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Rivers are the main source of raw water for Lembaga Air Perak. Of this, main supply comes
from Perak River. It supplies more than 40% of the total needs without the extraction of
ground water. For this project, the main water source shall be from the proposed elevated
water tank to be included with the project’s water supply system as depicted in the figure
2 below and water supply will be tapped, from an incoming main pipe laid along A164
Jalan Manong to the elevated water tank and with the use of gravity, the water will be
distributed to each bungalow. Pressure head from main pipe assumed to be 60m.
W = ∑ (N x C) x F + Da
Where:
W = Average daily water demand
N = Number of type of houses(units)
C = Cost per unit consumption
Da= Additional water demand
The total water demand for the proposed development, is estimated according to the type
of development, the number of units of area allocated:
Total 152,000
The service factor is the potential percentage of population served. For instance, the
water distribution system cover 90% of the area will give a service factor equals to 0.90,
but it does not necessarily mean that 90% of the populations in the area have service
connection. Service factor vary from state to state and also district to district. For the
project, service factor of 1.0 is used means that water is supplied to all the
house/buildings.
Fire flow requirement must be considered for the design purpose. Referring to Table
2.1 which is outlined in the JKR Standards as Table 14.18, the recommended risk
category of fire flow requirement is Class D with average required flow of 1140
litre/min and the maximum number of hydrant outlets used simultaneously in one unit.
Total Water Demand = Water demand for project + Fire Flow requirement
= 1,793,600 litres/day
1.3.5 Dominant Flow
Dominant flow should be implemented in the water reticulation analysis. The peak
flow shall be 2.5 (SPAN : Part B, Section C : Hydraulic Requirements (i)).
Case 1 (Fire Flow) = Water demand for project + Fire flow
Case 2 (Peak Flow) = Water demand for project x Peak Factor
Thus,
Case 1 = 1,793,600 litres/day
1
= 1,793,600 litres/day x( 24 x 3600 )
= 20.76 litres/sec
Case 2 = 1,793,600 litres/day x 1.25
1
= 4,484,000 litres/day x( 24 x 3600 )
= 51.90 litres/sec
Figure 3 : Minimum Site Dimensions for construction of service reservoir (SPAN : Part B, Table B.4)
2. Design Concept of Elevated Water Tank
Justification Calculation
To pressurize a water supply system
for the distribution of potable water,
Purpose
and to provide emergency storage for
fire protection.
The elevated water tank capacities = 1,793,600 × 0.8
Capacities
must be around 80% of using factor. = 3,587,200 Litre / day
1 Litre = 0.001 m3
Head Loss,h
𝐿 𝑉2
HL = 𝐹 𝑥 (𝐷) 𝑥 (2𝑔)
135𝑚 (1.75)2
= (0.28 𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 ( 2𝑥9,81 )
0.2
= 29.50
Hydraulic Power
𝑞𝑥ρ𝑥𝑔𝑥ℎ
Ph(kW) = ( )
1000
0.0028 𝑥 1000 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 29.5
=( )
1000
≈ 0.81
Shaft Power
Ph
Ps(kW) = ( η )
0.81
= ( 0.6 )
≈ 1.35
P = ρ𝑔ℎ
= 1000 x 9.81 x 18
= 176,580 N/m2
In this project, the value of hydraulic power and hydraulic shaft is small because an elevated
water tank have been built nearby Kampung Senggang. By considering the design
calculations and condition, a pump needs to be proposed so that the water distribution can be
done smoothly. Since the hydraulic and shaft power is manageable, so a single centrifugal
water pump with a total head of 34m can be applied. A pump shall we installed at ground
level at the suction tank resulting in enough pressure to distribute water to each floor.
The pipes connecting the pump are classified under TWO categories:
Referring to the (SPAN: B4 Design Criteria), the design criteria for external reticulation
networks and supply mains are:
Referring to SPAN (Table B.6.1, Table B.6.2 and Table B.6.3), the most durable and
commonly used pipe material is HDPE with diameter 200mm and roughness of 0.00015
(Darch-Weisbach). Being widely used in piping systems worldwide, HDPE pipes will be used
for all the pipelines that shall be lad for this project. There are number of reasons why, which
are:
Corrosion Resistance:
The HDPE Pipe does not rust, rot of corrode. It is resistance to biological growth and
has extended service life and long-term cost savings.
Fatigue resistance:
HDPE pipe is flexible and ductile, not rigid allowing it to have outstanding resistance
to fatigue.
Leak free joints:
Traditional infrastructure piping is joined with bell and spigot or mechanical type of
joint but HDPE can be joined with heat fusion to produce permanent leak free joint.
Eco-friendly:
It takes less energy to manufacture HDPE than non-plastic pipes. HDPE is lightweight
and is often most cost effective to transport than metal pipes.
Extended service life:
HDPE pipe is a safe and durable product ideal for your piping infrastructure. The
service life of HDPE is estimated to be between 50 to 100 years, depending on
application, design and installation.
Reynolds Number:
𝑝𝑣𝐿
𝑅𝑒 =
µ
1000(1.00)(0.200)
Re= 0.0091
Flowrate (m3/h):
d 2
𝑄𝑤 = 3600π x v ( )
2
0.200 2
𝑄𝑤 = 3600π x 1.0 ( )
2
= 123.11m3/h
Head Loss,h
𝐿 𝑉2
HL = 𝐹 𝑥 (𝐷) 𝑥 (2𝑔)
337.5𝑚 (1.75)2
= (0.28 𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 ( 2𝑥9,81 )
0.2
= 73.75