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2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Mr. Adil
Naseer for his immense knowledge, continuous support and guidance. Without his
patience and guidance, the completion of this dissertation would not have been possible.
We would also like to thanks to Dr. Abid for his valuable guidance, great
interest and support at various stages of this research.
We also thanks to Dr. Tehseenullah Khan, Head of the Department of Earth and
Environment Sciences and respected teacher Mr. Muhammad Fahad Mahmood who
helped and guided us with their experiences to encounter the difficulties and gave us
opportunity to get practical knowledge into oil and gas exploration techniques.
i
ABSTRACT
This thesis report presents the structural analysis, 2D seismic of Meyal. Upper
Indus Basin. The purpose of this disquisition is to describe the subsurface geology
through seismic data interpretation. The area of Meyal lies to the south of Potwar Sub-
basin, Upper Indus basin, Pakistan. Pop up structural traps were found. Two horizons
have been marked, Chorgalli and Sakesar Formations of Eocene age. 2D seismic
interpretation is carried out on the study area and time & depth contours are generated.
Based on the outcomes of the carried-out studies, it is concluded that the area is
structurally highly complex and consists of numerous thrust faults that have caused
displacement of the strata.
ii
CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
FIGURES vi
TABLES vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Climate 1
1.2 General Physical Geography of Potwar Basin 1
1.3 Location of study area 1
1.4 Exploration history of Meyal area 2
1.5 Purpose of the Study 2
1.6 Data Source 3
1.7 Seismic lines 3
1.8 Well data 4
CHAPTER 2
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Potwar Plateau 5
2.3 Tectonic of Potwar Plateau 6
2.3.1 Kalabagh fault 6
2.3.2 Jhelum fault 7
2.3.3 Salt Range Thrust 7
2.3.4 Main Boundary Thrust 7
2.4 Structural trend of Potwar Plateau 7
2.5 Structural trend of Meyal area 8
iii
CHAPTER 3
STRATIGRAPHY
iv
4.9 Time Depth Chart 20
4.10 Reflector Marking 21
4.11 Fault location identification 21
4.12 Time picking 22
4.13 Interpreted Seismic Lines 23
4.14 Contour maps 28
4.14.1 Time contour maps 28
4.4.2 Velocity contour maps 30
4.14.3 Depth contour maps 32
CONCLUSIONS 35
REFERENCES 36
v
FIGURES Page
vi
TABLES Page
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Meyal oil field is one of the major oils and gas producing fields in the Potwar
Plateau upper Indus basin, Northern Punjab, Pakistan. The field was discovered by
Pakistan oilfields limited (POL) in 1968. The field includes 16 wells and has produced
over 36 MMbl oil and 250 BCF gas from fractured Paleocene and Eocene shallow
marine shelf carbonate deposits of the Chorgali and Sakesar Formations.
1.1 Climate
The climate of the area remains warm and receives greatest rainfall in the
northwest and declines to arid conditions in the southwest. The average annual rainfall
is 380 to 510 mm (15 to 20 inches) and temperature during the winter season remains
between 8℃ to 20℃ which shoots up to 42℃ during summer. Its elevation varies from
1,000 to 2,000 ft. in a system of residual hills and hillocks formed from glacial debris
as remnants of Ice age and comprises mostly on sedimentary rocks of tertiary origin
(George, 2015).
Potwar sub basin is considered as the major oil producing zone in Khaur area.
In 1914 first oil field was developed and since then 150 oil fields have been set up in
the Khaur area. Potwar basin is formed due to the Collision of Indian and Eurasian
continental plates and located in compressional regime and complex tectonic. In north
of the Potwar basin Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Himalaya and Karakorum
mountains are present. In south of the Potwar basin salt range thrust present and
respectively to east and west Jhelum and Kalabagh faults present.
Our study area on Meyal field located in district Attock, near Pindi Gheb, 110
kilometers south-west of Islamabad. The study area bounded by latitudes 33 11′-3322′ N
and longitudes 7159′-7218′ E is a part of the Meyal block which lies in Northern part of
Potwar sub basin.
1
Figure 1.1. Location of Meyal area in Attock District (Kazmi and Abbasi, 2008).
2
1.6 Data source
2D seismic data and well data are provided by Landmark Resources (LMKR)
after the approval from the Directorate General of Petroleum Concession (DGPC)
Pakistan. The provided data is as follows:
1) Navigation file
2) Seismic sections
3) Well logs
4) Formation top
3
1.8 Well Data
Following well and its respective logs were provided.
Table 1.2.Well tops and log suite provided for study.
Well Formations Formation Top (m) Formation Thickness
(m)
Meyal-5P NAGRI 0 524.90
Meyal-5P CHINJI 524.90 1561.20
4
CHAPTER 2
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1 Introduction
For the accurate interpretation of seismic data, the geology of an area plays a
significant role. Formations of different lithologies can show the effect of similar
velocity and same formation lithologies can show different velocity effects. Different
horizons are difficult to recognize without the information of geological formations.
1. Southern Potwar deformed zone: area between SRT and Soan Syncline
2. Northern Potwar deformed zone: area between Soan Syncline and MBT
Both have different structure deformations due to the presence of salt and
thickness of salt at Southern Potwar deformed zone is thicker and all the deformation is
controlled by salt whereas, at Northern Potwar deformed zone salt cover is thin, but
more imbrications present. (Riva, 1983)
5
Figure 2.1 Location of Potwar Plateau
The Potwar Plateau comprises of less deformed fold and thrust belt having a
width of about 150 km in N−S direction. The Potwar sub basin is tectonically located at
south of the western foothills of Himalayas and falls in Potwar Plateau. It is bounded in
the north by Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and to the east by Jhelum left lateral strike
slip fault, at south by Salt Range Thrust and to the west it is bounded by Kalabagh right
lateral strike slip fault. (Riva, 1983). Tectonic boundaries are:
6
2.3.2 Jhelum fault
Left lateral reverse Jhelum Fault in west Extends from Kohala to Azad Pattan
the Murree formation is deposited in hanging wall while Kamlial, Chinji and Nagri
formations are deposited on the footwall (Badely, 1985).
7
Figure 2.2. Tectonic map of Potwar Basin. (Hasany et al, 2010)
8
Chapter 03
Stratigraphy
3.1 General stratigraphy
The stratigraphic succession of the Potwar basin range in the age from Cambrian
to recent. From Paleozoic to Mesozoic, the sedimentation was partly controlled by
tilting and uplifting of Sargodha high, which resulted in erosion and depositional breaks.
Uplifting and erosional periods were quite extensive which are indicated by several
major unconformities.
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3.2.7 Nammal Formation
Nammal formation composed of shale, marl and limestone. Limestone is light
grey to bluish grey, shale is olive green in color and marl is also light grey to bluish
grey. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of the Nammal Formation indicate
the shallow marine environment.
11
Figure 3.1 Stratigraphic Column of Potwar Region. (Hasany et al, 2010)
12
3.3 Borehole Stratigraphy
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CHAPTER 4
SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION
Seismic interpretation is the science of inferring the geology at some depth from
the processed seismic record. The interpretation process can be subdivided into three
interrelated categories:
i. Structural Interpretation
ii. Stratigraphic Interpretation
iii. Lithologic Interpretation
In structural seismic interpretation three-dimensional configuration of arrival times
generates the structural maps of the subsurface.
Seismic sequence stratigraphic interpretation relates the pattern of reflections
observed to a model of cyclic episodes of deposition. The aim is to develop a
chronostratigraphic framework of cyclic, genetically related strata.
Lithology interpretation is aimed at determining changes in pore
fluid, porosity, fracture intensity, lithology, and so on from seismic data. Direct
hydrocarbon indicators (DHI, HCIs, bright spots, or dim-outs) are elements employed
in this lithologic interpretation process.
According to Robinson, et al., 1988, interpretation is the explanation of seismic
reflection data into a structural and stratigraphic picture with the application of
correction, migration and time-depth conversion.
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4.3 Flow Chart of Seismic Interpretation
Briefly overview flow chart of the interpretation steps are demosatrated below
Velocity Calculation
Marking of Reflectors
Time Picking
Time Contour
Velocity Contour
Depth Contour
16
4.4 Field Parameters
17
4.4.3 Source parameters
The data recorded by the source parameters is given below
Table 4.3. Source parameters observed from the seismic sections.
Source type Vibroseis
Sweeps/VP 16 OR 21
Sweep frequency 8 - 41 Hz
Array length 75 Meter
Source Interval 100 Meter
Number of Vibrations 3 or 4
Sweep length 14 Sec
Array type INLINE
18
4.5 Base map
Base map includes seismic lines, seismic survey shot points with geographic
references such as latitude, longitude and location of the wells. By using navigation files
provided by DGPC we generated base map of the Meyal-05 area. The base map of
Meyal shows four dip lines (GO-801-MYL-03, GO-801-MYL-04, GO801-MYL-05 and
GO-801-MYL-10) trending in North-South direction and a strike line (GO-801-MYL-
13) trending in South-East direction and the location of Meyal-05 well as shown in
figure 4.1.
19
4.6 Selection of control line
Control line is the line on which the well lies. There should be a control line with
which other lines can be tied so that horizons and faults can be marked. The well, Meyal-
05, was spotted on the dip line (801-MEYAL-04), so dip line (801-MEYAL-04) is our
control line.
20
Figure 4.3. Time VS depth chart of Chorgali formation and Sakesar limestone
22
4.13 Interpreted Seismic Lines
The following images show the different seismic lines highlighting the different
formations and faults.
23
Figure 4.5. Interpreted strike line GO-801-MYL-13.
GO-801-MYL-13 is the strike line. The direction of strike line is approximately towards
the East. By character matching control was transferred to the strike line.
24
Figure 4.6. Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-03.
25
Figure 4.7. Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-05.
26
Figure 4.8. Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-10.
27
Interpretation is done with reference to above added seismic section lines.
Faulting shows that the strata continuation has been disturbed in seismic sections. In
seismic section two reflectors are marked showing Chorgali and Sakesar formation. On
control line three faults were marked F1 and F2 which are main thrust faults and dipping
towards north and F3 which is back thrust fault dipping towards south. Towards south
some younger thrust faults also marked. Pop-up structure is formed due to faults dipping
in different direction.
Time contour maps are generated by using the two-way travel time that was
picked against the shot points. These values are plotted on a base map where there is an
information about latitude and longitude values for each given shot point. The contours
that are close to fault shows less time values whereas those away from faults shows
higher time values, which shows that block has moved upward due to thrusting.
Contours that are bounded by the faults resulted to form a closure that depicts the
possibility of the presence of Hydrocarbon trap. Same time values are joined to form
contour maps.
28
Figure 4.9. Time contour map of Chorgali Formation.
29
Figure 4.10. Time contour map of Sakesar limestone
The figure 3.8 shows the time contour map of Chorgali Formation and Sakesar
limestone. As we move from shallow to deeper surface light color to dark ones show
expansion in time. Polygons are used for the representation of faults. The region
between the two faults represents the footwall and the surrounding contours represent
the hanging wall. The well lies near to the line GO-801- MYL-04 at approximately the
shot point 128.
30
Figure 4.11. Velocity contour map of Chorgali Formation.
31
Figure 4.12. Velocity contour map of Sakesar limestone
The depth contour maps mainly show the depth of the underlying structure.
Faults, anticlines and folds are mostly depicted by depth contour maps and its
interpretation is same as that for time contour maps. Depth contour maps are generated
by the depth formula which is:
32
S=V*T/2000
As the velocities were in millisecond so we divided the formula with 2000. After the
depth for each shot point is calculated the depth is plotted against their respective shot
points.
33
Figure 4.14. Depth contour map of Sakesar limestone
Above figure shows depth contour map of Chorgali and Sakesar formation. Depth
contour maps shows similar structure as observed in the time contours. Area closed by
the faults represent the footwall whereas the surrounding contour lines represent the
hanging wall. Confirming the presence of anticline in the region.
34
CONCLUSIONS
The study of the 2D structural interpretation of Meyal area lead to the following
conclusion
1. Seismic data interpretation depicts the presence of pop-up Structure with frontal
thrust dipping towards north and back thrust dipping towards south.
2. Time and Depth contour maps of Chorgali formation and Sakessar Limestone
help us to confirm the presence of anticlinal structure in the area. They gave us
the real image of subsurface which forms a triangular zone bounded by forethrust
and backthrust faults.
35
REFERENCES
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36
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