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To cite this article: Shishan Hu , Satyanarayanan Seshadri & Andrew R. McFarland (2007) CFD Study on Compound Impaction
in a Jet-in-Well Impactor, Aerosol Science and Technology, 41:12, 1102-1109, DOI: 10.1080/02786820701777432
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Aerosol Science and Technology, 41:1102–1109, 2007
Copyright c American Association for Aerosol Research
ISSN: 0278-6826 print / 1521-7388 online
DOI: 10.1080/02786820701777432
1102
JET-IN-WELL IMPACTOR 1103
of the WINS was discussed, but no details were provided. The Jet-to-plate spacing, S (mm) 45.1 27.9 27.9
Reynolds number in the WINS is about 6,000 and Stk0.5 is 0.238. Jet-to-plate spacing ratio, S/W 1.5 2.2 2.2
Exhaust tube diameter, Do (mm) 40.1 40.1 40.1
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
With reference to Figure 1, the jet-in-well impactor con- enced to jet outlet conditions (Stk), and the ratio of well-to-jet
sidered herein is comprised of an acceleration nozzle that dis- diameters (χ ). Symbolically, these parameters are:
charges air into a well, where the flow impacts on the collection
plate (base of the well), and then is directed horizontally toward π 2
Q̇ = D U
the side wall of the well. The flow then makes another turn and 4 j
is directed upwards where it is vented from the well. Primary ρ U Dj
Re =
and secondary inertial impaction of aerosol particles take place µ
on the collection plate and the side wall, and this process will be Cc ρ P U D 2P
referred to as compound impaction. Parameters used to charac- Stk = [1]
9µ D j
terize the jet-in-well impactors include the volumetric flow rate
DW
( Q̇), the flow Reynolds number (Re), the Stokes number refer- χ =
Dj
NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Fluent 6.2.14 (Fluent Inc., Lebanon, NH) was employed to
perform the simulations using the appropriate models to calcu-
late the flow field and particle trajectories. The turbulent models
together with higher-order discretization schemes were used to
simulate the air flow because the Reynolds number was about
3,400 and turbulent flow was assumed. After calculating the
flow field, the DRWM together with the Lagrangian Discrete
Phase model, DPM, was used to calculate the particle collection
efficiency in the impactor.
For the calculations of aerosol particle collection, the particle
concentration was assumed to be dilute so the problem can be
treated as a one-way coupling simulation. The air phase acts
on the particles and determines their motion but air flow is not
FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a jet-in-well impactor. affected by the particles.
1104 S. HU ET AL.
In the calculation of the turbulent flow, the Reynolds number particle Reynolds number, Re p . The factor, C D Re p /24, in Equa-
is important for understanding flow conditions, creating the com- tion (4) accounts for non-Stokesian behavior as the Reynolds
putational mesh, and deciding the boundary conditions. The k–ω number increases.
model used in this study considers the low-Reynolds-number ef- For the range of Reynolds numbers under consideration, tur-
fects and it calculates the flow throughout the field including the bulent dispersion can affect the particle motion and it may even
core region and boundary area. When k–ω is used, it is important be dominant in some particle trajectory calculations. Turbulent
that the distance between the wall and the centroid of the first flow is characterized by fluctuation velocities and eddies, which
cell adjacent to the wall, is chosen to properly satisfy a require- have various length and time scales. The principle of the parti-
ment that y + should be approximately unity. The dimensionless cle motion in a turbulent flow is still not fully understood and
distance, y + , is defined as (Fox et al. 2004): there is no completely accurate solution. But for engineering
applications a stochastic tracking approach, the DRWM, is used
yu ∗
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from: from:
k ṁ sw
TL = C L [11] ηsw = [15]
ε ṁ ref
where C L has a value of about 0.15 for the k–ω model. Here, ṁ sw is the rate of aerosol particle collection at the side
The interaction time τinteraction of a particle and an eddy is wall of the well in the impactor.
determined from the eddy life time, τe , or the particle crossing
time,τcross , i.e.:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
τinteraction = min(τe , τcross ) [12] Visual Evidence of Compound Impaction
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Figure 2 shows four sets of photos that were taken after ex-
where: posing jet-in-well impactors for an extended period of time (typ-
ically one hour) to an aerosol formed from a solution to which
Le
τcross = −τ ln 1 − [13] dye was added to increase contrast of the particles deposited on
τ | u − vp|
filter substrates. The glass fiber filters were only used to help
qualitatively visualize the impaction of particles on the bottom
Here, L e is the eddy length scale and τ is the particle relax-
surface and side wall. All experimental tests for quantitative
ation time. After the interaction time is reached, the instanta-
analysis of particle collection were based on smooth surfaces
neous velocity is calculated using a new ζ (random number).
as described earlier. In each set of photos, the upper picture
shows the deposition on the collection plate and the lower pic-
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS ture shows deposition on a small section of a fibrous filter that
The jet-in-well impactor was experimentally tested with had been placed on the side wall of a well. When the filter placed
monodisperse liquid particles to validate the numerical predic- on the side wall is flattened, the deposition pattern becomes a
tions. For aerosol generation, a vibrating orifice aerosol genera- strip. It can be seen that the particle deposition patterns are quite
tor, VOAG (Model 3450, TSI Inc, Shoreview, MN) was used to different in the impactors that have different combinations of
generate liquid droplets from a solution containing ethanol, oleic well-to-jet ratios and particle Stokes numbers.
acid, and a fluorescent tracer. The consistency of aerosol output With reference to Figure 2a, there is a circular pattern on
by the VOAG was monitored with an aerodynamic particle sizer, the collection plate with a lower density of deposition in the
APS (Model 3321, TSI Inc, Shoreview, MN). Here the aerosol- center, which may be observed with unbounded circular jet im-
to-aerosol fractional efficiency is calculated from the amounts pactors where the less dense deposition in the center can occur
of particulate matter that enter and exhaust from the impactor, due to air stagnation effects; however, there is also a narrow
without taking into consideration where particles are deposited strip of deposition on the side wall, which is about 6 mm wide
in the impactor. Aerosol samples were alternately collected on a and is elevated about 6 mm above the primary impaction col-
reference filter, which sampled the aerosol transmitted through lection plate. These photos represent the Case 2 impactor listed
the impactor with no well in the system, and filters placed at the in Table 1, where the well-to-jet ratio is 4.0, and the particle
outlet of the impactor with the well in place. Glass fiber filters Stokes number is 0.12 (9.7 µm AD aerosol particles). The side-
(Type A/D, Pall Corp., East Hills, NY) were placed at the outlet wall strip is caused by secondary impaction, because if it were
port of the impactor to collect the aerosol particles. The exposed caused by turbulent deposition, it would exhibit a more diffuse
glass filters were placed in solutions of isopropyl and water to pattern. When the velocity contours are simulated, for situa-
elute the fluorescent tracer. Solutions were analyzed with a fluo- tions where secondary impaction is observed, e.g., Figure 3,
rometer (Model FM109535, Quantech Barnstead International, they show the secondary turn of the air flow impacts the side
Dubuque, IA). The fractional efficiency, η, of the impactor, for wall at a location that starts about 5 mm above the bottom plate.
the particle size being tested, was calculated from: The curvature of the abrupt turn of the airstream at the sidewall is
similar to the curvature of the airstream in the primary impaction
ṁ impactor process, and thus should result in somewhat similar impaction
η =1− [14]
ṁ ref characteristics.
Figure 2a and Figure 3 can be used as the basis for describ-
Here, ṁ impactor is the rate of aerosol particle collection at the ing the compound impaction phenomenon. During the first turn,
outlet of the impactor with the well in place and ṁ ref is the rate when the air impacts the collection plate the particles will strike
of aerosol particle collection by the reference filter. the plate if their inertia is sufficient, and if not they will fol-
Smooth thin plastic film was used as a substrate for collection low the airstream towards the side wall. However, during the
of particles on the side wall. The fractional efficiency ηsw of first turn, particles that do not reach the collection plate can
the side wall, for the particle size being tested, was calculated move a short distance closer to the collection plate. When the
1106 S. HU ET AL.
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FIG. 2. Photographs of deposition patterns observed on collection plate (upper pictures) and side walls (lower pictures) for different combinations of well-to-jet
ratio and particle Stokes numbers. Aerosol particles were collected on glass fiber filters to obtain contrast for these photographs.
air flow approaches the side wall in a small-sized well, its ve- unit sampled aerosol for a period that was twice the sampling
locity does not decrease significantly and the particles having period used for the other samples shown in Figure 2, deposition
benefited from the first turn are closer to the collection surface, is not evident on the side wall.
so they can more easily be collected during the second turn of the In contrast to the results of the test conditions shown in
air. Figures 2a and 2b, for small values of χ and Stk, the impaction
If the Stokes number for the first turn is sufficiently high, the may take place predominantly on the side wall, Figure 2c. For
particle deposition will primarily take place on the collection this case χ = 3 and Stk = 0.06.
surface. Figure 2b shows the patterns for particle collection with As should be expected, as the well-to-jet ratio increases, the
χ = 4, and Stk = 0.27, where the value of χ is the same as that impaction process tends to that of the classical jet impactor. Fig-
for Figure 2a, but the Stokes number is higher. Even though the ure 2d shows the deposition patterns for an arrangement with
FIG. 3. Velocity contours for the jet-in-well impactors with well-to-jet ratios of 3 and 4.
JET-IN-WELL IMPACTOR 1107
χ = 7.2 and Stk = 0.12 (the same value used to obtain the
photographs shown in Figure 2a). Here, the deposition is pre-
dominantly on the collection plate with no visible evidence of
deposition on the side wall.
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