Part I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Theories/Concept of the Design

A regulated power supply whose property has a direct influence on the performance of

the electronic equipment, and is the basic fundamental of any electronic equipment, in some

cases, regulated power supply is use to change unregulated Alternating Current (AC) into a

consistent Direct Current (DC). It is the one that controls the desired voltage needed in the

particular electronic equipment, regulated power supply consist of different components.

One is the transformer which transfers electrical energy from primary winding into the

secondary winding with no effect to its frequency. Rectifier changes the Alternating Current

(AC) power into pulsating Direct Current (DC), commonly known as Diode [1] [3], there are

three kinds of rectifier the half – wave rectifier, center – tapped, and full – wave rectifier [2] [3].

Filter commonly formed by one or more capacitors used to suitably smooth the previous wave

eliminating the Alternating Current (AC) component delivered by the rectifier [1] [2], there are

two types of waveform filtering, the Clipping and Clamping operation, Clipping is the separation

of an input signal at a particular Direct Current (DC) level and pass to the output without

distortion, the desired upper and lower portion of the original waveform [1] [3]. The Clamping is

a process of setting the positive and negative peaks of an input Alternating Current (AC)

waveform to a specific DC level [1] [3]. And lastly the voltage regulator, it regulates voltage that

can give either constant voltage (fixed supply) or multiple voltages (variable supply).

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1.2 Previous Research and Studies

There are some previous researches that helped us conduct this particular project and it is

all about regulated power supply. The research is named, “The Design and facture of a Digital

Control DC Regulated Power Supply Based on Single Chip”. It focuses on DC Regulated Power

Supply with the core of single chip [4]. This kind of chip contains a detecting system to ensure

the stable operation of power supply, one of the features of this, is the digital display for the

output voltage and keyboard entry for good performance and easy operation. They used

AT89S51 as the microcontroller; this kind of controller is consisted of 8 parts that functions all

the DC Regulated Power Supply, our group focused on its Power Supply Circuit which is related

in our project. Their Main Power Supply Circuit has a 220V/50Hz AC power supply provides

three kinds of voltage required, a +5V, +15V and -5V which they applied to one of the control in

AT89S51 [4].

The +15V is the main power in voltage regulation output circuits which expands into -

5V; this negative voltage acts as negative supply. The Voltage Regulator’s duty is to regulate the

input voltage flowing in the circuit in order to produce a lower or controlled voltage output.

Figure1.1 Power Supply Circuit

The other previous research is the “Switch – Regulated Power Supply System
using the Silicon Controlled Rectifier”, this particular study focuses in design
of this power supply

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1.3 Applicable Standards

Design Standards

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE)

IEEE 1566 – 2015, “Standard for Performance of Adjustable – Speed AC Drives Rated

375 kW and Larger”.

IEEE 1573 – 2003, “Recommended Practices for Electronic Power Sub systems:

Parameters, Interfaces, Elements and Performance”

IEEE/ANSI 460 -1988,“Standard for Electrical Measuring Transducer for Converting

AC Electrical Quantities into DC Electrical Quantities”.

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 Part II

DESIGN SPECIFICATION

2.1 Design Simulation Lay-out

D1 D2
V1 U1
T1 LM317AH
220 Vrms 1N4001 1N4001
Vin Vout
60 Hz D3 D4
F1 ADJ
0° R1 R2
15:1 1.2kΩ C1 240Ω C2
1N4001 1N4001
2_AMP 5% 5%
1000µF 10µF
LED1

R3 R4 R7 R6 R5
330Ω 620Ω 910Ω 1.5kΩ 2.2kΩ
5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

Figure 2. 1 Multisim Simulation

Figure 2.1 Multisim simulation shows the layout of the design which is simulated in the

Multisim software.

2.2Block Diagram

Figure 2. 2 Block diagram of Power Supply converting AC to DC

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 The Transformer

The electrical transformer receives on the primary winding an AC voltage and delivers on

the secondary winding a different AC voltage (a lower one).

The Rectifier

The rectifier transforms the secondary winding AC voltage into a pulsating DC voltage.

The Filter

The filter, formed by one or more capacitors, flattens or smoothens the previous wave

eliminating the alternating current (AC) component delivered by the rectifier. These capacitors

are charged to the maximum voltage value that the rectifier can deliver, and they are discharged

when the pulsating signal disappears.

The Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator receives the signal from the filter and delivers a constant voltage

(let’s say 12 DC volts) regardless of the variations on the load or the voltage supply.

2.3Schematic Diagram

Figure 2. 3 Adjustable Power Supply Schematic Diagram

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Materials
- Capacitor (C1=1000uF, C2=10uF - Resistors (R1=1.2KΩ, R2=240Ω,

16V) R3=330Ω, R4=620Ω, R5=910Ω,

- Rotary Switch (2 by 6 poles) R6=1.5KΩ, R7=2.2K ¼ W)

- Power Supply Case - PCB Developer

- Pre sensitized PCB - Diode IN4001

- Led (Red) - Voltage Regulator(LM317T)

- Transformer (220V) - AC Line Cord

- Stranded & Solid Wire

2.4Circuit Description and Operation

The group conducted the design project for regulated power supply. The group solved for

conditions that are most efficient and most reliable components to use. In terms of the

Transformer, the group preferred to use an input voltage 220V (AC) and their output voltage

15V (DC), primarily because the commonly use input voltage is 220V (AC). This 220V (AC)

transformer stepped down to 15V (DC), in which, the desired maximum output voltage required

is 12V (DC). In rectification, we prefer to use Full – Wave Rectifier because of its efficiency and

a larger dc output compare to Half – Wave Rectifier [1][2][3]. This rectifier provide a pulsating

DC output voltage known as output ripple that can be reduced by filtering the output

voltage[2][3]. We used 1000µF and 10µF because of its larger capacity and it is more applicable

to our PCB (Printed Circuit Board). The 1000µF capacitor is used to filter the output voltage

coming from rectifier; 10µF capacitor filters the voltage from the voltage regulator to stable the

output voltage. The voltage regulator that we used was the LM317T, primarily because this type

of regulator is used in a variable type of power supply.

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 Part III

EXPERIMENT ACTIVITIES

3.1. Comparison of Expected Output Value and Actual Output Value of the Power Supply

Problem Statement:

What values of component/material will be used in order to produce an output of: 3V,

4.5V, 6V, 9V and 12V.

Objective:

1. To construct a regulated power supply with an output of 3V, 4.5V, 6V, 9V and

12V.

2. To compare the expected output value of the power supply to the actual output

value.

Materials:

1. Express PCB

2. Breadboard

3. Soldering Iron/Lead

4. Wire Stripper

5. PCB Drill

6. Digital Multi-tester

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Procedures:

(Lay outing of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB))

1. Design the PCB Layout.

2. Put the design on the board and apply a small amount of oil on the design’s surface.

3. Expose the board to Ultraviolet (U.V.) light (15-20min.).

4. Soak in the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Developer solution until the design was

found.

5. Soak in the ferric chloride solution until excess copper residue is completely

removed.

6. Wash in running water.

(Power Supply)

1. Prepare all the materials needed.

2. Pre-heat the soldering iron.

3. Arrange the capacitors, resistors, diodes, zener diode and voltage regulator into

place.

4. Solder each component to the board. (Remove the excess wire immediately.)

5. Connect the wires in series into the rotary switch from 0V, 3V, 4.5V, 6V and 12V.

6. Solder the wires on the rotary switch.

7. Solder the other end of the wires to the circuit.

8. Connect transformer on the PCB.

9. Assemble all the parts.

10. Do a test run.

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Questions:

1. What will happen if you turn on the power supply for at least two hours?

2. Does heat affect your output voltages?

3. What will happen if the current in different outlets changes the output voltages?

3.2 Comparison of Simulation Output and Actual Output of the Power Supply

Problem Statement:

What values of component/material will be used in order to produce an actual output

voltage that is the same with the simulation output voltage?

Objective:

1. To construct a regulated power supply with an output of 3V, 4.5V, 6V, 9V and

12V.

2. To compare the simulation output value of the power supply to the actual output

value.

Materials:

1. Multisim

2. Multitester

3. Power supply

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Procedure:

(Multisim)

1. Using Multisim software, input the component needed from the schematic diagram

to the Multisim software and properly connect the components.

2. After connecting the components based on the schematic diagram, put a multitester

in the output nodes to gather data for the simulation output diagram. Write the

gathered data in the table.

3. After gathering the data for simulation outputs, get the actual output value of the

power supply using multitester and write the result in the table.

4. Compare the gathered data.

Questions:

1. Do you think the flow of the current made the actual output voltages different from

the simulated voltages?

2. What is the reason behind the change in voltage output in simulation and actual

experiment?

3. Are the tolerances in the resistors made the actual output voltage different from

simulated voltage?

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 Part IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results of Experiment 1: Comparison of Expected Output Value and Actual Output
Value of the Power Supply

The Group tested the prototype by using Digital Multi-tester for us to know if the group

achieve the desired output voltages and it was operated for 2 hours to determine if the prototype

has a good performance.

For 3V DC output voltage, it was measured 2.99V

which is almost to the desired voltage.

For 4.5V DC output voltage, it was measured 4.56V

output voltage that is near from our desired output.

For 6V DC output voltage, we acquired 5.99V

output voltage that is .01difference from our desired

output voltage.

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 For 9V DC output voltage, we acquired 9.05V

output voltage that is .05difference from our desired

output voltage

And lastly, our 12V desired voltage; we acquired

12.69V DC output voltage that we couldn’t because

of high discrepancy.

Percentage Error Formula:

%error= (#Experimental-#Theoretical) / #Theoretical

Table 4.1.1 Resulting Expected and Actual Output

Expected Output Actual Output Percentage Error
0V 0V 0%
3V 2.99V 0.33%
4.5V 4.56V 1.33%
6V 5.99V 0.17%
9V 9.05V 0.56%
12V 12.69V 5.75%

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 Table 4.1.2 Bar Graph of Outputs between Expected and Actual Results

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Expected Output
0.4
0.3 Actual Output

0.2
0.1
0
0V
3V
4.5V
6V
9V
12V

As the group test the regulated power supply after switched it on for at least two hours,

the group conduct a little experiment to test it by measuring its output voltage if it varies because

of increase temperature of resistor; the temperature of resistor is proportional to the value of the

resistor. But after the group conducted that experiment, the group concluded that our power

supply’s resistors doesn’t affect by its temperature. What the group thought is that the current in

different outlets changes the output voltages. Because as the group go through testing different

outlet voltages the group get the actual result but when the group transfer to other outlets it

changes the resulting voltages.

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4.2 Results of Experiment 2: Comparison of Simulation Output and Actual Output of the
Power Supply

After testing the actual output voltages and gathered all the data. The group started to

operate the simulation of power supply in the Multisim. By putting all the components needed

and connecting the Multitester to the circuit, the group gathered the voltages in simulation. After

gathering the data in Multisim, the group started comparing the results.

For 3V DC output voltage, it was measured 2.994V

which is almost to the desired voltage.

For 4.5V DC output voltage, it was measured

4.523V output voltage that is near from our desired

output.

For 6V DC output voltage, we acquired 6.05V

output voltage that is .05difference from our desired

output voltage.

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 For 9V DC output voltage, we acquired 9.155V

output voltage that is .15difference from our desired

output voltage

And lastly, our 12V desired voltage; we acquired

12.835V DC output voltage that we couldn’t

because of high discrepancy.

Percentage Error Formula:

%error= (#Experimental-#Theoretical) / #Theoretical

Table 4.2.1 Resulting Simulation and Actual Output

Simulation Output Actual Output Percentage Error
2.994 V 2.99 V 0.13%
4.523 V 4.56 V 0.81%
6.05 V 5.99 V 1.00%
9.155 V 9.05 V 1.16%
12.835 V 12.69 V 1.14%

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 Table 4.2.2 Bar Graph of Outputs between Simulation and Actual Results

14

12

10

6 Simulation Output(V)
Actual Output(V)
4

0
3
4.5
6
9
12

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 Part V

Summary and Conclusion

The variable Direct Current (DC) power supply is an electronic circuit that converts

Alternating Current (AC) voltage to Direct Current (DC) voltage. The circuit is inside a case or

any protective container. The sample use of power supply is its being a substitute source of

voltage like the battery.

Individually, the group learns that the main purpose of the power supply is to provide

voltages that we need in use. It also helps us students where course are designed with Direct

Current (DC) machine and electronic device for laboratory and experiments. The group also

learned the use of diode which act as a rectifier that convert Alternating (AC) voltage which

fluctuate ripples in two directions to a type of Direct Current (DC) voltage that pulses in one

direction, the capacitor that acts as a filter of voltage which smoothens the pulse, and also the

voltage regulator which regulates the voltage and remove the ripples.

While conducting the experiment the group observed entire expected output value are not

exact but output voltage that is near from our desired output using simulation and actual

experiment. While the group testing the different outlet voltages the group transfer to other

outlets, the group concluded the current in different outlets changes the resulting output voltages.

After conducting all the experiments, the group had gathered the data and information

about the output voltages. And by comparing the results collected, the group therefore concludes

that the output voltage from the power supply has produced the expected output voltages that

have been solved by applying the theories and formula.

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 After the experiments, the group had gathered the right amount of output voltages with

just a little bit of discrepancy which is the effect of tolerance in the resistor. Therefore, the group

conclude that the power supply is reliable and can be used to other projects and laboratory

experiments in the future.

Since this project involves voltage regulated output power supply, there many possible

improvements it can take. First, make the power supply to get more output voltages than the

experiment the group did. Second, this type of power supply can add another feature which is

converting a 220V to 110V, which is very useful for appliances that needs low amount of

voltage. Third, add more Light Emitting Diode (LED) to the power supply as an indicator of

voltage outputs.

For the application, this type of power supply can be used in many ways like charger,

battery and other research to discover a new high technology adjustable power supply.

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 References

[1] R. Boylestad, L. Nachelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 3rd Edition,

pp 1 - 61, 1982

[2] Ph.D.J. Cathey, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 2nd Edition, pp 30 – 46, 2002

[3] C.J. Savant, M. Roden, G. Carpenter, Electronic Design Circuits and System, 2nd Edition,

pp 1 – 60, 1991

[4] M. Floyd, Electric Circuits, Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, pp 36,348,406 , 1995

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