2.1 seconds (Depending on types of Laserjet printer) after the paper top
sensor (PS402) detects the leading edge.
Wrapping jam
The paper delivery sensor (PS401) does not detect the trailing edge of the media
within 1.5 seconds (Depending on types of Laserjet printer) after the paper top
sensor (PS402) detects the leading edge and within ten seconds(Depending on
types of Laserjet printer) after the paper delivery sensor (PS401) detects the
leading edge.
Delivery-stationary jam
The paper delivery sensor (PS401) does not detect the leading edge of media
within 2.2 seconds (Depending on types of Laserjet printer)after the paper top
sensor (PS402) detects the trailing edge.
Residual paper jam
The paper top sensor (PS402) or the paper delivery sensor (PS401) detect media in
the initial rotation period.
26
Troubleshooting Guidelines
Electronic and troubleshooting is a strange pursuit; it is an activity that falls
somewhere between art and science. Success in troubleshooting depends largely on
a through, logical troubleshooting approached and the right type of test equipment,
as well as element of intuition, luck and our four senses, vision, hearing, smell and
touch.
Regardless of how complex your printer might be, you can evaluate and determine
a problem by using four basic steps as show below.
1) Determine your printer symptoms.
2) Identify and isolate the problem.
3) Replace or repair the assembly or component.
4) Re-test the system thoroughly to be sure that you have solved the problem. If
problem is not solve, begin from step 1 again.
Define Your Symptoms
As a printer broke down, the problem might be simple as a broken gear or as

complicated as an extensive electronic failure. Before proceeding into repair, you
must have a firm understanding of the symptoms. Think about the symptoms
carefully. Ask yourself what is (or is not) happening. Use your senses and write
down as many symptoms as you can-whatever you smell, see, hear or touch.
Writing down the symptoms and action taken after the printer is repaired will be a
great benefit as it could be your reference in troubleshooting in the near future.
Identify and Isolate
Before you try to isolate a problem in a printer, first be sure that the printer is, in
fact, causing the problem. Always remember that a printer just a subsection of a
large system which include your computer and interconnecting cable. A failure
could be causing by your computer system, software incompatibility or a cable
problem. When printing from an operating system such as Microsoft Windows or
27
Macintosh, you need to select and configure a driver to support your printer.
Remember, most printers do not support other printer driver!
When you are confident that the printer is at fault, you can begin to identify any
possible problem areas. Some laser printer such as HP (Hewlett Packard) do come
with error message which you can isolate the symptom with ease. However some
laser printer does need some expertise and experience in order to identify and
isolate the problem.
Replace or Repair
Once you have located the problem, you might begin with the actual repair. Some
procedures require only simple adjustment or cleaning and other might acquire the
exchange of electrical or mechanical parts.
Before disassemble a printer, it is advice able to mark each cabling and screw in
case you have forgotten on how to reassemble the printer later on. Make notes to
remind you what parts go where. A component part is the smallest possible
individual part that you can work with. It serves many different purposes in a
printer. Integrated circuit (ICs), transistors, resistors, gear, and motor are just a few
types of components parts. Most components are not serviceable parts and must be
replaced. A subassembly is composed of a variety of individual components.
Unlike components, a complete subassembly serves a single, special purpose in a
printer.
All technicians must make the cost/performance tradeoff when performing a repair.
Component parts are much less expensive than subassemblies but most
components are custom make and can be difficult or impossible to get from
manufacturers. Replacing subassemblies is faster and easier even though are more
expensive. Subassembly service makes good sense for individual who lack of time,
experience or test equipment to worry about component-level faults.
But if you are seriously looking into component-level repair, I would recommend
to you get this Testing Electronic Components ebook at
www.testingelectroniccomponents.com
28
During a repair, you might reach a roadblock that requires you to leave the printer
for a day or two (or longer). The delay is typical when you have diagnosed a
failure and are waiting for parts. Make it a point to reassemble the printer as much
as possible before leaving it. Place any loose parts into plastic bags and seal them
shut. Reassembly will prevent you colleague or you from accidently stepping on it.
Re-test
When repair is complete, carefully reassemble the printer and test it before
connecting it to a computer. Run a through self-test to check printer operation. The
self-test checks the image formation system, paper pickup and registration, fusing
assembly, power supply and much of the printer electronics. If symptoms persist,
you will have to re-evaluate them and narrow the problem to another part. If
normal operation is restored, test the printer with a computer and interconnecting
cable. When you verify that symptoms have stopped during actual operation,
printer can be returned to service. Do not be discouraged if the printer still
malfunctions. Start again by defining the symptoms. Never continue with a repair
if you are tired or frustrated. Tomorrow is another day..
29
Laser Printer Common Fault
Generally, the engine control unit (ECU) and Formatter board is durable and
seldom give any problem. If they do, it is easily detected as most printers are built
with self diagnostic system. Any error occur to the printer related to all electronic
parts, such as scanner, sensors, fuser, motor, toner cartridge, will be notified by
error code in a printer. Most of these problems can be rectify by just checking,
repair or replace the parts indicated by the printer error code.
However not every error can be detected by the printer such as non related to
electronic part. For example, all the mechanical parts in the printer, such as roller,
scanner mirror or solenoid. To troubleshoot these errors, you will need a good
understanding on laser printer working principle, experience, your sense of sight,
smell and touch and common sense. Through my experience, I have listed few
common faults which are common to all laser printer.
1. Engine Control Unit
Symptom: No Power
Solution: Replace or repair
2. Formatter Board
Symptom: Unable to receive signal from CPU.
Solution: Replace or change the buffer chip
3. Image Formation system
Toner Cartridge
Symptom 1: Print characters are dirty
30
Solution: This symptom could happen if the drum cleaning is faulty. The sweeper
blade (which works like a wiper blade in a car) is not in good condition therefore it
cannot clean the toner properly. Replace the toner
Symptom 2: Print characters have horizontal blank line across the page.
Solution: This symptom could happen if the toner is low. Take the toner cartridge
out and shake it gentle to even out the toner. Try printing again. If problem
continue, replace the toner cartridge.
Symptom 3: Paper out error code
Solution: Check the toner cartridge and its contact points are seated properly into
the printer. (Assuming all the paper sensor are in working condition)
Fuser Assembly
The purpose of the fuser unit is to fuse the toner particles to the paper. There are
two types of fuser assembly which is used by many brands of laser printer. The key
different is types of heating system used.
The first fuser consists of two rollers. The upper roller is called Teflon roller which
is hollow in the middle. The Teflon roller is covered with a non-stick Teflon type
coating.
31
This roller is heated up inside using a heating lamp and the lower roller is called
pressure roller.
32
This lamp is very hot. Paper passes through between teflon and pressure roller, the
heat from the lamp melts the plastic material in the toner and the pressure from the
two rollers forces the toner into the fibers of the paper. The Teflon coating prevent
toner particle from sticking onto the rollers. The temperature of a fuser lamp are
normally in a “standby mode” at about 165°C when not printing and 180°C during
printing. (However different brands and types of laser printer have their own
standby and heat up temperature.)
A special type of transistor called a “thermistor” senses the temperature at the fuser
roller and gives feedback to the ECU. From this feedback, the ECU adjusts the
voltage to the fusing lamp and keeps the fusing temperature constant.
33
To protect the fusing system from overheating (thermistor malfunction), A
thermoprotector switch is placed in the fuser system. It acted as a fuse. When the
temperature is more than 210°C (again, its depends on type of brands and models),
the thermoprotector will cut off power to the fuser and shut the whole printing
operation down. When this happen, an error code of fuser error will be display on
the printer.
34
The second fuser consists of a heating element and a pressure roller. The heating
element generates the heat to melt the toner particle instead of using teflon roller.
The heating element parts consists of heating sleeve with a coating to prevent toner
particle to stick in it, ceramic heater which helps to generate the heat and two fuse
to protect the fuser. This fuser assembly is commonly used in HP laser printers.
35
Symptom 1: Vertical lines appear on the printing page or repetitive vertical defects
appear on the page.
Solution: Teflon roller, pressure roller or heating sleeve could be faulty.
Symptom 2: Error code showing fuser error.
Solution: check the thermoprotector or heating lamp (by using multimeter for
continues test). Replace the ceramic strip or replace the heating element.
36
4. Laser /scanner unit
Symptom: Print out characters with vertical blank line.
Solution: The mirror in the scanner is dirty. Cleaning the mirror in the scanner
5. Paper Pick up/ paper-feed system
The main components in the paper pick up/ paper-feed system are solenoid, pick
up gear assembly, pick-up roller and separation pad.
When printing starts, main motor rotates all the gears (gear train) in the printer
except for pick-up gear assembly. Solenoid will be activated by ECU. Pick- up
gear assembly starts to rotate and paper is pick up by pickup roller one after
another. Separation pad sits below pick up roller. Their function is to make sure
papers are feeding in one by one. The common faults are
Symptom 1: Paper is feeding in more than one piece.
Solution: Change the separation pad.
Symptom 2: Paper is feeding in without stopping.

37
Solution: Change the padding at the solenoid.
Symptom 3: Paper cannot feed.
Solution: Check if any objects stuck at the paper feed system such as paper clip
The symptoms and solutions above are the common fault which I have been
experience. They are others problem could happen during your laser printer repair.
That’s why I am recommending you to get the laser printer service manual.
38
Laser printer service manual
As we mentioned earlier, repairing a laser printer is not a difficult task. All you
need is to understand how a laser printer works, practice and have a positive
working attitude.
Another way to speed up your laser printer repair and gain more experience is to
have the laser printer service manual. Each service manual is contains specific
printer product information, installation and theory of operation, maintenance,
operational overview, removal and replacement, troubleshooting parts and
diagrams. It provides you information on error code message through control panel
light or LCD control panel, photos on the right ways to disassemble a laser printer,
basic troubleshooting, finding part number, ordering parts and supplies and many
more.
Printer Service Manual is a MUST if you are serious in laser printer repair.
Below are some samples contents in a laserjet service manual
39
Contents
40
41
Step by step for dissemble a laser printer
42
43
Troubleshooting a laser printer
44
Laser printer part numbers
45
You can easily purchase laser printer service manual at
www.laserjetprinterrepairguide.com for a minimum price. If you could not find the
laser printer service manual that you are looking for at my website, please be email
me.
Words From Author
My sincere hope is that this ebook will help you to start your journey into laserjet
printer repair. If you encountered any problem related to laser printer repair, you
can always email me at williamhor@laserjetprinterrepairguide.com or
williamtlhor@gmail.com
Thank you And God Bless….
46
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10 True Repair Case Histories of LCD Monitors Volume I

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Basic Laser Printer Troubleshooting

Brought To You By William Hor

4. Laser Scanner – The laser beam in a laser printer is hazardous to vision if it

Basically printer functions are divided into 5 groups;

1. Engine control Unit (ECU)

3. Image Formation System

5. Pickup and Feed System

Printer Unit Functional Block Diagram

Printer engine control

• Printer laser/scanner drive - The ECU sends signals to the laser/scanner

Power system on ECU

The AC power circuitry supplies AC voltage whenever the power cord is

• +3.3 Vdc Formatter

Laser/beam detect circuitry ECU

Laser/beam detect circuitry

• +24 Vdc: Motor

Document scanner motor

Formatter (routing only)

High voltage power supply

Fuser safety circuit

There are two overvoltage devices in this printer:

• A fuse provides overcurrent protection for the fusing system circuitry.

The high-voltage power supply applies an overlap of DC and AC voltage to the

The various ECU loads

• Controlling the optional copier/scanner

• Formatting and controlling copies

• Receiving and processing print data from the printer interface

• Monitoring the control panel and relaying printer status information

• Communicating with the host computer through the bidirectional interface

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

EPROM /ROM (Read-Only Memory)

NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory)

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Chip)

The ASIC is a custom-built integrated chip designed to assist the main

• The dynamic memory controller and hardware assist logic

• The video direct memory access control

Font Cartridge Interface

Image formation block diagram

Breakdown of the seven image formation processes

Overview of Laser/Scanner operation

6. Drum cleaning stage

Pickup delay jam

Pickup stationary jam

Residual paper jam

1) Determine your printer symptoms.

2) Identify and isolate the problem.

3) Replace or repair the assembly or component.

Define Your Symptoms

As a printer broke down, the problem might be simple as a broken gear or as

Identify and Isolate

1. Engine Control Unit

Solution: Replace or repair

Symptom: Unable to receive signal from CPU.

Solution: Replace or change the buffer chip

3. Image Formation system

Symptom 1: Print characters are dirty

Symptom 3: Paper out error code

Solution: Teflon roller, pressure roller or heating sleeve could be faulty.

Symptom 2: Error code showing fuser error.

Symptom: Print out characters with vertical blank line.

5. Paper Pick up/ paper-feed system

Symptom 1: Paper is feeding in more than one piece.

Solution: Change the separation pad.