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EXPERIMENT NO.1
Pitot tube
Date of conduction:-
Date of submission:-
1.
2.
3.
Group no:-
Signature
(1)
Where:
is fluid velocity;
is stagnation or total pressure;
is static pressure;
and is fluid density.
The value for the pressure drop – or due to , the reading on
the manometer:
(2)
Where:
Procedure:
1. Adjust air intake with the help of a valve, fix anemometer probe at
the discharge of channel.
2. Connect manometer to the Pitot tube and piezo-meter tube.
3. Start the blower.
4. Take the flow rate reading anemometer and pressure drop in
manometer.
5. Repeat the step 3 & 4 for unknown flow rate & record the reading
in the tube and draw the graph.
6. The above procedure may also be repeated for difference in depth
of Pitot tube.
Observation Table:-
S. no. Anemometer Manometer Actual velocity
reading, V reading, ∆h V
1
2
3
4
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
K = slope/2g
Results: -
The pitot tube coefficient K =
Conclusion:-
Precautions:-
Suggestion
Web resources:
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.tmh.co.in
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.2
Date of conduction:-
Date of submission:-
1.
2.
3.
Group no:-
Signature
.
Theory:
The flow rate in a closed channel is usually measured by creating
a constriction in the cross-section of the channel and measuring the
pressure drop caused by it. The drop in the pressure across the
constriction depends on the flow rate and thus is a measure of the flow
rate.
In case of a venturi meter, the flow cross-section of the channel
rapidly decreases to a minimum at the venturi throat, and then gradually
increases to the original cross-section. The difference of pressure
between the pressure tapping 1 at the inlet to the device and the
pressure tapping 2 at vena contract of slow stream which occurs almost
at the venturi throat is measured by a U- tube mano-meter.
In case of the orifice meter the vena-contract occurs at
approximately half a pipe diameter drown stream the orifice plate.
Assuming the flow to be incompressible and in-viscid between the
inlet section 1 and the vena contract section 2, and assuming the flow be
one dimensional, use of the continuity equation and the Bernoulli’s
equation leads to the flow expression as
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐶𝑑 ( √2𝑔 (𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌) 𝛥ℎ /𝜌
√𝐴21 −𝐴22 )
𝐴2
= 𝐶𝑑 ( √2𝑔 (𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌) 𝛥ℎ /𝜌
√1−𝛽 2 )
Where
A1 – The area at inlet side in cm2
A2 – The area at throat in cm2
∆h – Head difference in the manometer,
g – Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec²)
Coefficient of discharge
𝑸𝒂
𝑪𝒅 =
𝑸𝒕𝒉
Calibration of flowmeters-
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Description of Equipment:-
SPECIFICATIONS OF VENTURI METER:
Pipe Dia : 25 mm ID
Throat Dia : 12 mm
Distance of upstream pressure tap from the throat : ___mm
Distance of upstream pressure tap from the throat : ___mm
Pipe Dia : 25 mm ID
Orifice Dia : 12.7 mm
Distance of upstream pressure tap from the throat : ___mm
Distance of upstream pressure tap from the throat : ___mm
Size of collecting tank : 24x24x40
Procedure:
1. Make a neat sketch of the experimental set-up and note/measure
the necessary dimension on it.
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Calibration Table
Sl.
Actual
No HHg in Hw in Qa in Log HHg in
Log Qa discharge
cm cm cm3/s HHg cm
Qa =KHHgn
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Calculation:-
1. Calculate actual discharge through flow meter
𝑎ℎ 𝑐𝑚3
𝑄𝑎 =
𝑡 𝑡
Where
a – Area of measuring tank in cm2
h – Height differences in piezo meter in cm
t – Time to collect water for a height difference of h cm, measured in
seconds
And Now calculate coefficient of discharge for each run
𝑸𝒂
𝑪𝒅 =
𝑸𝒕𝒉
2. Calculations for Calibration curve
The equation
Qa = Cd x Qth can be written as
𝑛
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐾. 𝐻𝐻𝑔 𝑐𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
Where
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑑 ( √2𝑔 (𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌)/𝜌)
√𝐴21 −𝐴22 )
𝑛
Use linear regression to fit the equation 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐾. 𝐻𝐻𝑔 and show on
calibration curve, logQa vs logHHg and determine the slope of the line
and coefficient.
Results: -
Conclusion:-
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Precautions:-
1. Do not close air regulating valve fully to avoid over loading at
blower meter.
2. Use only mild detergents to clean the instruments do never use
any organic solvent and strong acid or alkali.
3. Ground the instrument properly to avoid electric shock.
4. The density of fluid in manometer is one.
Suggestions:-
Web resources:
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.engineersedge.com
3.
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.3
Date of conduction:-
Date of submission:-
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2.
3.
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Objectives:-
(i) To determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) of the given
notch for different rates of flow
𝐻 1
𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑏 √2𝑔 ∫0 ℎ3 𝑑ℎ
Where,
H: height of the liquid over the notch while crossing the tip of the notch.
h: is the depth of the liquid at a horizontal strip below the liquid level.
b: width of the strip at the level.
1. RECTANGULAR NOTCH
2
Total theoretical discharge = 𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑏. √2𝑔. 𝐻2/3
3
However, in actual case the area of cross-section of flow is less than the
area of flow across the notch, and there are frictional losses due to the
presence of solid boundaries and eddy formation, the actual flow rate can
be approximated as
For a V-notch with an included angle θ, liquid flowing through it with the
level H above the base point.
2 8 𝜃 3/2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = ( 𝐿 + . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2) . 𝐻) √2𝑔 𝐻𝑤
3 15
Description of Equipment:-
a) The given rectangular and triangular notches fitted on the open channel of
the experimental setup. The channel has steadying arrangement with baffles
and provision for fixing interchangeable notch plates. The steadying zone is
filled with 25mm or 40mm ballets to get steady flow.
b) Hook gauge is fixed on the notch tank’s top edge, which should be kept in
horizontal position with the help of spirit level. It is used to measure the
depth of water
c) Measuring tank Size 20 x 59 x 14.5 (LWH) meters with overflow
arrangement, gauge glass, scale arrangement and a drain valve to measure
the actual discharge.
SPECIFICATION of NOTCHES
1. Rectangular notch : 5 cms width x 4 cms H
2. Triangular of V-Notch : Angle of Notch 900, Hieght 4.7 cms
3. Trapezoidal Notch : Angle of Notch 450, Hieght 3.0 cms
Procedure:
1. Make a neat sketch of the experimental set-up and note/measure
the necessary dimension on it.
2. Clean the storage tank fill with fresh water.
3. Open the bypass line and close the delivery line.
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Calibration Table
Sl.
Hw in Qa in Log Actual discharge
No Qth
cm cm3/s HHg Qa =KHHgn
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Calculation:-
The equation
Qa = Cd x Qth can be written as
𝑛
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐾. 𝐻𝐻𝑔 𝑐𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
Where
2 8
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑑 ((3 𝐿 + 15 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜃2). 𝐻) √2𝑔)
𝑛
Use linear regression to fit the equation 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐾. 𝐻𝐻𝑔 and show on
calibration curve, logQa vs logHHg and determine the slope of the line
and coefficient.
Results: -
Conclusion:-
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Precautions:-
Suggestions:-
Web resources:
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.engineersedge.com
3.www.tmh.in
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.4
Date of conduction:-
Date of submission:-
4.
5.
6.
Group no:-
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Objective:-
(i) To determine the loss of head in the fitting at the various water
flow rates.
𝑉12
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿
2𝑔
The minor loss due to enlargement can be expressed as.
2
(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿
2𝑔
Where,
h1 = minor loss or head loss
K1 = Loss coefficient
V1 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of small diameter
V2 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of larger diameter
Description:-
The apparatus consist of a ½” bent and elbow. A sudden expansion
from ½ ” to 1” and a sudden contraction from 1” to ½ ” ball value and
gate value pressure taping are provided at inlet and outlet of these fitting
at suitable dust. A differential manometer in the lines gives pressure
gauge due to fittings supply to the pipeline is made through centrifugal
pump which deliver water from sump tank. The flow of water in pipeline
is made through centrifugal pump which deliver water from is regulated
by means of central valve and by pass valve discharge is measured with
the beep of measuring tank and stop watch.
Utilities Required:
1. Power supply: single phase 220 volts, 50 Hz, 5 AMP. With earth
2. Water supply
3. Drain
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
STANDARD DATA:
A → Area of measuring tank = 98.059 × 10-3m2
S → Specific gravity of Hg= 13.6
g → Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
d → Diameter of small pipe = 0.016 m.
d2 → Diameter of large pipe = 0.028 m.
a1 → Area of cross section of small diameter pipe = 2.0106 × 10-4m2.
A2 → Area of cross section of large diameter pipe = 6.1575 × 10-4m2.
Δh = 12.6 × h
Procedure:
A) STARTING PROCEDURE
B) CLOSING PROCEDURE:
1. When experiment is over close all manometers tops first.
2. Switch off pump.
3. Switch off power supply.
Calculation:-
1. Loss of head (for contraction):
𝑉12
ℎ𝑐 = 𝐾𝐿
2𝑔
Observation Table:-
S. no. Pressure diff., h (cm) Rise of water level in Time taken for R,
measurement tank, R t sec
(cm)
Calculation table
S. no. Discharge, Velocity, V1 Velocity, V2 ℎ𝐿 = 12.6ℎ Loss
Q coefficient, KL
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Results: -
Conclusion:-
Precautions:-
1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
2. Never fully close the delivery line and by pass line valves
simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent the clogging of moving parts. Run pump at least once in
fortnight.
5. Frequently grease the rotating parts. Once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. If apparatus use for more than one month drawn the apparatus
completely and fill pump with cutting drill.
Trouble shootings:
1. If pump cuts join open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft
manually.
2. If pump cuts heat up switch off the main power off 15 min and
avoid closing the flow control valve and by pass valve
simultaneously during operation.
Suggestions:-
Web resources:
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.engineersedge.com
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.5
Reynolds Experiment
Date of conduction:-
Date of submission:-
1.
2.
3.
Group no:-
Signature
Theory:- The flow of real fluids can basically occur under two very
different regimes namely laminar and turbulent flow. The laminar flow is
characterized by fluid particles moving in the form of lamina sliding over
each other, such that at any instant the velocity at all the points in
particular lamina is the same. The lamina near the flow boundary move
at a slower rate as compared to those near the center of the flow passage.
This type of flow occurs in viscous fluids, fluids moving at slow velocity
and fluids flowing through narrow passages.
The turbulent flow is characterized by constant agitation and
intermixing of fluid particles such that their velocity changes from point
to point and even at the same point from time to time. This
type of flow occurs in low density Fluids flow through wide passage and
in high velocity flows.
Description:-
A stop watch, a graduated cylinder, and Reynolds apparatus which
consists of water tank having a glass tube leading out of it. The glass
tube has a bell mouth at entrance and a regulating valve at outlet, a dye
container with an arrangement for injecting a fine filament of dye at the
entrance of the glass tube. Potassium permanganate (to give brightly
reddish color streak) thermometer and measuring tank.
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Procedure:
Start the experiment by pressing start button with default values of
temperature of water and time taken and diameter of pipe. Then pass the
experiment with few cycles and note the observation.
Observation1:
1) Start the experiment and allow the water to flow in to the tank of the
apparatus. Water level in the pyrometer is slightly rising along with rise
in tank. Control valve of the glass tube should be slightly opened for
removing air bubbles.
2) After the tank is filled outlet valve of the glass tube and inlet valve of the
tank should be closed, so that water should be at rest.
Observation2:
1) Keeping the velocity of flow is very small and inlet of the die injector is
slightly opened, so that the die stream moves at a straight line
throughout the tube showing the flow is laminar.
2) Again measure the discharge and increase the velocity of flow.
Observation3:
1) Note the observations till the die stream in the glass tube breaks up and
gets diffused in water.
2) Repeat the experiment by decreasing the rate of flow and by changing the
temperature and diameter of pipe.
Observation Table:-
Calculation:-
1) Discharge – 𝑄 = 𝐴ℎ⁄𝑡
𝜋
2) Velocity of flow – 𝑉 = 𝑄. 4 𝐷²
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Results: -
1. Reynolds number –Re = VD/ ν
2. Regime of flow =
Conclusion:-
Suggestions:-
Web resources:
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.tmh.in
EXPERIMENT NO.6
Date of conduction:-
Date of submission:-
1.
2.
3.
Group no:-
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Mathematically,
p V2
z Cons tan t
w 2g
For two sections
2 2
p1 V1 p V
z1 2 2 z 2
w 2g w 2g
This is called Bernoulli’s equation.
The water flowing through the section of a pipe or a channel under the
steady state conditions is collected in a collecting tank for a known time
t. The rise of water level in the collecting tank is noted down. The actual
discharge is
area of the collecting Tank x rise of water level in the collecting Tank
Q
time (t )
Description:-
The experimental set up consists of a horizontal Perspex duct of smooth
variable cross-section of convergent and divergent type. The section is 40
mm x 40 mm at the entrance and exit and 40 mm x 20 mm at middle.
The total length of duct is 90 cm. The piezometric pressure P at the
locations of pressure tapping is measured by means of 11 piezometer
tubes installed at an equal distance 7.5 cm along the length of conduit.
The duct is connected with supply tanks at its entrance and exit end
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
with means of varying the flow rate. A collecting tank is used to find the
actual discharge.
Procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust
2. Close the drain valve provided.
3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
4. Close all control valves given on the water line and open by-pass valve.
5. Ensure that ON/Off switch given on the panel is at OFF position.
6. Now switch on the main power supply.
7. Switch ON the pump.
8. Operate the flow control valve to regulate the flow of water.
9. Measure the height of water level in tubes.
10. Measure the flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch
11. Repeat steps the same procedure for different flow rates of water operating
control valves and By-pass valve.
12. When experiment over switch OFF pump.
13. Switch off power supply to panel.
Observation Table:-
Calculation:-
1. Compute the area of cross section ‘a’ at a given section
𝑎 = 𝜋 𝑑 2 ⁄4
(ℎ2 −ℎ1 )
2. Calculate Discharge: 𝑄=𝐴 𝑡
3. Velocity of flow: V=Q/a
4. Velocity head= V2 / 2g
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Results: -
Conclusion:-
Precautions:-
Suggestions:-
Web resources:
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.engineersedge.com
3 www.tmh.in
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.7
Meta-centric Height
Date of conduction:-
Date of submission:-
1.
2.
3.
Group no:-
Signature
Theory:-
Buoyancy: When a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly of partially,
it is buoyed or lifted up by a force, which is equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the body.
W1 Z
GM
Wc W1 tan
Wc = weight of the vessel
W1 = weight of unbalanced mass
Z = distance of the unbalanced mass from the centre of the cross bar.
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Description:-
The experimental set up consists of a pontoon (flat bottomed vessel)
which is allowed of float in a M.S. tank having a transparent side.
Removable steel strips are placed in the model for the purpose of
changing the weight of the vessel. By means of a pendulum (consisting of
a weight suspended to a longer pointer), the angle of tilt θ can be
measured on a graduated arc. For tilting the ship model a cross bar with
two movable hangers is fixed on the model. Pendulum and graduated arc
are suitably fixed at the centre of the cross bar.
Procedure:
1. Note down the relevant dimensions as area of collecting tank, mass
density of water etc.
2. Note down the water level in the tank when pontoon is not in the
tank.
3. Pontoon is allowed to float in the tank. Note down the reading of
water level in the tank. Mass of pontoon can be obtained by the
help of Archimedes’s principle.
4. Position of unbalanced mass, weight of unbalanced mass and the
angle of heel can be noted down. Calculated the meta-centric
height of the pontoon.
5. The procedure is repeated for other positions and value of
unbalanced mass.
6. Also the above procedure is repeated while changing the weight of
the pontoon by changing the number of strips in the pontoon.
Observation Table:-
Water level without pontoon, Y1 (cm) =
Calculation:-
Results: -
The metacentric height of a flat bottom pontoon =
Conclusion:-
Precautions:-
Suggestions:-
Web resources:
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.engineersedge.com
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Lab code- ME-405
MECH. ENGG. DEPARTMENT