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2D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

OF MEYAL AREA UPPER INDUS BASIN, PAKISTAN

BY

MUHAMMAD BILAL RATHORE


MUHAMMAD HASSAAN AMIR
MUHAMMAD ARSALAN

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences


Bahria University, Islamabad

2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Mr. Adil
Naseer for his immense knowledge, continuous support and guidance. Without his
patience and guidance, the completion of this dissertation would not have been possible.

We would also like to thanks to Dr. Abid for his valuable guidance, great
interest and support at various stages of this research.

We also thanks to Dr. Tehseenullah Khan, Head of the Department of Earth and
Environment Sciences and respected teacher Mr. Muhammad Fahad Mahmood who
helped and guided us with their experiences to encounter the difficulties and gave us
opportunity to get practical knowledge into oil and gas exploration techniques.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis report presents the structural analysis, 2D seismic of Meyal. Upper
Indus Basin. The purpose of this disquisition is to describe the subsurface geology
through seismic data interpretation. The area of Meyal lies to the south of Potwar Sub-
basin, Upper Indus basin, Pakistan. Pop up structural traps were found. Two horizons
have been marked, Chorgalli and Sakesar Formations of Eocene age. 2D seismic
interpretation is carried out on the study area and time & depth contours are generated.
Based on the outcomes of the carried-out studies, it is concluded that the area is
structurally highly complex and consists of numerous thrust faults that have caused
displacement of the strata.

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CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
FIGURES vi
TABLES vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Climate 1
1.2 General Physical Geography of Potwar Basin 1
1.3 Location of study area 1
1.4 Exploration history of Meyal area 2
1.5 Purpose of the Study 2
1.6 Data Source 3
1.7 Seismic lines 3
1.8 Well data 4
CHAPTER 2
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Potwar Plateau 5
2.3 Tectonic of Potwar Plateau 6
2.3.1 Kalabagh fault 6
2.3.2 Jhelum fault 7
2.3.3 Salt Range Thrust 7
2.3.4 Main Boundary Thrust 7
2.4 Structural trend of Potwar Plateau 7
2.5 Structural trend of Meyal area 8

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CHAPTER 3
STRATIGRAPHY

3.1 General Stratigraphy 9


3.2 Stratigraphy of Meyal area 9
3.2.1 Nagri Formation 9
3.2.2 Chinji Formation 10
3.2.3 Kamlial Formation 10
3.2.4 Murree Formation 10
3.2.5 Chorgali Formation 10
3.2.6 Sakesar Limestone 10
3.2.7 Nammal Formation 11
3.2.8 Patala formation 11
3.2.9 Datta formation 11
3.3 Borehole Stratigraphy 13
3.4 Petroleum geology 13
3.4.1 Source rock 13
3.5 Reservoir rock 14
3.6 Trap and seal 14
CHAPTER 4
SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION

4.1 Seismic interpretation 15


4.2 Interpretation prerequisites 15
4.3 Flow Chart of Seismic Interpretation 16
4.4 Field Parameters 17
4.4.1 Recording parameters 17
4.4.2 Receiver parameters 17
4.4.3 Source parameters 18
4.5 Base map 19
4.6 Selection of control line 20
4.7 Solving velocity window for time depth graph 20
4.8 Calculation of formation depths 20

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4.9 Time Depth Chart 20
4.10 Reflector Marking 21
4.11 Fault location identification 21
4.12 Time picking 22
4.13 Interpreted Seismic Lines 23
4.14 Contour maps 28
4.14.1 Time contour maps 28
4.4.2 Velocity contour maps 30
4.14.3 Depth contour maps 32

CONCLUSIONS 35

REFERENCES 36

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FIGURES Page

Figure 1.1 Location of Meyal area in Attock District 2


Figure 2.1 Location of Potwar Plateau 6
Figure 2.2 Tectonic map of Potwar Basin 8
Figure 3.1 Stratigraphic Column of Potwar Region. 12
Figure 4.1 Flow Chart of Seismic Interpretation 16
Figure 4.2 Base map showing trending of lines of Meyal-05 19
Figure 4.3 Time VS depth chart of Chorgali formation and Sakesar limestone 21
Figure 4.4 Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-04. 23
Figure 4.5 Interpreted strike line GO-801-MYL-13. 24
Figure 4.6 Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-03. 25
Figure 4.7 Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-05. 26
Figure 4.8 Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-10. 27
Figure 4.9 Time contour map of Chorgali Formation 29
Figure 4.10 Time contour map of Sakesar limestone 30
Figure 4.11 Velocity contour map of Chorgali Formation 31
Figure 4.12 Velocity contour map of Sakesar limestone. 32
Figure 4.13 Depth contour map of Chorgali Formation. 33
Figure 4.14 Depth contour map of Sakesar limestone 34

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TABLES Page

Table 1.1 Seismic lines of Meyal-05 3


Table 1.2 Well tops and log suite provided for study. 4
Table 3.1 Formation tops with attributes. 13
Table 4.1 Recording parameters observed from the seismic sections 17
Table 4.2 Receiver parameters observed from the seismic sections 17
Table 4.3 Source parameters observed from the seismic sections 18
Table 4.4 Containing information for the selected horizons and their depths 20

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Meyal oil field is one of the major oils and gas producing fields in the Potwar
Plateau upper Indus basin, Northern Punjab, Pakistan. The field was discovered by
Pakistan oilfields limited (POL) in 1968. The field includes 16 wells and has produced
over 36 MMbl oil and 250 BCF gas from fractured Paleocene and Eocene shallow
marine shelf carbonate deposits of the Chorgali and Sakesar Formations.

1.1 Climate

The climate of the area remains warm and receives greatest rainfall in the
northwest and declines to arid conditions in the southwest. The average annual rainfall
is 380 to 510 mm (15 to 20 inches) and temperature during the winter season remains
between 8℃ to 20℃ which shoots up to 42℃ during summer. Its elevation varies from
1,000 to 2,000 ft. in a system of residual hills and hillocks formed from glacial debris
as remnants of Ice age and comprises mostly on sedimentary rocks of tertiary origin
(George, 2015).

1.2 General physical geography of Potwar basin

Potwar sub basin is considered as the major oil producing zone in Khaur area.
In 1914 first oil field was developed and since then 150 oil fields have been set up in
the Khaur area. Potwar basin is formed due to the Collision of Indian and Eurasian
continental plates and located in compressional regime and complex tectonic. In north
of the Potwar basin Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Himalaya and Karakorum
mountains are present. In south of the Potwar basin salt range thrust present and
respectively to east and west Jhelum and Kalabagh faults present.

1.3 Location of study area

Our study area on Meyal field located in district Attock, near Pindi Gheb, 110
kilometers south-west of Islamabad. The study area bounded by latitudes 33 11′-3322′ N
and longitudes 7159′-7218′ E is a part of the Meyal block which lies in Northern part of
Potwar sub basin.

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Figure 1.1. Location of Meyal area in Attock District (Kazmi and Abbasi, 2008).

1.4 Exploration history of Meyal area


Pakistan Oilfield Limited (POL) discovered this field in 1968 by using Seismic
data acquisition techniques. This field has 16 wells and has produced over 36MMbl oil
and 250 BCF gas from Paleocene and Eocene carbonate deposits of the Lockhart-
Ranikot and Chorgali-Sakesar Formations. Production has also been obtained from
Siliclastic Jurassic Datta Formation. Oil and Gas are produced at depths of 3660 to 4250
meters.

1.5 Purpose of the study


With the help of the seismic and logs data, the main objectives are to interpret
the subsurface geology, stratigraphy and the structure of the area. The other objectives
which obtains are:
1. To better understand the geology and the structure present.
2. To detect the geologic structures on the seismic lines.
3. Interpretation of the structures with the help of seismic sections.
4. To generate and interpret Time, Depth and Velocity maps.

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1.6 Data source
2D seismic data and well data are provided by Landmark Resources (LMKR)
after the approval from the Directorate General of Petroleum Concession (DGPC)
Pakistan. The provided data is as follows:
1) Navigation file
2) Seismic sections
3) Well logs
4) Formation top

1.7 Seismic lines


Seismic lines display the subsurface images that are recorded and enhanced by
seismic surveying and processing. . The data provided by LMKR comprised of
following lines:

Table 1.1 Seismic lines of Meyal-05


Line name Line type Line Shot Points Datum (meter)
orientation
801-MYL-03 Dip Line North 90-170 400

801-MYL-04 Dip Line North 120-150 400

801-MYL-05 Dip Line North 110-160 400

801-MYL-10 Dip Line North 120-180 400

801-MYL-13 Strike Line East 110-170 400

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1.8 Well Data
Following well and its respective logs were provided.
Table 1.2.Well tops and log suite provided for study.
Well Formations Formation Top (m) Formation Thickness
(m)
Meyal-5P NAGRI 0 524.90
Meyal-5P CHINJI 524.90 1561.20

Meyal-5P KAMLIAL 2086.10 213


Meyal-5P MURREE 2299.10 1321.30
Meyal-5P FATEHJANG 3620.40 42.40
Meyal-5P KOHAT 3662.80 43.30
Meyal-5P RED CLAY 3706.10 55.40
(KULDANA)
Meyal-5P CHORGALI 3761.50 72
Meyal-5P SAKESAR 3833.50 87.50

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CHAPTER 2
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

2.1 Introduction
For the accurate interpretation of seismic data, the geology of an area plays a
significant role. Formations of different lithologies can show the effect of similar
velocity and same formation lithologies can show different velocity effects. Different
horizons are difficult to recognize without the information of geological formations.

The information about location of faults, the presence of unconformities between


formations and their depth of penetration in the subsurface can be identified by the
geology of an area. All these information plays a significant role in the interpretation of
seismic data (Jaswal, 1997).

2.2 Potwar Plateau


Potwar basin is formed due to the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates. Potwar
basin is located on Indian plate which is structurally deformed during collision of Indian
and Eurasian plates. Tectonic settings of Potwar basin is complex and associated with
the movements of continental plates. The Himalayan mountain system is tectonically
active orogeny between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Indian and Eurasian plates
collide about 50 million years ago and still they are tectonically active. Potwar Basin is
the subdivision of Upper Indus Basin bounded with MBT at North and with SRT at
south. Also, there is Jhelum left lateral strike slip fault along Jhelum River that marks
eastern Boundary whereas, western boundary is with Kalabagh right lateral strike slip
fault along Indus River. Potwar sub basin is divided in two parts:

1. Southern Potwar deformed zone: area between SRT and Soan Syncline

2. Northern Potwar deformed zone: area between Soan Syncline and MBT

Both have different structure deformations due to the presence of salt and
thickness of salt at Southern Potwar deformed zone is thicker and all the deformation is
controlled by salt whereas, at Northern Potwar deformed zone salt cover is thin, but
more imbrications present. (Riva, 1983)

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Figure 2.1 Location of Potwar Plateau

2.3 Tectonic of Potwar Plateau

The Potwar Plateau comprises of less deformed fold and thrust belt having a
width of about 150 km in N−S direction. The Potwar sub basin is tectonically located at
south of the western foothills of Himalayas and falls in Potwar Plateau. It is bounded in
the north by Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and to the east by Jhelum left lateral strike
slip fault, at south by Salt Range Thrust and to the west it is bounded by Kalabagh right
lateral strike slip fault. (Riva, 1983). Tectonic boundaries are:

2.3.1 Kalabagh fault


It is situated in the north of the Kalabagh city, Mianwali and right lateral strike
slip fault. Its direction is north to west 150 km. Separates Sis and Trans-Indus Ranges
of Western Salt Range (Khan et al., 1986).

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2.3.2 Jhelum fault
Left lateral reverse Jhelum Fault in west Extends from Kohala to Azad Pattan
the Murree formation is deposited in hanging wall while Kamlial, Chinji and Nagri
formations are deposited on the footwall (Badely, 1985).

2.3.3 Salt Range Thrust


It is also known as Himalayan Frontal Thrust. Salt range and Trans-Indus
Himalayan ranges are the foothills. (Badely, 1985).

2.3.4 Main Boundary Thrust


The MBT called as Murree fault which lies in the north of the Islamabad. MBT
marks the boundary between the crystalline sediments and marine sediments and
followed around Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis and represents the southward journey of
Himalayan deformation from the site of MMT. This thrust zone has a series of parallel
thrust faults that divides the northwest Himalayan sequence into a deformed and
metamorphosed northern zone (Badely, 1985).

2.4 Structural trend of Potwar Plateau


Potwar basin is located in thrust belt and foreland fold of the Himalaya in
Pakistan. The structural trend is different in eastern, central and western part of the
basin. The eastern part of the basin contains deformation which is mostly in east-west
direction with overturned anticlines separated by synclines (figure. 2.1). The western
part of the basin contains deformation due to south verging thrust faults. The central part
of the Potwar basin is bounded by thrust and back thrust faults.

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Figure 2.2. Tectonic map of Potwar Basin. (Hasany et al, 2010)

2.5 Structural trend of Meyal area


The structure of Meyal area is east-west trending, steep and faulted anticline
with two thrusts cutting it longitudinally and direction of dipping of thrusts are north-
south. Previous exploratory attempts were mainly based on the surface geological
mapping. Advance technology of Seismic data acquisition helped to identify the
subsurface structure configuration. Structural traps are present in central part and more
wells are drilled there.

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Chapter 03
Stratigraphy
3.1 General stratigraphy
The stratigraphic succession of the Potwar basin range in the age from Cambrian
to recent. From Paleozoic to Mesozoic, the sedimentation was partly controlled by
tilting and uplifting of Sargodha high, which resulted in erosion and depositional breaks.
Uplifting and erosional periods were quite extensive which are indicated by several
major unconformities.

There are three unconformities present in this area are Ordovician to


Carboniferous, Mesozoic to Late Permian, and Oligocene in age. During that era of
Ordovician to Carboniferous the Potwar basin was uplifted; so, in this basin no
deposition of sediments occurs
In early and middle Cambrian age, shore and shallow marine environment
thickness is around 610 m (Noetling, 1894). In Permian age around 610 m of thickness
is deposited. It is mainly composed of fluvial, glacial and shallow marine carbonates. In
Late Cretaceous age mostly, shallow water sediments are present. Erosional wedges
formed due to significant uplifting of Cretaceous through Permian rocks from east to
west across the basin towards the end of the Cretaceous age. An early Paleocene marine
Transgression overstepped these wedges resulting in thick deposits (+1100 m) of
Paleocene and Eocene ages. These deposits mainly composed of shallow marine
carbonates and widespread over the entire area. (Teichert, 1967). These wide spread
carbonates form the principal reservoir for the oil accumulations in the basin.
In Late Eocene age the uplifting and deformation of the preexisting rocks took
place. Thick molasse sediments were deposited in the orogenic foredeep covering the
Potwar Basin. Molasse section is itself over-pressured, burying the main significant part
of Pre-Eocene sediments within the oil window, and acting as a regional over-pressured
unit throughout the basin (Shah, 1977).

3.2 Stratigraphy of Meyal area

3.2.1 Nagri Formation


Nagri formation consist of massive beds of sandstone and are interbedded with
shale and conglomerates. Nagri Formation located in Quetta region present on Indus
basin and distributed along the foot hills of Himalaya and is part of Siwalik group. Shale
is brown, and sandstone is green in color. It is generally medium to coarse grain. The
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age of formation ranges from late Miocene to Early Pliocene and features includes thin
beds, with massive bedding in various places (Kadri, 1995).

3.2.2 Chinji Formation


The Chinji Formation consists of predominantly red clays and some intercalated
beds of coarser grained sandstone. The lithology indicates fluvial to deltaic environment
of the deposition. The upper 1700 feet of Chinji is dark red clays very sticky. The
sandstone bands are grey, micaceous and coarser grained. Chinji Formation also
contains some high-pressure water bearing sand intervals (Djebbar and Donaldson,
2004).

3.2.3 Kamlial Formation


Kamlial formation consist of sandstone of grey to dark grey in color, medium to
coarser grained the abundance of mafic minerals. The sandstone is soft, friable and at
places contains high pressure water bearing zones. The depositional environments are
alluvial to lacustrine for upper part which is mainly sandstone (Djebbar and Donaldson,
2004).

3.2.4 Murree Formation


Murree Formation is the thickest among the formations in Rawalpindi Group,
throughout the basin. The formation mainly consists of sandstone and claystone. Murree
sands consist mostly of biotite with hornblende. The depositional environments are
alluvial to lacustrine but in the lower part of the Murree formation that are mostly clays,
siltstone and mud stone sequence, the depositional environments are deltaic or repeated
alluvial cycle. The clay in the upper part is brown and brick red (Shah, 2009).

3.2.5 Chorgali Formation

The carbonates of Chorgali Formation of Eocene age underline the thick


molasses sequence. Dolomitic limestone marks the formation. Limestone is light grey,
thin bedded to platy, fine grained and the limestone contains fossils (foraminiferas)
(Shah, 2009).

3.2.6 Sakesar Limestone

Fossils present in chorgali formation distinguish the limestone. Sakesar


Limestone is dark grey in color, somewhere crystalline, thick bedded to massive to
places, nodular with abundance of alveolina part, there are shales interbedding of grey
to dark grey in color. Sakesar formation is of Eocene age (Djebbar and Donaldson,
2004).

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3.2.7 Nammal Formation
Nammal formation composed of shale, marl and limestone. Limestone is light
grey to bluish grey, shale is olive green in color and marl is also light grey to bluish
grey. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of the Nammal Formation indicate
the shallow marine environment.

3.2.8 Patala formation


Paleocene is marked with Patala shales, grey to greenish grey, and splintery in
nature. The zone is about 30 ft. thick. Patala shales are carbonaceous in nature and
consists of glauconite shales that are of shallow marine and generally “embayment”
depositional environment. Patala Formation is of Paleocene age (Gee, 1989).

3.2.9 Datta formation


Datta formation is of early Jurassic age. The formation is mainly of continental
origin and consists of variegated sandstone, shale, siltstone and mudstone with
irregularly distributed calcareous, dolomitic, carbonaceous, ferruginous, glass sand and
fireclay horizons. Environment of deposition is glacio-fluvial to fluvial environment.

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Figure 3.1 Stratigraphic Column of Potwar Region. (Hasany et al, 2010)

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3.3 Borehole Stratigraphy

Table 3.1. Formation tops with attributes.


FORMATIONS AGE DEPTH(m) THICKNESS LITHOLOGY
(m)
NAGRI Pliocene 0.00m 156.96m SANDSTONE

CHINJI Miocene 156.96m 1915.58m SANDSTONE

KAMLIAL Miocene 2072.54m 173.73m SILTSTONE,SHALE


&SANDSTONE
MURREE Miocene 2246.27m 599.82m SILTSTONE,SHALE
&SANDSTONE
KOHAT Eocene 3846.08m 52.12m LIMESTONE

KULDANA Eocene 3898.2m 51.81m CLAY

CHORGALI Eocene 3761.50 ----- LIMESTONE &


SHALE
SAKESAR Eocene 3833.50 LIMESTONE

3.4 Petroleum geology


Hydrocarbon accumulation is good in the potwar plateau as it is located on continental
margin, there is deposits of thick sedimentary rocks in this basin which include source
rock, reservoir rock, seal rocks and cap rocks. The reservoir depth is around 3000m to
5000m. Our zone of interest contains Chorgali and Sakesar acting as reservoirs. (Hasany
et al, 2012).

3.4.1 Source rock


Patala shale of Paleocene age is considered as the potential source rock in Potwar
Plateau region.
Due to the collapsing of the basin floor the organic shale deposited in anoxic
conditions prevailing Paleocene. Pre-Cambrian Salt Range Formation contains oil shale
intervals, which indicate source rock potential. In Potwar the shale has estimations of
TOC as 1.57 and hydrogen index as 2.68. In the Patala formation the oil to source
relationship show that the greater part of the oil produced in the Potwar Sub-basin.
Paraffinic to typical crude oil and gas are produced from Khewra formation of lacustrine
to marine origin, contain woody and coaly to abnormally amphorous kerogen.
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3.5 Reservoir rock
Chorgali and Sakesar Limestone of Eocene age are discovered as oil and gas
bearing horizons. The thickness of Chorgali and Sakesar formations ranges between
464ft to 600 ft. The top 50 to 100 feet comprises of interbedded Limestone, turquoise
shale and marl of this sequence overlies the main oil horizon.

3.6 Trap and seal


All the traps found are of structural type which contain pop-up structure, fault-
block traps and overturned faulted anticlines. Fault truncations, interbedded shales and
thick shales act as seal in this. Clay and shale of Murree and kuldana formation bound
the Eocene reservoir that provide seal. The kuldana Formation (Eocene age) acts as cap
for the reservoirs of Chorgali (Eocene age).

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CHAPTER 4
SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION

4.1 Seismic interpretation

Seismic interpretation is the science of inferring the geology at some depth from
the processed seismic record. The interpretation process can be subdivided into three
interrelated categories:
i. Structural Interpretation
ii. Stratigraphic Interpretation
iii. Lithologic Interpretation
In structural seismic interpretation three-dimensional configuration of arrival times
generates the structural maps of the subsurface.
Seismic sequence stratigraphic interpretation relates the pattern of reflections
observed to a model of cyclic episodes of deposition. The aim is to develop a
chronostratigraphic framework of cyclic, genetically related strata.
Lithology interpretation is aimed at determining changes in pore
fluid, porosity, fracture intensity, lithology, and so on from seismic data. Direct
hydrocarbon indicators (DHI, HCIs, bright spots, or dim-outs) are elements employed
in this lithologic interpretation process.
According to Robinson, et al., 1988, interpretation is the explanation of seismic
reflection data into a structural and stratigraphic picture with the application of
correction, migration and time-depth conversion.

4.2 Interpretation prerequisites


It is important to know the tectonic activity and depositional setting of the area
to interpret the seismic patterns of the Meyal area. Interpretation of Meyal was based on
the well log data of Meyal-05 well to analyze the structural and stratigraphical settings
of the five seismic lines. Any observation that is made by using seismic data can be
pasted on the base map.

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4.3 Flow Chart of Seismic Interpretation

Briefly overview flow chart of the interpretation steps are demosatrated below

Genertion of Base Map

Selection of Control line

Velocity Calculation

Time-Depth Chart (T-D Chart)

Marking of Reflectors

Time Picking

Time Contour

Velocity Contour

Depth Contour

Digitization of Seismic lines

Figure 4.1. Flow Chart of Seismic Interpretation

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4.4 Field Parameters

4.4.1 Recording parameters

Table 4.1. Recording parameters observed from the seismic sections.


Recorded by OGDCL
Date recorded 1980
Record length 5 sec
Field filters LOW: out HIGH: alias
Party number Seismic 1
Instruments COBA II
Sample rate 4msec
Notch filter IN

4.4.2 Receiver parameters

Table 4.2. Receiver parameters observed from the seismic sections.


Group interval 100 meters
Geophones type Mark
Geophones/group 36
Array length 153 meters
No. Of channels 48
Geophone frequency 10 Hz
Geophone interval 9 meters
Array type Parallelogram

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4.4.3 Source parameters
The data recorded by the source parameters is given below
Table 4.3. Source parameters observed from the seismic sections.
Source type Vibroseis
Sweeps/VP 16 OR 21
Sweep frequency 8 - 41 Hz
Array length 75 Meter
Source Interval 100 Meter
Number of Vibrations 3 or 4
Sweep length 14 Sec
Array type INLINE

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4.5 Base map
Base map includes seismic lines, seismic survey shot points with geographic
references such as latitude, longitude and location of the wells. By using navigation files
provided by DGPC we generated base map of the Meyal-05 area. The base map of
Meyal shows four dip lines (GO-801-MYL-03, GO-801-MYL-04, GO801-MYL-05 and
GO-801-MYL-10) trending in North-South direction and a strike line (GO-801-MYL-
13) trending in South-East direction and the location of Meyal-05 well as shown in
figure 4.1.

Figure 4.2. Base map showing trending of lines of Meyal-05

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4.6 Selection of control line
Control line is the line on which the well lies. There should be a control line with
which other lines can be tied so that horizons and faults can be marked. The well, Meyal-
05, was spotted on the dip line (801-MEYAL-04), so dip line (801-MEYAL-04) is our
control line.

4.7 Solving velocity window for time depth graph


The well was located on shot point 165 on dip line 801-MYL-10. So the time
was picked from the window on top of the shot point 165. Corresponding depths of
times were picked. These times and depths were used to plot the time-depth curve.
Table below shows the time and depth.

4.8 Calculation of formation depths


Formation depth is calculated by using formation tops, seismic reference datum
and Kelly bushing. The following relation was used to calculate datum equivalent.
D (Formation depth) = F.T (Formation top) + SRD (seismic reference datum) - KB
(Kelly bushing)
Where
SRD = 400 m
KB = 421.50
Table 4.4. Containing information for the selected horizons and their depths.

Horizon Formation Datum equivalent Time (sec)


tops(m) (m)
Chorgali formation 3761.50 m 3739.8 m 2.10 sec
Sakesar formation 3833.50 3811.8 m 2.18 sec

4.9 Time Depth Chart


The correlation of data was done by using time-depth chart technique as shown
in the figure. The root mean square velocities given in the velocity windows against
time on the control line are used to calculate depth by using the S=V*T/2 relationship
(fig. 3.2). Time plotted in X-axis against the calculated depths in Y-axis and passes a
best fit line. The Horizon which are selected for interpretation are Chorgali and Sakesar
Formation from Eocene age.

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Figure 4.3. Time VS depth chart of Chorgali formation and Sakesar limestone

4.10 Reflector Marking


After the generation of T-D Chart, we find out the time of both chorgali and
sakesar formation by using depth, so that the formations can be marked on seismic
sections as they were given in time domain. Formation top depth from KB and values
of KB are mentioned in well top data and SRD is given on the seismic sections. As the
depth given are taken with reference to Kelly Bushing (KB), so we need to convert them
to Seismic Reference Datum (SRD) to place them on the seismic section. This is known
as seismic to well tie (Badely, 1985).
In our research we marked Chorgali Formation and Sakesar Limestone
reflectors. After the marking of traces on control line 801-MYL-04, jump correlation
was used to extend reflectors to the limits of the seismic section. Once the reflectors
have been marked on control line which was our dip line, reflectors were then marked
on strike line 801-MYL-13, followed by marking reflectors on other three dip lines(801-
MYL-03, 801- MYL-05, 801-MYL-10) using loop time method.
4.11 Fault location identification
Breakage in the continuity of the reflector known as fault. Faults of large vertical
displacement can be easily recognized, especially from the sudden displacement of
reflections across their planes. The prominent faults are obvious on the section record.
For hydrocarbon accumulation variety of structural traps formed by faults which have
greater importance for structural analysis.
In Meyal area major reverse faults are present due to compression of two blocks which
results in the upward movement of hanging wall relative to the footwall. There are three
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faults F1 and F2 dipping in north while F3 in southward, are marked on the seismic
section. Due to northward movement of Indian plate fault F1 is formed which is major
forethrust fault which forced the strata to glide over the basement fault. The fault F3 is
a backthrust fault to make a trap in the form of a pop-up structure to prevent migration
of hydrocarbons and provides space for accumulation.

4.12 Time picking


Once the horizons and faults have been picked and marked then we pick the time
across the reflectors. For this purpose, one strike line and 4 dip lines are used. This is
done by noting down the time at every shot point interval across reflector. In this case,
the reflectors are of Chorgali and Sakesar formation. The time is traced along every shot
point interval of all the seismic lines along the reflector. Due to large vertical
displacements of the faults the trend of the reflectors on the dip lines is found to be very
irregular as the faults cut through the horizons of interest and the continuity of the
reflector is interrupted. The reflector thus has varying time throughout the seismic
sections.

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4.13 Interpreted Seismic Lines
The following images show the different seismic lines highlighting the different
formations and faults.

Figure 4.4. Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-04.

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Figure 4.5. Interpreted strike line GO-801-MYL-13.

GO-801-MYL-13 is the strike line. The direction of strike line is approximately towards
the East. By character matching control was transferred to the strike line.

24
Figure 4.6. Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-03.

25
Figure 4.7. Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-05.

26
Figure 4.8. Interpreted dip line GO-801-MYL-10.

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Interpretation is done with reference to above added seismic section lines.
Faulting shows that the strata continuation has been disturbed in seismic sections. In
seismic section two reflectors are marked showing Chorgali and Sakesar formation. On
control line three faults were marked F1 and F2 which are main thrust faults and dipping
towards north and F3 which is back thrust fault dipping towards south. Towards south
some younger thrust faults also marked. Pop-up structure is formed due to faults dipping
in different direction.

4.14 Contour maps


Contour maps are defined as the contour lines joining the points of equal
elevation. The seismic lines with the same time values generated the time contour maps.
These contour maps represent the time taken by a seismic wave to travel from a source
of known location to a receiver after reflecting back from a reflector due to acoustic
impedance contrast. A time contour map is generated for each Formation using travel
time along with the X and Y values for each formation.
From the given data the time, depth and velocity contour maps were generated of
Chorgali and Sakesar formation which gives us information about the sub-surface.

4.14.1 Time contour maps

Time contour maps are generated by using the two-way travel time that was
picked against the shot points. These values are plotted on a base map where there is an
information about latitude and longitude values for each given shot point. The contours
that are close to fault shows less time values whereas those away from faults shows
higher time values, which shows that block has moved upward due to thrusting.
Contours that are bounded by the faults resulted to form a closure that depicts the
possibility of the presence of Hydrocarbon trap. Same time values are joined to form
contour maps.

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Figure 4.9. Time contour map of Chorgali Formation.

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Figure 4.10. Time contour map of Sakesar limestone

The figure 3.8 shows the time contour map of Chorgali Formation and Sakesar
limestone. As we move from shallow to deeper surface light color to dark ones show
expansion in time. Polygons are used for the representation of faults. The region
between the two faults represents the footwall and the surrounding contours represent
the hanging wall. The well lies near to the line GO-801- MYL-04 at approximately the
shot point 128.

4.14.2 Velocity contour maps


Velocity contour maps are generated by plotting the velocities against respected
shot points and all the similar velocities are joined together

30
Figure 4.11. Velocity contour map of Chorgali Formation.

31
Figure 4.12. Velocity contour map of Sakesar limestone

Figure shows velocity variations of the Chorgali formation and Sakesar


limestone, the different values of velocity shows the different behavior, the low velocity
values concentrated in the center represent footwall is deeper while high values of
velocity observed in the surrounding represent the hanging wall is shallow. With depth
overburden pressure increases due to which compaction increase which cause increase
in velocity.

4.14.3 Depth contour maps

The depth contour maps mainly show the depth of the underlying structure.
Faults, anticlines and folds are mostly depicted by depth contour maps and its
interpretation is same as that for time contour maps. Depth contour maps are generated
by the depth formula which is:

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S=V*T/2000

As the velocities were in millisecond so we divided the formula with 2000. After the
depth for each shot point is calculated the depth is plotted against their respective shot
points.

Figure 4.13. Depth contour map of Chorgali Formation

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Figure 4.14. Depth contour map of Sakesar limestone

Above figure shows depth contour map of Chorgali and Sakesar formation. Depth
contour maps shows similar structure as observed in the time contours. Area closed by
the faults represent the footwall whereas the surrounding contour lines represent the
hanging wall. Confirming the presence of anticline in the region.

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CONCLUSIONS

The study of the 2D structural interpretation of Meyal area lead to the following
conclusion

1. Seismic data interpretation depicts the presence of pop-up Structure with frontal
thrust dipping towards north and back thrust dipping towards south.
2. Time and Depth contour maps of Chorgali formation and Sakessar Limestone
help us to confirm the presence of anticlinal structure in the area. They gave us
the real image of subsurface which forms a triangular zone bounded by forethrust
and backthrust faults.

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