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# Question Your Answer Correct Answer
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1 The unit of Force in SI is Newton Newton Close

Force is a pull or push which exerts acceleration to an object with a given mass. It is measured as mass x
acceleration (m x a). The MKS unit of force is kgf. 1 kgf is the force with which earth pulls an object of 1
kg mass to its centre, which is also known as weight of the object. Since, quite often we express weight
in kg and not in kgf, we tend to confuse weight as the mass of the object. It should be kept in mind that
Weight is force and not mass.

Since the pull by earth exerts a constant acceleration of 9.81 m/s2 to an object of any mass, 1 kgf can be
expressed as 1 x 9.81 kg m/ s2. In SI method (which is a more correct and scienti c method of
measurement), the force unit of kg m/ s2 is called Newton and denoted by N

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2 1 bar = _____ kgf/ cm2 0.981 1.02 Close

 Read
Pressure is measured as force/ unit area. In MKS unit, the unit is kgf/ cm2 and in SI unit, it is N/ m2 (this
# Question
Note
is also known as Pascal and denoted by Pa). If we convertYour Answer
kgf into Correct
9.81 N and Answer
cm2 into 10-4 m2, 1 kgf/
cm2 becomes 9.81 x 104 Pa. In SI init, bar is more commonly used, which is equal to 105 Pascal.
Therefore 1 kgf/ cm2 = 0.981 bar or inversely 1 bar = 1.02 kgf/ cm2.

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3 Standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg 0.981 1.013

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= _____ bar?

At mean sea level, the barometer reads 76cm or 760 mm of Hg, which is considered to be standard
atmospheric pressure. Now when we measure atmospheric pressure as 760 mmHg, we mean the
equivalent pressure exerted at the base by a mercury column of 760 mm or 0.76 m height.

To understand this pressure unit in terms of more familiar unit like kgf/ cm2 or bar, let us consider a
mercury column of height 0.76 m height and A m2 area. The force exerted by this column at the base
will be its weight, which is equal to mass x g. Again mass = volume x density.

If the density of mercury is taken as 13600 kg/ m3, then weight of the column will be 0.76A m3
(Volume) x 13600 kg/ m3 (density) x 9.81 m/ s2 (g) = 1.013A x 105 kgm/ s2 = 1.013A x 105 N

Therefore pressure at the base of A m2 = 1.013 x 105 N/ m2 = 1.013 bar

Since 1 bar = 0.981 kg/ cm2, atmospheric pressure = 1.032 kg/ cm2

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4 Absolute pressure in a system indicates Actual pressure Actual pressure

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of the system of the system

Amongst us, a common misunderstanding is prevailing with the term Absolute pressure, due to the use
of the word ‘Absolute’. Many of us think it as a theoretical pressure requires for calculation and can be
found out by adding or subtracting atmospheric pressure to or from the system pressure indicated in
the gauge (gauge pressure). Whereas, Absolute pressure is, in fact, the actual pressure in the system.
The gauge shows only the differential pressure with respect to atmospheric pressure. In pressure
gauge, it shows how much more and in the vacuum gauge, it shows how much less the pressure is from
atmospheric pressure. For example, if a pressure gauge reads 2 bar, then actual or Absolute pressure in
the system is 2 + 1.013 = 3.013 bar. Similarly when the vacuum gauge reads 0.5 kg/ cm2, the actual
pressure or the Absolute pressure in the system is 1.032 – 0.5 = 0.532 kg/ cm2.

Whenever, we are dealing with any law of Physics related to pressure, we should consider the actual or
Absolute pressure.

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5 1 mmwc pressure = ______ 10-4 kgf/ cm2 All of the below Read
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# Question Your Answer Correct Answer
Note

As we have seen in note to question no. III, when the pressure is represented in terms of height of liquid
column, it indicates the pressure due to the force of the liquid column acting on the base. This force is
nothing but the weight of the liquid column. In MKS unit, the weight is equal to the mass, but expressed
in kgf. Therefore, in MKS unit

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6 10 m of water column is equal to 100 kN/sq m 100 kN/sq m Close

This was a question asked in the 2012 BOE Paper at Chattisgarh. 10 m of WC = 1 kg/ cm2. Therefore
you will have to consider the nearest answer; which is 100 kN/ sq. m

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7 Unit of work in SI is Watt Joule Close

If a mass is to be moved from one place to other, one has to apply force or spend energy. The Force
applied to a body multiplied by the distance moved is the amount of work done or amount of energy
used.

Work = Force x distance (travelled in the direction of force)

Therefore the MKS unit will be kgf x m and SI unit will be N x m. Nm is again known as Joule and it is
denoted by J. 1 kJ is 1000 J and MJ is 106 J

You will note that to convert kgf-m in MKS to J in SI, all we need to keep in mind is the conversion of
force unit as discussed in note of question no. I. Change kgf into N and we get 1 kgf-m = 9.81 J.

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8 Energy is primarily of two types – Potential False True

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Energy and Kinetic Energy
Energy is in everything. It makes everything happen. Read
# Question Your Answer Correct Answer
Note
Energy is about change. To study energy is to study what happens when energy moves or changes. It
can be transferred from place to place. It can change form or be transformed you might say. Every time
energy moves or changes, something happens. Something gets hotter or colder. Something moves, falls,
breaks, blows up, and so on.

For anything to happen there has to be a transfer or change or conversion of Energy.

A transformation of one type of energy to another type - like from chemical to mechanical, or potential
to kinetic.

Or a transfer of energy from one place or area to another place or area (an engineer would say from
one system to another system).

There are two ways that energy can be transferred - by work or by heat ow. Heat ow is again nothing
but work in microscopic level.

In mechanics energy is de ned as “capacity of doing work”. Units of Energy and Work are same. Energy
exists in two forms, namely, Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy.

Potential Energy is possessed by a body due to its position relative to other body or of parts of the
same body under the action of a force or forces tending to alter their relative position.

For example, a body which is allowed to fall towards earth may be made to do work; hence before it
begins to fall, it possesses potential energy, or energy due to its position relative to earth. The unit of
potential energy is Kilograms meter (MKS) and Newton metre or Joule (SI) Kinetic Energy of a body is
due to its being in motion with respect to another body. A body of weight ‘w’ kg, moving with a velocity
‘v’ possesses a certain amount of kinetic energy (KE) with reference to earth gravitational force, K.E =
w. v2/2g. The unit of K.E. is also kgf.m in MKS and N-m or J in SIS. Other forms of energy are also
different manifestations of these two forms. Electrical energy, for example, is the ow of charged
particles called electrons or ions. When electrons are owing through a wire or through hundreds of
feet of air (an event we call lightning) it is because they are being "pushed" or forced by an electrical
eld. This eld is caused by a difference in electrical charge. A force is exerted on the electrons and
they move. Work is done on the charged particles. A force is pushing them through a distance. Actually,
they are hopping from atom to atom, being pushed by an electromotive force. While the electrons are
moving they contain kinetic energy. So at the atomic level electricity is a form of kinetic energy. For
example Electricity stored in a Capacitor having a Capacitance of C Farads and charged to a Voltage of
V Volts is a Potential Energy and its value is ½CV2 Joules. Similarly, the Energy in an Inductor having
Inductance of L Henry (and passing an electrical current of I Amps) has a Kinetic Energy equal to ½LI2
Joules. All other forms of energy such as Magnetic, Light etc. are similarly explainable in terms of
Potential or Kinetic Energy

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9 In power unit 1 metric HP = _______ 735.75 Watt 735.75 Watt Read
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Note
# Question Your Answer Correct Answer
The power exerted by a force is de ned as change in work done over a period, i.e. rate of work done. It
can also be termed as rate of energy transferred.

Power exerted = work / time = force x distance / time = force x velocity.

The SI Unit is Newton x meter/ sec or in other words Jules/sec. this is also known as Watt and denoted
by W.

In MKS unit it is kgf – m/ s and most commonly used unit is Metric HP, which is equal to 75 kgf-m/ s.

If we convert the unit from MKS to SI, again using the same basic conversion of kgf to Newton, 1 HP =
75 x 9.81 = 735.75 Watt

In British System also the unit of Power is “Horse Power” or “HP”, but which corresponds to a rate of
work of 33000 ft-lb/min or 1 British HP = 746 Watt.

Power output of Pumps, Fans, which deliver uid against pressure, can be worked by multiplying
pressure with discharge. We will have to select the units carefully. For example a pump with a
discharge of Q (in m3/ s) against a head of H m, we can workout the output power as P = Q x (H x ? x g)

By multiplying head pressure H with ? x g, we are converting the unit to N/ m2

So the unit of P becomes m3/ s x N/ m2 = N-m/ s = W

As power can be expressed in terms of rate of energy transferred (J/ s), inversely energy can also be
expressed in terms of power multiplied by time. Common example is our electricity energy bill, where
the energy unit is kWh. 1 kWh is nothing but the total energy consumed for 1 hour, when power is 1
kW.

Therefore 1 kWh = 1 kJ/ s x 3600 s = 3600 kJ

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10 Volume of a spherical tank with radius r can be 4/3 π r3 4/3 π r3

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obtained by the formula _______
Sometimes volume of tank, surface area, weight of plate materials are required to be calculated Read
for
# Questionfor different solid shapesYour Answer Correct Answer
Note
which area and volume formulae should be known.

Following are few useful formulae.

Cylinder with radius r, and height h:

Both end open Area: 2 ? r h
Both end closed Area: 2 ? r h + 2 ? r2
Volume: ? r2 h

Sphere with radius r:

Area: 4 ? r2
Volume: 4/3 ? r3

Cone with base radius r, height h and slant height s:

Area: ? r s + ? r2
Volume: 1/3 ? r2 h

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