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vin
Rin =
iin
For the inverting amplifier, it is evident that the input current iin is equal to i1 :
R2
i2
R1
v-
vin -
iin = i1 vout
oc
v+
+
vin − v1
iin = i1 =
R1
The non-inverting terminal is
“connected” to virtual ground:
R2
v− = 0
i2
and thus the input current is:
R1
v-
vin vin -
iin = i1 =
R1 iin = i1 vout
oc
v+
We now can determine the input +
resistance:
vin ⎛ R1 ⎞
Rin = = vin ⎜ ⎟ = R1
iin ⎝ vin ⎠
Recall that we need to determine two values: the short-circuit output current
( )
iout
sc
and the open-circuit output voltage vout
oc
. ( )
To accomplish this, we must replace the op-amp in the circuit with its linear
circuit model:
R2
i2
R1
vin - v-
Rout
op
vout = 0
ii = i1
+ v iout
op
+
+ iout
sc
-
Aop (v + − v − )
i2
iout
sc
= i2 + iout
op
R1
where: vin - v-
Rout
op
vout = 0
ii = i1
−Aop v − − vout
oc
−Aop v −
i op
= = iout
op
out
R op
R op + v + iout
sc
o o +
-
Aop (v + − v − )
and:
v − − vout
oc
v
i2 = = −
R2 R2
R1
vin - v-
Rout
op iout =0
ii = i1
+
+ v +
iout
op
+ vout
oc
-
Aop (v + − v − )
-
i2 = −iout
op
v − − ( − Aopv − ) ⎛ 1 + Aop ⎞
i2 = =⎜ ⎟v −
R2 + Rout
op
⎝ R2 + Rout
op
⎠
vout
oc
= v − − R2 i2 i2
R1
vin - v-
Rout
op iout =0
ii = i1
Inserting the expression for i2 : +
+ v +
iout
op
+ vout
oc
-
⎛ 1 + Aop ⎞ Aop (v + − v − )
vout
oc
= v − − R2 ⎜ v
op ⎟ −
-
⎝ R2 + Rout ⎠
⎛ R + R op R2 1 + Aop
=⎜ 2 out
−
( ) ⎞⎟ v
⎜ R2 + Rout
op
R2 + Rout
op −
⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ Roop − R2 Aop ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ v−
⎜ R2 + Rout op ⎟
⎝ ⎠
R2 Aop
≅− v−
R2 + R op
out
vout
oc
Rout = sc
iout
−1
⎛ −R2 Aop ⎞ ⎛ − Aop ⎞
=⎜ op ⎟ ⎜ op ⎟
⎝ R2 + Ro ⎠⎝ Ro ⎠
R2 Roop
=
R2 + Roop
= R2 Roop
In other words, the inverting amplifier output resistance is simply equal to the
value of the feedback resistor R2 in parallel with op-amp output resistance Rout
op
.
Rout = R2 Rout
op
= R2 0
=0
Note for this case—where the output resistance is zero—the output voltage will
be the same, regardless of what load is attached at the output (e.g., regardless
of iout )!
R2
i2
R1
vin - v- iout ≠ 0
ii = i1
iout
op
+
+ v +
R
+
-
Aop (v + − v − ) vout = − R vin
2
R2
vout = − v for all iout !!
R1 in
We will find that real (i.e., non-ideal!) op-amps typically have an output
resistance that is very small ( Rout
op
R2 ), so that the inverting amplifier output
resistance is approximately equal to the op-amp output resistance:
Rout = R2 Rout
op
≈ Rout
op
A summary
Summarizing, we have found that for the inverting amplifier:
Rin = R1
Rout ≈ Rout
op
(ideally zero)
R2
iin (t )
R1
- iout (t )
+
vin (t ) +
− + vout (t )
−
iin (t ) iout (t )
+ Rout
op
+
vin (t ) + vout (t )
R1
− − −
− ( ) v (t )
R2
R1 in
Note the input resistance and open-circuit voltage gain of the inverting
amplifier is VERY different from that of the op-amp itself!