ANGLOPHONE WORLDS FROM A

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Tuesday, 10th October 2017
1. The British context
Concerned with the British context.
Groundings (basics) of this culture.

Historical Develop – Historical growth

U.K. – 4 Historical realities:
 England
 Wales
 Scotland
 Northern Ireland
England – Most Romanised area.
Roman Empire went more there than to the other 3 realities.
Scotland and Wales have something about Romans.
Great Britain is the most important island.

Ireland is divided into 2 political areas:

 North – Northern Ireland which belongs to the UK and its capital is Belfast.
 Republic Ireland – which capital is Dublin
Irish language, Celtic
Irish Baileys???
Irish is a Celtic language spoken in mainly Ireland (Éire). There are also Irish speakers in the UK (Ríocht
Aontaithe), the USA (Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá), Canada (Ceanada) and Australia (an Astráil).
1730 - Bailey's Dictionarium Britannicum

2 most important islands.

4 political realities in the UK
+ Republic of Ireland.

People of every part:

 English
 Scots
 Welsh
 Northern Ireland
1
By the way, the modern FLAG OF THE United Kingdom combines symbols of England,
Scotland and Ireland. THE UNION JACK
There is no symbol for Wales – No Cross for Wales

2
1 cross for England – origin – St George – patron from England – Cross for England.
1 cross for Scotland – Saint Andrew Cross
1 cross for Ireland – Saint Patrick Cross.
One cross over another cross.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

British History – Settlements – Invasions
The Celts
The Romans
The Anglo-Saxons

3
When Roman Empire left Britain – Britons asked them not to go away because they needed them
– After that Anglo-Saxons invaded and killed Britons.
Some Britons were protected – Wales, Scotland, Britain (La Bretanya)

Last military invasion 1066

That year, 1066, there was the invasion of King William Conqueror from Northern France – 500
people – warriors invaded the inside part of the country.

Present Time – British People – Have they a special Mind?

a. Perhaps YES because they live in an Island – conservative mentality – They are safe, without
other influences from outside the island.
b. Parliamentary Democracy
a. House of Lords – more traditional
b. House of Manors (The place where they meet is tiny for the amount of manors that
there are at present time.
Each group compensate each other.
The only important change has been the Brexit, but they didn’t like changes. They complain
about changes.
BREXIT POST VOTE
Many people voted for different things:
 Economic situation
 Immigration
 Taxes
 Burochracy
 CD – Certificate of Deposit – the time deposit with a bank (from 3 months to 5 years) – interest
rates. FD – Financial – Will London survive as a financial centre after the Brexit?
There are different views that give an explanation about the Brexit.

In general, British people are: traditional and conservative.

Second World War – World War II – Churchill organised the country. When the war finished Churchill
didn’t win.
Peacetime – Labour Party – Hospital
New Party established National Health

From the cradle to the grave = throughout the whole of one’s life (de la cuna a la
tumba)
Great Britain – Welfare state

4
1950 – 1960s – This welfare state arrived to a maximum degree of development.
Now they give the same service as they did 20 years ago – Nowadays, Spain, Germany… are better
than there.
They’ve lost coverage in their services.

Religious Aspects
 Celtic Ritual – Ceremonies
 Christian Religion from monks from Rome.
 Ireland – Saint Patrick – Irish monks have Celtic rituals – meeting churches. They accepted
some rituals but followed the Roman root.

Medieval ages
Century XVI – Anglican Church
Family Tudors – separated from Rome from private affairs of Henry VIII – Permitted those English
nobles – monks expelled (expulsats) and Anglicans (members of aristocracy) controlled the
monastery.

The change of religion in Germany was different from England – In Germany was for theological
reasons, but not in England.

Irish people – remain faithful to Roman Catholics.

Irish people were punished.

Palisade Fence – la empalizada

XVI – XVII – 12 years of Republic – The Commonwealth was the period from 1649 onwards
when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland was ruled as a republic following
the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I – It finished 1660.
Scotland – Lord protector – absolutism – Oliver Crownwell.
Oliver Cromwell rose from the middle ranks of English society to be Lord Protector of England,
Scotland and Ireland. He played a leading role in bringing Charles I to trial and to execution; he
undertook the most complete and the most brutal military conquest ever undertaken by the English
over their neighbours.
Cromwell was a Puritan. He was a highly religious man who believed that everybody should lead
their lives according to what was written in the Bible. Puritan means that followers had a pure soul
and lived a good life. Cromwell believed that everybody else in England should follow his example.
One of the main beliefs of the Puritans was that if you worked hard, you would get to Heaven.

Charles I was beheaded – the king beheaded (decapitate) – he was killed by the Republic. This
experience was worse than to be governed by the King – There were 12 years of Republic.
5
The Commonwealth and Protectorate (1649 – 1660) refers to the kingless governments of England
(including Wales and Cornwall), Scotland, Great Britain and Ireland during the Interregnum between
the actual reigns of the Stuart King Charles I (1625 – 1649) and his son King Charles II (1660 –
1685).

STUART – New Royal Family – Dutch King – William of Orange.

German family – George I – George II – George III  They came from Hannover
George I didn’t speak a word of English. He spoke French.
The Present Royal Family has a German origin and the changed their name in the First World War
(after the implications of Germany in the war) – Hannover – Windsor.
King Speech is from the II World War (El discurso del Rey).

Albert, the king, changed his name for George, which was more English.

BRITISH EXPANSIONISM
 English get in control:
 Welsh
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Overseas – crossing the Atlantic Ocean
Global Empire.

International Languages ≠ National Language (Indi, Chinese…)

National Languages are spoken by a lot of people, but they aren’t known in different countries.
International Languages (English, Spanish, French, Portuguese…). They are spoken in different
countries because their population have expanded around the world.

Agricultural Revolution s. XVIII – Updating – the waste for

6
Not all these changes were good – people from countries abandoned.
S. XVIII Aristocracy – closed the areas in countries
Enclosures – only one chance for workers – going to the city searching for a job.
Agricultural Revolution.
Industrial Revolution – 1st Britain – 1st ½ s. XVIII century
Other countries was later, as an example Spain in the XIX century.

Idea of Britishness
What does British mean?
1921 Partition of Ireland.
XIX Century – good lands / manors in Ireland were of English people
Irish – Catholics hadn’t lands  They were not able to be members of Parliament in Dublin. Only
were able to be members of the Parliament Protestant people.
Others prohibitions for Irish / Catholics
 It was forbidden to buy a horse, in case there was a battle
 Catholic churches were built in wood ≠ Protestant churches could be built in stone
They were marginalised, rejected.
1840 – 1844 Irish Potato Famine – Starvation 10000000 – Another 1000000 emigrated to US, others
to Great Britain
9 or 10 million – only returned 2 – 3 million
British people did not help
Irish: Daily industry, beef (cows)  other branches but British didn’t.
1921 – Partition of Ireland
Before World War I There was a Project for Self Government such as Canada, Australia, and South
Africa.
There was the moment for these people in Ireland.
April 1916 – Easter Rising / Easter Rebellion (Aixecament de Pasqua) – Dublin GPO – General
Post Office. Important group nationalist attracked British people. Irish republicans wanted to end
with British Rules.
Many people were against this party.
The end wasn’t happy.
British Government was very strict and most rebels were punished with death penalty.
Then more people added to them – Michael Collins – TRUCE (treva)

7
 Truce and Treaty (1920-22)
Tim Healy Lived in Chapelizod. He was later to be Irelands first Governor General. He kept a diary when corresponding with his
brother Maurice.
In December; 1920, Archbishop Clune, of Australia, was sent to Dublin by Lloyd George, with a guarantee from the Cabinet that
he would not be followed by detectives, and would be allowed to find Michael Coffins, without any attempt at molestation.

De Valera was in America, and Arthur Griffith in jail. The Archbishop had been Chaplain-in-Chief to the Catholic Australian forces
in the War, and was backed by the Australian Prime Minister, Hughes. He saw Collins, who gave him the lines on which peace
could be made.

Afterwards His Grace visited Dublin Castle and outlined to the officials there the conditions necessary for a truce. These were
telegraphed to Lloyd George, who was asked to reply definitely whether or not they could be agreed to by Government. The Prime
Minister wired authorizing the Archbishop to accept them. So Cope (now Sir Alfred Cope) placed a Government car at his disposal
in order that he might inform Collins that the Ministry agreed to what had been patched up.
He saw Collins twice, and communicated the facts to the Chief Secretary, Sir Hamar Greenwood, who was more or less in the
dark as to the peace proposals. Sir Hamar consulted General Macready, who informed the War Office. Archbishop Clune
journeyed back to London breast-high in hope, thinking everything settled. Yet he was not allowed to see Lloyd George for a day
and a half and then only to be told that the terms he had negotiated with Coffins on the basis that they had been approved at
Whitehall could not be agreed to.

The late Field-Marshal Wilson had advised the Cabinet that no terms should be accepted without a surrender of arms.(Wilson was
shot by Reginald Dunne & Joseph O’Sullivan July 2nd. 1922 in Belgravia, London)

The Archbishop then left London for Australia. He travelled via Rome, and at the Vatican he told the Pope (Benedict) of the
treatment he had received. He arrived in Rome at a moment when intense British pressure had been brought to bear on His
Holiness to issue a rescript against the Sinn Feiners. The revelations His Grace made changed the current of Papal thought.
Politicians acquainted with ministerial minds have since attempted a defence of Mr. Lloyd George. It is that he first believed that
repression in Ireland would succeed (as did Forster 40 years before), and wished not to yield anything beyond what Gladstone
conceded in 1893. Then, growing alarmed at the effect on American opinion of the excesses of the Black-and-Tans, he retained
Archbishop Clune to parley. After he agreed to the conditions of His Grace, counter-pressure was put on by opponents within the
Cabinet, who had not been previously consulted.

The Irish Solicitor-General, James O’Connor, had brought to London Father O’Flanagan, the Vice-President of Sinn Fein, to
discuss peace terms. Lloyd George treated this visit as a hoisting of the white flag and Griffith’s newspaper protested in vain
against their intrusion, which resulted in Archbishop Clune being thrust aside.
Now the Partition Act of 1920 became law, but few Nationalists treated it seriously. The cue of the Orange Party was to pretend
they did not want it, and that the measure was being forced down their throats. It was a fruit of the policy of abstention from the
House of Commons by the newly-elected Sinn Feiners, inspired by the inexperienced de Valera.

The inclusion of Catholic areas within the ambit of Belfast jurisdiction in the 1920 Act was not made the subject of a prior Boundary
Commission. Ulster had been “shired” on a “clan” basis three centuries earlier, irrespective of any question save shrieval
jurisdiction. In 1920 six of its counties were compacted into a new territory wherein the descendants of the “planters” held sway.
No Protestant zone could have been set up to justify the creation of a Belfast Parliament, except in parts of four counties. In Britain
the transfer of a ward or a parish from one city or county to another for the minor purposes of local government would not be
tolerated unless preceded by a public inquiry.

Material for comedy underlies the doings before the passing of the Partition Act. The Orangemen had sworn a “Covenant” that
they would never have Home Rule, and imported rifles from Germany to resist it. Yet over an area which they selected in secret,
they secured Home Rule for themselves two years before the Irish Free State was established.

Their decision condemns the Act of Union of 1800, which they were supposed to cherish, but which the rest of Ireland had resisted
for 120 years. Lord Carson, at Belfast in October, 1926, declared that he never desired the Act of 1920. Still the first inroad on the
Act of Union came from its alleged upholders.

The refusal of de Valera’s party to attend the House of Commons helped the Orangemen. “When the cat’s away the mice will
play,” and the Ulster leaders prevailed on the Government to confer a Parliament on six of the Northern counties. Protestants
surrounding Belfast had a majority in four counties, yet the counties of Tyrone and Fermanagh, where the Catholics are in greater
strength, were added to give dignity to the new enclave.
At that date three Northern members were members of the British Ministry – the Attorney-General (Denis Henry), the Solicitor-
General (D. Wilson), and Mr. Charles Craig. Their Party asserted that the measure was forced upon them against their will and
they abstained from voting for it, although there was an inflexible rule that Ministers must support Government measures or resign.
This was stage- managed between Lloyd George and Sir Edward Carson. The latter in 1918 gave up his seat for Trinity College,
Dublin, to become member for Belfast.

http://www.generalmichaelcollins.com/life-times/treaty/truce-and-treaty-1920-22/

8
 1921 Truce Correspondance

Eamon De Valera with Truce Negotiations Delegates in London July 1921.

The first stage in these negotiations was the despatch of an Irish delegation to London on 12 July. The
party nominally consisted of de Valera, Arthur Griffith, Austin Stack and Erskine Childers but in reality, the
only meaningful exchanges with British representatives came in the form of several one-to-one meetings
between Lloyd George and de Valera over the course of the following days.
HOW THE TRUCE WAS ACHIEVED
The war of independence in Ireland ended with a truce on 11 July 1921. The conflict had reached a
stalemate. Talks that had looked promising the previous year had petered out in December when David
Lloyd George insisted that the IRA first surrender their arms. Fresh talks, after the Prime Minister had come
under pressure from Herbert Henry Asquith and the Liberal opposition, the Labour Party and the Trades
Union Congress, resumed in the spring and resulted in the Truce. From the point of view of the British
government, it appeared as if the IRA’s guerrilla campaign would continue indefinitely, with spiraling costs
in British casualties and in money. More importantly, the British government was facing severe criticism at
home and abroad for the actions of British forces in Ireland. On 6 June 1921, the British made their first
conciliatory gesture, calling off the policy of house burnings as reprisals. On the other side, IRA leaders
and in particular Michael Collins, felt that the IRA as it was then organised could not continue indefinitely.
It had been hard pressed by the deployment of more regular British soldiers to Ireland and by the lack of
arms and ammunition.
The initial breakthrough that led to the truce was credited to three people: King George V, General Jan
Smuts of South Africa and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. The King, who had made his
unhappiness at the behaviour of the Black and Tans in Ireland well known to his government, was
dissatisfied with the official speech prepared for him for the opening of the new Parliament of Northern
Ireland, created as a result of the partition of Ireland. Smuts, a close friend of the King, suggested to him
that the opportunity should be used to make an appeal for conciliation in Ireland. The King asked him to
draft his ideas on paper. Smuts prepared this draft and gave copies to the King and to Lloyd George. Lloyd
George then invited Smuts to attend a British cabinet meeting consultations on the “interesting” proposals
Lloyd George had received, without either man informing the Cabinet that Smuts had been their author.
Faced with the endorsement of them by Smuts, the King and the Prime Minister, ministers reluctantly
agreed to the King’s planned ‘reconciliation in Ireland’ speech.
The speech, when delivered in Belfast on 22 June, was universally well received. It called on “all Irishmen
to pause, to stretch out the hand of forbearance and conciliation, to forgive and to forget, and to join in
making for the land they love a new era of peace, contentment, and good will.”
On 24 June 1921, the British Coalition Government’s Cabinet decided to propose talks with the leader of
Sinn Féin. Coalition Liberals and Unionists agreed that an offer to negotiate would strengthen the
Government’s position if Sinn Féin refused. Austen Chamberlain, the new leader of the Unionist Party, said
that “the King’s Speech ought to be followed up as a last attempt at peace before we go the full lengths of
martial law”. Seizing the momentum, Lloyd George wrote to Éamon de Valera as “the chosen leader of the
great majority in Southern Ireland” on 24 June, suggesting a conference. The Irish responded by agreeing
to talks. De Valera and Lloyd George ultimately agreed to a truce that was intended to end the fighting and
lay the ground for detailed negotiations. Its terms were signed on 9 July and came into effect on 11 July.
Negotiations on a settlement, however, were delayed for some months as the British government insisted
that the IRA first decommission its weapons, but this demand was eventually dropped. It was agreed that
British troops would remain confined to their barracks.
http://www.generalmichaelcollins.com/life-times/beal-na-mblath/truce-correspondance/

9
Irish IRA – Republican Army – 5 or 6 counties wanted not to be independent. Northern Ireland.
Many accepted but another group not accepted and killed Michael Collins. They said that they
wanted all Ireland and he had accepted to divide it.

DEVOLUTION – means the transfers of some self-government – Political Powers:

 Scotland – Parliament
 Wales – Assembly
 Northern Ireland – Parliament  Sometimes there are conflicts because there are 2 groups.
Westminster asks for Peace. When there is no self-government, London is who controls the
government.
The solutions is a balance of ministers, some of them Catholics and some of them protestant.
They do not like each other’s.

House of Lords 
Westminster House – it has diminished

House of Commons 

450 seats – around 600 people

There aren’t enough seats for everybody and they had the chance to change in a bigger place, but
they have rejected it. They don’t want to change.
World War I – Reduce economic power and it open the opportunity to appear other powers: Japan,
US…
World War II – British Empire lose its colonies – Asia, Africa…
Reduction of power
Other countries, as Brazil, China, and Canada (among others) increase their power.

Demography – Complex Ethnic composition – London has a variety of different

nationalities from Asia, America, Greece, and Cyprus…
Some people from Great Britain – Elder people realized that they’ve been reduced. Nevertheless,
special relationship USA, they are concerned in overseas actions. They are member of United
Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs). 14 territories that share the British monarch (Elizabeth II)
as head of state.

Commonwealth – Union formers collars

Links European Union  They are cutting their links – scepticism, take place, young people and
people living in London area are not happy but rural areas are happy, at the End it will not.
They voted for emotional matters, not for wisdom.
Structural Change
Contemporany conditions – attittudes at present time.

10
HISTORICAL GROWTHS DEVELOPMENT
Devolution – Political Powers – Stormont – Belfast.
Scotland – more possibilities
Northern Ireland – 2 communities
 55% from Scotland – Denomination Presbyterian, Calvinist religion, from Scotland.
 45% Irish – Celtic – People from the Republic of Ireland.
1920 – Agreement partition of Ireland.

Tuesday, 17th October 2017

Ireland – Countries – loyalty – British
Countries – independent
Northern Ireland – the most successful for the political area.
Ulster – Protestant – It is a noun not accepted nowadays.
Brexit – 1999 – agreement
Good Friday Agreement – implemented by Tony Blair – Irish Minister – Mediator USA –
Kennedy’s ancestors were Irish.
Not Borders – Irish Republic and Northern Ireland.
The Board was fence between the 2 districts – Catholics and Protestants.
Churches, pubs… ≠ in the two sides.
Young people socialize from the two sides at University.
There are some political parties that aren’t religious.
Democratic Union Party – Less radical leader than the founder.
Sinn Féin – leader Jerry Adams –
The Protestants are winning. It’s curious that the agreement was not signed but these parties, they
are more radical.
But at Government there are 2 radical parties of each other.
Referendum 1920s  Both sides were violent. Parliamentary groups: Protestants & Republicans
(Catholics)
Scenery of Strong violence – there were sent soldiers from England  Bloody Sunday
Self-Government Northern Ireland has been suspended 4/6 times – When it is suspended they
are governed from Westminster. They force to agree and it’s more difficult than govern: Scotland or
Wales.
Suspension of the Northern Ireland assembly 14/10/2002 – The government has suspended the
Northern Ireland assembly and reimposed direct rule from Westminster. Sarah left explains the
background to the issue and what will happen now.

11
Welsh language is more alive than in Scotland.
Northern Ireland – Catholics teach language  Welsh – Gaelic – This language is more taught in
the Republic.

House of common  power

House of Lords  power  they still have power

 Nominated by the government  Heredity post/charge
Lord – the person who organised the Olympic Games in London was named a Lord.
Different policies in terms of Government
1940
Labour Party – They are in the middle – left wing, but not radical – Not Karl Marx affectionate.
Creational National Health
From the cradled to the grave (throughout the whole of one’s life = de la cuna a la tumba) –
attention – Central Heating – if you cannot afford.
1980 – Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Private Initiate – The Regulation – Avoid Regulations  diminishing the control of the government.
And she privatized many services:
 Railways – not good in terms of qualities.
 Gas company
 Electricity
 Post Office – Royal Mail (50% - 50%)

 They have to up-to-date the INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT  They were an Empire 

Colonies

 1st World War – World War one happened and weakened the Empire.
The First World War

 2nd Word War –  power – the nations of the Empire help them asking for agreements –
Independence.
Burma – Birmània – Japanese
India after British abandoned the country they fight inside:
Pakistan
Bangladesh
India
Muslims
British organised
Commonwealth
12
Commonwealth

Our history
The Commonwealth is one of the world’s oldest political association of states. Its roots go back to the British
Empire when some countries were ruled directly or indirectly by Britain. Some of these countries became self-
governing while retaining Britain’s monarch as Head of State. They formed the British Commonwealth of
Nations.

In 1949 the association we know today – The Commonwealth – came into being. Since then, independent
countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Pacific have joined The Commonwealth.

Membership today is based on free and equal voluntary co-operation. The last two countries to join The
Commonwealth - Rwanda and Mozambique - have no historical ties to the British Empire.

Commonwealth of Nations
‘States and Territories’ on 29th September 2007
The Commonwealth of Nations (formerly the British Commonwealth), also known as simple
the Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states that are mostly
forms territories of the British Empire. The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental
consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat and non-
governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation.
The Commonwealth dates back to the mid-20th century with the decolonisation of the British
Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. The London Declaration formally
constituted it in 1949, which established the member states as ‘free and equal’. The symbol of this
free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth, but this role does
not carry any power with it. While there are over 31 republics and five monarchies who have a
different monarch, the Queen is the ceremonial head of state and reigning constitutional monarch
of 16 members of the Commonwealth, known as Commonwealth realms but retains a crown
legally distinct from the other realms with the position as monarch being separate from that of
Head of the Commonwealth.
Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language,
history, culture and their shared values of democracy, free speech, human rights, and the rule of
law. These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter and promoted by the quadrennial
Commonwealth Games.
The Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2 – equivalent to 20% of the world’s land
area. It spans all six inhabited continents. With an estimated population of 2.419 billion people,
nearly a third of the world population, the Commonwealth in 2014 produced a nominal gross
domestic product (GDP) of $10.45 trillion, representing 14% of the gross world product when
measured nominally and 17% of the gross world product when measured in purchasing power
parity (PPP).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations

British organised – Commonwealth

The Commonwealth of Nations (Mancomunitat de Nacions) – 52 member states
13
Worthwhile remarking
At the beginning, s. XX – Colonist with the same culture: Canada – Canadian have a Prime Minister
– Trudeau comes from Montreal – her father, too.
But the head of the state (Canada) is Queen Elisabeth.
Justin Trudeau – is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada
since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013.
WW2 – World War TWO
Australia – they realised the need of USA – help of Japan and China.
Too, Queen Elisabeth is the main representation, but less interest in this relationship.
Australia wants to be a Republic; others want to follow the crown, for instance, New Zealand.
South Africa – UK trusted a lot – most people are from African ancestors.
Different groups in South Africa:
1) Dutch Language.
African - Afrikaners
2) United Kingdom – Lady Diana has a brother there and has vineyards.

1950 – 1960  Great Britain gave independence to many Nations – the white, minority proclaimed
independence (especially Dutch) to control the evicted (expulsats, desnonar) from the
Commonwealth.
Apartheid – African world.
Dutch Commonwealth of Nations is a group of countries that have the Dutch monarch as their
head of state. They are countries that were part of the Dutch empire. They are bound (tied) by
history, culture and language. Member states: Dutch America, South Africa, United Kingdom of the
Netherlands, Northern Australia, New Zeeland, Indonesia.
1990 – De Klerk – Mandela reached and agreement
On 11th February 1990, the then president of South Africa, FW de Klerk, took the fateful decision to
release Nelson Mandela, the charismatic hero of the struggle against apartheid. Twenty years on,
he talks about the circumstances that led him to set the world’s most famous political prisoner free,
launching a new era in a divided country
F.W. de Klerk’s speech at the opening of Parliament 2 February 1990.
Currently the government Black majority, but there are white – and they have a lot of power.
3 CAPITALS Towns
South Africa has 3 Capital cities. The reason they have 3-capital cities date back to the days of
Union, Bloemfontein, Pretoria used to be capital cities of the old Boere republics, and Cape Town
already had a parliament from the cape colony days.
 Pretoria – administrative – Black majority do not like the name Pretorius – It was an African.
 Johannesburg – Joana – black people say it.
 Cape Town – Legislative power – Parliament
 Bloemfontein – Judicial Power – Executive Power –

14
  Pietermaritzburg – Archival – National Archives of South Africa

What is the Capital of South Africa?

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-capital-of-south-africa.html

Cape Town is the Legislative capital

Pretoria is the Administrative capital
Bloemfontein is the Judicial capital
Legally, South Africa does not have one specific national capital. The government is divided into three
branches, namely the legislative, executive and judicial. Each branch is administered from a different city.
Cape Town, for example, is the legislative centre and seat of Parliament. The Constitution of South
Africa, however, gives Parliament the right to move its administration to any other city.
Pretoria is home to the executive branch and is the seat of the President and the Cabinet.
The judicial branch of government is carried out in Bloemfontein, where the Supreme Court of Appeal
is located.
Cape Town – legislative power – seat of the Parliament.
As previously mentioned, Cape Town is the seat of the National Parliament. This city has always held
an important role in the country’s history, particularly post-European contact. From as early as the latter
part of the 1500’s, its peninsular location made it an important stop along the spice trade route.

Pretoria – Administrative capital – executive power – seat of the President and the Cabinet.
Pretoria, the seat of the executive branch, is located in Gauteng Province. Its importance as a
governmental centre began in 1860 when it was declared the capital of the South African Republic.
The city was the site of signing the peace treaty that ended the First Boer War, but the city eventually
surrendered to the British in 1900 during the Second Boer War.
When the Union of South Africa was created in 1910, Pretoria became the administrative capital.
This city is also considered the South African academic centre because it is home to 3 universities, the
South African Bureau of Standards (for research), and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
Bloemfontein – Judicial capital of South Africa – Supreme Court of Appeal.
Bloemfontein is the judicial capital of South Africa, as well as the provincial capital of the Free State
Province. This city got its official start in 1846 as a fort for the British army, although the area had been
previously inhabited. Two years later, the area surrounding the city became the Orange River Sovereignty
and in 1854, it became the Orange Free State.

In 1994, the Constitutional Court was established in Johannesburg. This move split judicial powers
between the two cities.

Jamaica… Other countries

Sometimes the Queen is Public – Relationships – visiting countries.
Commonwealth realm
A commonwealth realm is a sovereign state that is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and
shares the same person, currently Elizabeth II, as its head of state and reigning constitutional
monarch, but retains a crown legally distinct from the other realms. As of 2017, there are 16
Commonwealth realms:
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Australia
 Barbados
 Belize
 Canada
15
  Grenada
 Jamaica
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Salomon Islands
 The Bahamas
 Tuvalu
 United Kingdom
The six most populous are: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Papua New Guinea, New
Zealand, and Jamaica.
The Statue of Westminster 1931 provided for the then Dominions – named therein (in that place) as
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State, and Newfoundland
– to have full legislative independence as equal members of the British Commonwealth of Nations,
having, together with the United Kingdom, one person as the sovereign of each.
Subsequently, India and Pakistan (both in 1947) and Ceylon (in 1948) became Dominions. By the
early 1950s, in order to reflect the equality between the countries in that group, each (including the
United Kingdom, but not the former Irish Free State and India, which had by that time become
republics) came to be known as a realm. The word was formally used in Britain’s proclamation of
Elizabeth Ii as queen in 1952 and was adopted for the modern royal styles and titles under the
legislation enacted (decretar) by the individual countries. The principle was applied to other
countries, as they became Commonwealth realms, having sovereign status granted directly. The
phrase Commonwealth realm, though used officially, is not a statutory term.

The Duke of Edinburgh is not a good public relation. This could be one of the reason to retire
him from the public, he has been retired in August 2007.
Duke of Edinburgh – meeting – Soldiers – veterans WW2 – Normandy – Not good public Relations
– criticises – make (bad) jokes  6th June 2014 (70 years)
The Queen – Good public relation.
In UK if a woman is a queen her husband isn’t a King  Instead of being a King, if he gets married
the woman is a queen.

BREXIT – Cameron – was 100% sure that it wasn’t going to be a Brexit.

24th June 2015 – Referendum Brexit  Against immigration

Angela Merkel – open frontier to many people.
South Area of UK they like Europa.
London – Most Important Financial Centre.
CD  Financial Centre

16
Westminster – Parliament
City of London – neighbourhood in the past.
Nowadays don’t live people.
The Structural Change in British Society
2 kinds of policies
1) Government – Parliament  Decision maker – are perceived distant from Public
Disappointed / Distrust from Politicians.
The Leader of Brexit Campaign used the politicians robbed, bureaucracy.  Used this bad.
2) Bottom up policies  Requirement of 3rd Statement. Grassroots families.
Youth movement.
Religions communities.
3rd Statement – stamen – 3rd STATE

TRADE UNIONS – have bad times in England. Margaret Thatcher changed all of this.
The British way of Life
More fragmented than that used to be, many factors – Contrast between Countryside and the
City.
Central London flat: 300.000
Midlands: 300.000
Depressing areas 250.000
There are many realities.
Another contrast – Culture: High culture: opera, travelling …
Museums are different because they are all free.
Dizzy year
Dizzy = feeling vertiginous, silly, causing vertigo (marejat, tonto)
POPULAR CULTURE: sports (not only football): rugby
USA – soccer – football
TV, music, fashion, internet.
Trivialization of TV more than years before.
Wealthy people like popular culture – less barriers.
3 attitudes – Current times:
1. Fragmentation – living in a  society
Uncertainty for future.
2. Many changes had been reaching – ethnical, social.
3. In the middle of the road  changes are good but you need a certain control.
Difficult for older people – They were born when the British Empire existed  Memories.
17
People were more successful, accepted changes more easily.
Tolerance – trait of personality that people sometimes have not developed.
Political Parties weren’t very different since Tony Blair – Manifesto of Labour Party.
Marketing Services  Most people are in the middle of the Road  Appeal most important group.
Liberal Democratic Party – Libdem – Red wing – Left wing
This is the only pro-Europe Party – Mr Clerk, his wife is a lawyer from Valladolid.

Now only room:

 Labour Party moderate – centre-left / left wing
 Conservative Party – centre-right / right wing

Tuesday, 24th October 2017

The name of the WALL – Ireland? Belfast
Is there a Wall between England and Scotland?
Yobbish – bad behaviour
Sample of Historical commentary?

2. The People – Unit 3 in the Book

When we speak about people in any country we have to look back – the settlement.
1) 1st Nomads – Mainland Europe
Britain was joined to the European Continent
2) Neolithic – Agricultural communities.
Taming – domesticating animals.
Easter Britain – settlement – Centre Europe, whereas other groups came from Iberian Peninsula:
Wales, Cornwall…
3) IRON AGE – Celtic people arrived to Great Britain 600 BC they had iron as a metal –
important for tools, weapons.
4) MILESTONE – Historical – The Roman Civilization.
The Roman controlled England, Wales and parts of Scotland
Ireland was nearly apart from Government Empire – Roman people named Ireland: IBERNIA
– that means a bad place for settlement.
Scotland – Caledonia
England – Britannia – this Province had weak intermarriage.

18
Christian Religion spread through the Romans.
Political  organization
Legal  organization
TRADE – Agricultural improvement
Roman took advantage of the colonies, colonies had advantage in the long round Relationship.
409 A.C. Anno Domini
Collapse Roman Province of Britannia withdraw with that Province.
Celtic Rights didn’t exist.
Romans abandoned the island and other came there:
 Anglos – Denmark
 Saxons – Germany
 Ruth (Germany, Dutch, Denmark)
Celtic Inhabitants – were pursed to Wales.
Anglo-Saxon gradually were more and more civilized – Administration 7 Kingdoms – Well known
HEPTARCHY – Came from Greek
 3 Saxons:
o Essex
o Wessex
o Saxes
 Angles
o Anglia
o Marsha
o Northumbria
 Jutland - Kent
Sometimes one of this kingdoms have more influential.
BRETWALDER / BRETWALDA  a major influential – military influencer.
When this kingdoms had stablished then the VIKINGS arrived and 800 A.C.
Vikings attacked coast of Ireland and Great Britain.
Vikings were very dangerous.
Vikings stablished the DANELAW – Law for Danish – Easter coast of Great Britain settle battle
and imposed their customs traditions.
People (Anglo-Saxon) paid RAMSON / DANEGOLD – To prevent not to be attacked.
They destroyed important churches abbeys.
Especially on the coast – protection from attacks from pirate ships.
Scots had very near these attacks – forces to prevent Scandinavian Attacks
Norwegian and Danish

19
Sweden went to Russia.
Go Dutch
Irish people – they do bad jokes about them.
Group people from Scandinavia established in France – Normandy.
Duke Norm – Duke of Normandy
100 years and they learned French – and the King gave them the lands – Be in HISTORICAL
CROSSROAD  French civilization culture, law, architecture, organization in military terms,
feudalism.
 From Normandy they invaded Great Britain.
THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS – last Battle G.B. successfully invaded.
Anglo Normand Island invaded in WWII.
Normand people – from Norway (North) from the North-learn French and invader G.B.
15.000
10.000
Warriors’ minority
The Norman Aristocracy
Grow Bishops and Abbots Normand French Lingua – Feudalism – Was 300 year’s official language.
Culture – French – Latin
British passport was in French Royal Family.
DIE AND MONTROIT
LAW and my RIGHT
By the way, French Language disappeared after 100 years WAR (1337 – 1453)
Aquitania – Bolder – Atlantic
Coast was from English kings.
Jeanne d’Arcy – heroine
100 Year War – Jeanne d’Arcy
After the war they decided to leave the 1500 century.
French Language.
Calais– The Tudors lost Calais, Henry VIII – Last city lost.
The Siege of Calais – 1558 – http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/fall-calais

20
Middle Ages – Some peaceful periods.
English monarchs attempted to conquer or alliance with Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
Within this nations:
 Peace Periods
 War Periods
Ireland was invaded by Henry II
Normand stablished Dublin
This Anglo-Normand people that invaded then were felt very Irish.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Fitz – Fill de (French)
Fitz means son of and it comes from the Normand.
Palt – area near Dublin
XVI – Tudors
XVII – Stuarts
XVIII – Plantation Policy – William of Orange
When the Queen or King were more Protestant  Policy to Irish harder
Colonization Ireland – Scots to the North.
Irish had to emigrate due to lack of Industry  they had only agriculture.
Laws – Irish – Dividing properties between sons & daughters.
Don’t buy horse – It was forbidden for Catholics.
Catholic churches were not built in stone (it was forbidden).
Glasgow – Celtic Glasgow – Catholic
Glasgow ranger – protestant.

Some of them established:

 London
 Birmingham – Midlands
The name UNITED KINGDOM was in 1801
Anglo-Irish War – 1921 Division Ireland in 2 parts:
1) Irish Free State – Free State – Not Independent
2) 6 Counties of Northern Ireland

21
Country of Wales – it has Celtic Heritage
Their language is alive.
They have been under English rules.
S.XV (1200)
Edward the First
Tradition about how they manage Wales – a baby – The Prince of Wales (a non-English
speaker can be their King) mischievous.
Tudors established protestant in Wales (Not in Ireland)
Queen Elisabeth the I – The Bible – translated into Welsh and English (Bilingual)
They have no restrictions as the Irish people.
Scots – defeated the English in the 1314 (s. XIV)
When did they achieve the Union of the 2 Crowns?
 Scots
 English
When the Stuart dynasty ruled (Elizabeth the I)?
Elizabeth I was known as the Virgin Queen.  Offspring = without son
Virginia (US) – Dedicated to this queen
The Stuart Dynasty managed to be Scotland & England Union
1600 Kings
King / Queen – Head of the Anglican Religion = Church
Which is not very ≠ to the Roman Catholic Church
Did English people emigrate to Scotland & Wales? No, they went to USA, Canada…
s. XIX – 15 million people abandoned England to USA, Canada.
Other People:
 Middle ages:
o Lombard (Italy)
o Jewish
o German merchants – HAMSA (market)
o Dutch
o Flemish (from Belgium) – Weavers - teixidors
English people exported the Raw materials – Wool (llana) exported
To Dutch  Then they decided to elaborate the product  Industrial Revolution

BEST PARTS OF AGRICULTURE – The rural woollen and linen industries of the South
West and East Anglia collapsed in the face of increased competition from Lancashire and
the West Riding of Yorkshire.

22
Industry:
 Yorkshire
 Midlands – Attracted people from the countryside
 Manchester – Factory
 Liverpool – Manchester
Enclosures: Landlords, Communities serfs.
New Laws  They went to cities
Difficult life:
 In job
 And in house
London:
 Capital
 CD – Top market
 Insurance companies Important
 Official sit companies
 Former colonies – Money
Present Time – Migration in London isn’t important but in s. XIX was important.
If this people they don’t emigrate it probably 15 million people USA, Australia, South Africa,
Canada.
Be a Revolution.
USA – Some states were the German (not poor people)
They wanted a change – Mid-West
IRISH – New York
Puerto Rico
Boston

Irish migrations were POOR people

Italian
Spanish  South America
Florida – Cubans

West Side Story

Immigration s. XX – XXI Century
Dross hole – dress hole
Dross – rubbish or waste / worthless
Sidney – Prison – Centre for people that had committed A CRIME (stealing an apple in UK is
considered a crime). They had the chance of 1 ticket to Australia.
23
Parramatta – origin of Sidney – Historical building in Australia

Parramatta (/ˌpærəˈmætə/) is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, 20
kilometres (12 mi) west of the Sydney central business district on the banks of the Parramatta River.
Parramatta is the administrative seat of the City of Parramatta and is often regarded as the second CBD
of Sydney.
Parramatta, founded by the British in 1788, the same year as Sydney, is the oldest inland European
settlement in Australia and the economic capital of Greater Western Sydney. Since 2000, government
agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force and Sydney Water have relocated to Parramatta
from the centre of Sydney. Established in 1799, the Old Government House is a world heritage site and
museum within Parramatta Park and is Australia's oldest surviving public building.
Parramatta is a major business and commercial centre, and home to Westfield Parramatta, the ninth
largest shopping centre in Australia. Parramatta is also the major transport hub for Western Sydney,
servicing trains and buses, as well as having a ferry wharf and future light rail and metro services. Major
upgrades have occurred around Parramatta railway station with the creation of a new transport
interchange, and the ongoing development of the Parramatta Square local government precinct.

Federal System Australia (States) Queensland – South Wales

Tuesday, 31st October 2017

Samhain is a Gaelic festival marking the end of the harvest season and the beginning of
winter of the “darker half” of the year. Traditionally, it is celebrated from 31 st October to 1st
November, as the Celtic day began and ended at sunset. This is about halfway between the
autumn equinox and the winter solstice. It is one of the four Gaelic seasonal festivals, along
with Imbolc, Bealtaine and Lughnasadh.
Historically, it was widely observed throughout Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man. Similar
festivals are held at the same time of year in other Celtic lands; for example, the Brythonic
Calan Gaeaf (in Wales), Kalan Gway (in Cornwall), and Kalan Goañv (in Brittany), both Celtic
branches are roughly as old as each other.
Samhain is believed to have Celtic pagan origins and there is evidence it has been an
important date since ancient times. Some Neolithic passage tombs in Ireland are aligned with
the sunrise around the time of Samhain. It is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature
and many important events in Irish mythology happen or begin on Samhain. It was the time
when cattle were brought back down from the summer pastures and when livestock were
slaughtered for the winter. As at Bealtaine, special bonfires were lit. These were deemed to
have protective and cleansing powers and there were rituals involving them. Like Bealtaine,
Samhain was seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world as the
Otherworld could more easily be crossed. This meant the Aos Sí, the ‘spirits’ or ‘fairies’,
could more easily come into our world.

Immigration 1900
Before War World II 1930 – 1940
What happened?
People from Canada, South Africa, New Zealand…
24
DOMINIONS  parts of the UK that have similarities are been given a SELF-GOVERNMENT
Citizens Commonwealth countries:
 Easy access to Great Britain
 A lot of employment for almost everybody (Eastern immigration went too)
Until 2nd World War II
UK offered so many jobs.
Gethoathetion – Immigrants central areas of industrial cities Leeds…
The immigration underwear / undergo / underwent different situations.
Indian and Chinese were more successful – Good at industry.
Blandishes
Pakistanis

They got lower wages, unemployment, on the dole.

Unemployment  on the dole

Before War World II there were jobs nearly for everybody  reconstruction cities – but then
1960 – 1970 – decay – decline of some employment.
Some quarters were not rebuilt / updated / reformed downtown.

City centres  not reformed

2nd Generation  People born in Britain not like their parents.


They feel the lack of social possibilities

Several Conflicts
 Immigration acts to regulate the entrance of newcomers.  New Restriction for the
new immigration.
 Rise relation rights – Immigrants inside the country protected.
 2007 – Official Body replace Racial Equality (1976)
 1976  Several conflicts to improve the situation.
 Equality and Human Rights Commission.
 NATIONALIST PARTY – British National Party (BNP)
 The opposition to immigrant people.
 Recently – ISSUE CONTROVERSIAL – explotedly politic at both sides Official
Viewpoint – Political…?
 The United Kingdom used to be multicultural – intermarriage – multi-ethnic society
 The Mayor of London is a Pakistan of the 2nd Generation. Sadiq Khan – social democrat
– British Pakistani family – law degree from the University of North London.
25
 The Mayor of London is the head of the executive body of the Greater London Authority.
 Example of New Generation – we can find them in the Local Institutions.
 Dependent of Migrant – if it is settled, the members of its family have the right to enter.
o Short term visitors – special permission.
o Work permit – it is a must / requirement for achieving the permission of living.
It depends on the country
o European Union  Allowed to live in the country.
People who are not members of Union European can be admitted if…
 Qualified – if they need people for their jobs – Computers industry
 It’s more difficult if they are unskilled. They have more difficulties.
 Asylum seekers – people who seeks, apply for asylum – Another
controversial issue.
 On the one side, REFUGEES – come countries in world other more
economics reasons than being refugees.
 New Members of the European Union of s. XXI – Poland are very present
in UK and Ireland – Cork. Polish language: muss – misses in Polish

CORK – COP – Titanic last Stop – There is a Museum about Titanic.

British Population – Traditional is aging, getting older – skilled or unskilled works
How they see the future – skilled jobs
Emigration – 1900 century – Most preferred destinations like USA, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand… By far USA and then other colonies.
Ethnic Issues
Social Disadvantages seems to be most related to poverty, class, unemployment than ethnic
issues.
Ceremony of Naturalization to become British citizen-language requirement, culture citizen
ceremony.
Swear, pledge to the queen and the country.
Ethnic minorities are mostly referred to not Caucasian  Not white
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – WASP – Advert Wash – Wasp (stinging insect)
Great London Area – 20 years without mayor – Margaret Thatcher took out this place because
the mayor was of the Labour Party.
MT decided that London didn’t need a mayor.

Small % of minorities: North East and South West  Probably because they weren’t industrial
areas.
Major minorities – Indian – hindi speakers (5 hundred million people speakers)
Bangladeshi
Pakistani

26
Black Caribbean
Nigerian (Black African)
Chinese
Jewish  many generations.
European groups: Irish, old Commonwealth countries, Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece,
Cyprus, Portuguese, American People, Middle East People, Argentinian.
POPULATION MOVEMENTS S.XX
Demographics
Internal population – shifts – changes – population movement.
From industrial areas South Wales, they go to better areas:
 Midlands
 Birmingham
 London
 South East
 Kent
Declining industry
 Declining activity of the cool mines
 Steel manufacture 
 Heavy industry – a lot of materials – huge machines
 Perhaps disappearing
NORTH EAST BELT – IRON BELT was the name before. Nowadays, it is known as the RUST
BELT (oxidated).
SOUTH OF ENGLAND  More prosperity that Industrial CD in the north, midlands.
Birmingham – OTO – cars – Purchased by a German BMW have bought.
RESIDENTIAL AREAS – Not as important as USA but in 1950 – 60 – Many families abandoned
downtown (war, poor, bombing, bleeds (blood)…)  In London – in many cities
Small city – Coventry – affected for bleeds
People from cities from London, Coventry, Leeds… affluent people – who could afford
settlements in the suburbs / outskirts of the city.
It required transportation  motorways, bypasses (variant)
Green Belts – Preserved areas – Forests, Gardening – No Buildings permitted
Many commuters leave these suburbs
Neighbouring Towns  need ½ hours’ time to go to the city and in the evening.
Neighbouring Towns – ciutats dormitoris

DENSITY POPULATION – London – prize, one single room. Very high price.

27
Important mortgage – Accommodation
Bedrooms rented
People sleeping in gardens
South East England
Lowest Densities: Scottish Islands, Lake District, Wales, Northern Ireland (2 million people)…
Teacher doesn’t agree with Northern Ireland.
Density twice the density of France
Nearly the same population that in France

Demographic Trends
 Increasing population
 Rising fertility
 Better life expectancy – Look!
 According to statistics people from Ethnic minorities grow 15 times more than British.
There are also much younger for this reason.

Mayor British Areas – 10

1. London
2. Birmingham
3. Glasgow
4. Liverpool
5. Leeds
6. Sheffield
7. Edinburgh
8. Bristol
9. Manchester
10. Lester

British
English
Scottish
Irish

Attitudes

28
 Tuesday, 7th November 2017
TEXT COMMENTARY
Pattern – Commentary
 Author
 Period
 Audience
 Type of text
o Speech
o Memory
o Essay
 Main ideas – Explained well
 Author’s purpose / attempt
 Consequences  Strength
Britishness
Milestones history – demography
Citizenship spread in the country
The main urban areas
ATTITUDES TO NATIONAL IDENTITIES
 England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales…
 Britishness – come from institutions: Crown, leading industrial position (XVIII ½) 
Position lost now from Japan, China, USA
 Layer identity
Two Layers:
o English, Scottish, Ireland, Welsh
o British
They feel British and also Scottish … When they feel English, they also feel British

 The Northern Irish – most difficult identity – combination of 2 communities:

o Catholics
o Protestants
 Wales – 2 communities:
o Welsh language is alive, is spoken by 20% of the population. (Garebale) –
jugador Madrid
o English speakers
There is a party – PLAID CYMRU – the translation into English is the Party of Wales.
Plaid Cymru is the social democrat party of Wales, it is a national party that advocates
the Wales Independency.
 In the Tudor Dynasty there was a king: Edward the VI (ephemeral reign)
He has a law-act of Uniformity of the Public Religious ceremonies conducted in
English instead of Latin. His stepsister required to have Welsh translation of the Book
of Prayers: ENGLISH & WELSH
29
This helped the use of the Welsh in religion matters.
The Purpose / Goal of the Tudor could acquire knowledge of English through the Bible, not
preserving the Welsh.

 Henry VIII – 2 daughters:

o Mary
o Elizabeth the I

Regarding the country of Wales: 3 main areas

 THE SOUTH has historically supported the Labour Party  factories

 THE NORTH WEST & CENTRES Supports Plaid Cymru – nationalist party of Wales.

 East & South West – Conservative Party

Miss Theresa May

By the way, something about the origin if the nouns.
WALES – mean FOREIGN SPEECH – something odd, something different (bereber – bàrbar)
Wales in his native language is Simrack – is not welsh the word.
DEVELOP POLITICAL BODY
Devolution
We have

SCOTLAND – More political claims in Scotland than Wales

 Separated religious churches
o Presbyterian (not Anglican) Church
o Kirk /querq/ Church
 They have educational system
 Scottish National party
 Economic neglect by UK government Westminster haven’t helped them
Different Terms:
1. Scottish Caleigh – Gaelic – Cèilidh
It is the Cèilidh language in Scotland.

2. Scottish English – it isn’t Scottish language – Variety / dialect of English spoken in

Scotland.
It is rhotic pronunciation – it has to do with phonetics letter r is pronounced at the end
of the words: remember
In USA also happens

30
 RHOTIC AND NON-RHOTIC. Terms coined by the British phonetician John Wells for two kinds of
spoken English, a fundamental contrastive feature in the language. In one set of accents of
English, r is pronounced wherever it is orthographically present: red, barrel, beer, beard, worker.
Such a variety is variously known as rhotic, r-pronouncing, or r-ful(l). In another set of accents, r is
pronounced in syllable-initial position (red) and intervocalically (barrel), but not postvocalically
(beer, beard, worker). In such positions it is vocalized (turned into a vowel) and not pronounced
unless another vowel follows. Such a variety is variously known as non-rhotic, non-r-pronouncing,
or r-less. The mainly rhotic and non-rhotic communities in the English-speaking world are: (1)
Rhotic. Canada; India; Ireland; south-western England; Scotland; the northern and western states
of the US apart from the Boston area and New YorkCity; Barbados. (2) Nonrhotic. Black
Africa; Australia; the Caribbean, except for Barbados; England apart, in the main, from the south-
west; New Zealand; South Africa; the southern states, the Boston area of New England, and New
York City vernacular speech; and Black English Vernacular in the US; Wales. Foreign learners from
such backgrounds as the Romance languages and Arabic and those who have Network American
as their pronunciation model tend to be rhotic. Foreign learners in Black Africa, and
from China and Japan, as well as those who have RP (BBC English) as their model tend to be
nonrhotic. See R, R-SOUNDS.

3. Scots Language – it was a Germanic language spoken in the Lowlands. It had been
the official Language in the middle ages and nowadays it has disappeared.
SCOTCH – Whisky – not for people
According to surveys – Most people feel British and also Scots…
Nevertheless they share few values: political terms…
Observers from overseas tend to define Britain as a multicultural society.
UK  accepted and assume the idea of multicultural society Hindus, Jews, Jamaican…
Many radio stations are in these language in urban cities.
British progressively have accepted the settlements: prehistory, romans, settles and
immigration…

MELTING POT OF CULTURE (Crisol)

New wave of immigration in USA, not as important in UK.
In America most people came from other countries.
By the way, in the USA  Several immigration ADS – They allow people enter the country
1920 – Every year there is a law of immigration.
1880 – CENSES – MOST NATIONALITIES: Irish, Norwegian, Northwest, Europe  This law
has been criticised
British… Have FREE ENTRY
1920 – Italian, Russian…

Law for creating this society

Cuba – 1950 – 1960  FREE ENTRANCE
31
 The country
It’s not compulsory

3. Politics and government – BOOK Unit 5

All the Units are Units and help us to create new knowledge.
Ireland invaded XII century – The Pale Dublin
The Pale is a historical region in Ireland.

The complete Union in England is with the Tudors – UNION

1707 – Creating Great Britain
1801 – Creation United Kingdom – To create the United Kingdom it was required to abolish the Irish
Parliament.

32
The Tudors

Tudors

When the Tudors became kings of England in 1485, they were claiming to be 'Lord of All Ireland' although
their power only covered the area around Dublin known as the 'pale'. The descendants of the Norman
barons controlled the rest.

The Tudors, however, forced laws about land ownership, dress and religion on the Irish which were in
response to rebellions in 1494 and 1537.

It was not unfair  it was only for Protestant the Parliament. Roman Catholic couldn’t be in the
Parliament so they will be happy in the XX century – Ireland – Independent
1) Irish Free State (Estat lliure associat)
2) 1920
The Irish Independence was complicated.
Catholic – Split – Collins Leader
Eamon / Éamonn de Valera – most radical wing – struggle against official party
Collins – was seen as a Judes Iscariot, bad man, traitor.
Winston Churchill  British conquer the country.
Shatter = break in pieces
Northern Ireland 1998 Good Friday Agreement  This week direct rule from Westminster
This week 5th Control from 1998

Thursday, 23rd November 2017

Constitution
A Privy Council is a body that advises the heard of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in
the context of a monarchic government. Privy means private or secret.
Privy Council chancellors for the queen or the king.  Lose the power due to other instances.
United Kingdom Parliament – Legislative Power – abolishes laws and do amendments – a change
introduced, modified, updating important laws.

The House of Lords:

33
  Temporal – politicians, sports men, scientists…
 Spiritual – Bishops of the Church of England…
Income – travelling expenses.
1 of the Lords appeals – used to have Judicial Power – function transferred to the new Supreme
Court.  Which has been created recently (around 10 years ago).

Supreme Court – In October 2009, The Supreme Court replaced the Appellate Committee of
the House of Lords as the highest court in the United Kingdom.
The Supreme Court’s 12 Justices maintain the highest standards set by the Appellate Committee,
but are now explicitly separate from both Government and Parliament.
The Court hears appeals on arguable points of law of the greatest public importance, for the whole
of the United Kingdom in civil cases, and for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in criminal cases.
The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the UK for civil cases, and for criminal cases from
England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional
importance affecting the whole population.

The Supreme Court was established by Part 3 of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and started
work on 1st October 2009. It assumed the judicial functions of the House of Lords, which had been
exercises by the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (commonly called “Law Lords”), the 12 judges
appointed as members of the House of Lords to carry out its judicial business. Its jurisdiction over
devolution matters had previously been exercises by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

The House of Lords is losing power.

The person who makes speeches is the Lord Speaker.
Usefulness – reflection, revision laws accepted by the House of Commons 
Second thoughts
Cross – benchers – are Lords who do not belong to any political party – people that are not in any
of the 2 wings.
Back benchers – based members of the Parliament, who are not leaders.

UK Parliament Election
There are 650 constituencies – Parliamentary constituencies, each of which is represented by
one member of the Parliament in the House of Commons.
There are 650 constituencies in the United Kingdom, each electing a single Member of
Parliament to the House of Commons ordinarily every five years. Voting last took place in all 650 of
34
those constituencies at the United Kingdom general election on 8th June 2017, and these results
have been counted and verified.
The election on 8th June 2017 elected 650 constituencies.
317 are held by the Conservative Party
262 are held by the Labour Party
35 are held by the Scottish National Party
12 are held by the Liberal Democrats
10 are held by the Democratic Unionist Party
The Sum is 636 constituencies
With the balance held by smaller parties, none of which have more than 8 seats, plus four unaffiliated
MPs.

In addition there is the constituency of the Speaker, which by tradition does not belong to any party.

Constituencies – members – not sits

General election are organised by secret ballot.

Poly station – school, sports hall… – List of Polling Station – by the addresses

Turn out of voters – 70% – enabled to participate in election but not everybody.
The System = is similar to USA – Simple majority
http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general/
A simple majority is a vote taken by an organization where at least 51% of the members must vote
yes to approve a bill before it is accepted. A majority in which the highest number of votes cast for
any one candidate, issue, or item exceeds the second-highest number, while nor¡t constituting an
absolute majority.

First Past the Post Place = FPTP – A first-past-the-post is a voting method, one in
which voters indicate on a ballot the candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the
most votes wins: this is described as winner takes all. First-past-the-post voting is a plurality
voting method. It is a common, but not universal, feature of electoral systems whit single-member,
electoral divisions, and is practiced in close to one third of countries. Notable examples include
Canada, India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as most of their current
or former colonies and protectorates.
Election is for the candidate who has received more votes than the others  The POST is for
him/her.
Majority System
Westminster – Proportional representation – The areas: Wales, Northern Ireland and
Scotland.
35
European Parliament – Proportional representation.

Electoral System is good for the most voted (big)  Labour parties
 Conservative parties
This system is not good for smaller parties (unfair for them).
Liberal Democrats are not happy with this system.

Hung Parliament – When neither political party has the majority at Westminster 5-6 year ago, it
happened.
David Cameron required alliance of Liberal Democratic – 1st time help of another party –
EXTRAORDINARY.
A hung parliament is a situation in which no particular political party or pre-existing coalition (also
known as alliance or bloc) has an absolute majority of legislators (commonly known as members or
seats) in a parliament or other legislature. This situation is also known, albeit less commonly, as a
balanced parliament or as a legislature under no overall control.
Under these circumstances, no party or coalition has an automatic mandate to assume control of
the executive – a status usually known in parliamentary systems as “forming (a) government”.
However, an absolute majority may still be gained through the formation of a new coalition
government, or the addition of previously unaffiliated members to a pre-existing coalition. However,
a minority government may instead result: that is, the party that has the most members is allowed
to form government without an absolute majority, provided that it has the express, ongoing support
of unaffiliated members, such as minor parties and/or independent legislators.

David Cameron required alliance of Liberal Democratic – 1st time help of another party – it
was extraordinary.
During the 2010 election campaign, the Liberal Democrats surged in the public opinion polls,
particularly because of Clegg’s performance in the country’s first televised party-leader debates. In
the event, however, the Liberal Democrats finished a disappointing third, winning 57 seats, 5 fewer
than in 2005. With no party achieving a majority in the House of Commons, Clegg and the Liberal
Democrats subsequently formed a coalition with David Cameron and his Conservative Party
(Britain’s first coalition since World War II), with Clegg securing the post of deputy prime
minister.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/world/europe/britain-hung-parliament-theresa-may.html
What is a Hung Parliament? What does it mean for Britain?
By LIAM STACK. June 8, 2017
A hung Parliament occurs when no party has won a majority of the seats in the House of Commons.
That means that no party has a clear and outright mandate to form the new government.
Mrs May could do a coalition government in which other parties get some seats in the cabinet.

36
If Mrs May failed to form a Conservative-led coalition government, the second-largest party in
Parliament, the Labour Party, would then have the right to try to form a power-sharing government
of its own.
This happened in 2010, too, which led, after intense negotiations, to the country’s first coalition
government since World War II.
That coalition brought together the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, which differed on
many issues, in an awkward alliance led by Prime Minister David Cameron, a Conservative.
That coalition government remained in power until the conservatives won an outright majority of 331
seats in the 2015 election. That majority has now been lost (they lost 12/13 Conservative seats:
318/319 seats)

The Cabinet – Small executive body in the government. Group of Ministers.

Comprises: 20 ministers/experts/senior/ that the Prime Minister chooses them.
The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision-making body of Her Majesty’s
Government of the United Kingdom, composed of the Prime Minister and 21 cabinet ministers, the
most senior of the government ministers.
Ministers of the Crown, and especially Cabinet ministers, are selected primarily from the elected
members of House of Commons, and from the House of Lords, by the Prime Minister. Cabinet
ministers are heads of government departments, mostly with the office of “Secretary of State for
function (e.g. Defence)”. The collective co-ordinating function of the Cabinet is reinforced by the
statutory position that all the Secretaries of State jointly hold the same office, and can exercise the
same powers.
The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive within the Westminster system
of government in traditional constitutional theory. This interpretation was originally put across in the
work of nineteenth century constitutionalists such as Walter Bagehot, who described the Cabinet as
the “efficient secret” of the British political system in his book The English Constitution. The political
and decision-making authority of the cabinet has been gradually reduced over the last several
decades, with some claiming its role has been usurped by a “prime ministerial” government.
The Cabinet is the executive committee of Her Majesty’s Privy Council, a body which has
legislative, judicial and executive functions, and whose large membership includes members of the
Opposition. Its decisions are generally implemented either under the existing powers of individual
government departments, or by Orders in Council.
An Order in Council is a type of legislation in many countries, especially the Commonwealth
realms. In the United Kingdom, this legislation is formally made in the name of the Queen by and
with the advice and consent of the Privy Council (Queen-in-Council), but in other countries, the
terminology may vary. The term should not be confused with Order of Council, which is made in the
name of the Council without royal assent.
At present time (2017), Theresa May chooses and presides the Ministers – 20
Examples of Ministers:
Home office (Ministeri de l’interior)
Foreign office
The Chancellor of the Exchequer (Cristobal Montoro): taxes, budgets

37
The departments’ names:
 Civil Service – civil servants – created in the XVIII Century.
Professional body.
Its building is near of the Westminster?
 Prime Minister – appointed by the Monarch (King or Queen)
Women – with men (meaning)
 The Queen and the Prime Minister they have a weekly audience together. It happens every
week.
Party Political System – 2 parties:
 Conservative Party
 Liberals – changed Labour Party
Two parties political System.
A party candidate requires charisma, personality and a manifesto, which is a political programme
or list.
Theresa May’s manifesto (leader of the Conservative Party):
A country that works for everyone
 I will deliver the strong and proven leadership the country needs to steer us through what will
be difficult and uncertain economic and political times.
 We need to negotiate the best deal for Britain in leaving the EU and to forge a new role for
ourselves in the world.
 Brexit means Brexit and we are going to make a success of it.
 Second, we need to unite our country.
 And third, we need a strong, new, and positive vision for the future of our country. A vision of
a country that works not for the privileged few but works for every one of us.
 Because we are going to give people more control over their lives.
 That is how together we will build a better Britain.
Certainly, nowadays good time for the Conservative.
Therefore, it is not good for the Labour Party.
The Brexit is negative for the Labour party, but worse for the Liberal Party.
Scottish National Party
Plaid Cymru – Welsh Party – The Party of Wales (Source of this name)
Ulster – Unionist – Moderate unionist – this party was around the table in the GOOD FRIDAY
AGREEMENT.
Good Friday Agreement – 10th April 1998 – The Good Friday Agreement brought to an end the 30
years of sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland known as ‘The Troubles’.
It was ratified in a referendum in May 1998. The agreement set up a power-sharing assembly to
govern Northern Ireland by cross-community consent.
The deal proved difficult to implement and was amended by the St Andrew’s Agreement in 2006.

38
 British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern sign the Good Friday Agreement

Another Irish party – Democratic Unionist Party – DUP – it is more radical than the Ulster.
Nowadays is the most popular party for Unionist people.
DUP has at the top their Minister.
Republican Party, too.
Social Democratic Liberal Party – Moderate Catholic – Good Friday Agreement – Nowadays they
are out of the scenery and the main important nowadays is the SINN FÉIN – Republican Party
(Catholics) – it is more or the most Radical
Sinn Féin – DUP
 Both have groups of violence. IRA
 Not political member – but sympathizer
DUP – Freedom fighters
Around 200 deaths between 1970 – 1980

39
More information about political parties in UK
Conservative (and Unionist) Party founded in 1834 – They have promoted the Brexit. It is a centre-
right political party. – Theresa May
Conservative and Unionist Party – A party divided into three categories:
 The Thacherites or Conservative Way Forward, who strongly support a free market and tend
to be Eurosceptic.
 The economically moderate, often more pro-European but socially conservative – One Nation
Conservatives
 The social conservative, deeply Eurosceptic Cornerstone Group.
Labour Party founded on 27th February 1900. It is a centre-left political party; they have had
alliances with socialist and trade union. – Jeremy Corbyn
The Labour Party is a big tent party, broadly centre-left with roots in the trade union movement.
The party has changed position over time.
From 1994 until 2010, it was reinvented as New Labour, advocating Third Way policies. Since 2010,
it has shifted back to a more centre-left position.
Within the party reside, social democrats, democratic socialists, trade unionists and Keynesians.

Other parties:
40
  Scottish National Party – centre-left
Scottish nationalist and social democratic party, which supports of Scottish Independence
and membership of the European Union.
 Liberal Democrats – centre wing – Vince Cable
Liberal and social liberal. The party’s main two branches are the social-liberal grouping, and
the ‘Orange Book’ grouping, which supports classical economic liberalism. Strongly supports
membership of the European Union.
 Democratic Unionist Party DUP – right-wing – Arlene Foster
Unionist and national conservative party in Northern Ireland. Socially conservative with close
links to Protestantism.
 Sinn Féin – Left-wing – Gerry Adams
Irish republican party that supports the unification of the island of Ireland as a 32-county Irish
Republic.
Sinn Féin MPs do not take their seats in the UK House of Commons as they refuse to swear
allegiance to the Crown, nor recognise Westminster’s right to legislate for any part of Ireland.
 Plaid Cymru – Party of Wales – Centre-left to left-wing – Leanne Wood
Social-democratic and Welsh nationalist party in favour of Welsh Independence.
 Green Party of England and Wales – left-wing – Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley (job
share)
Green political party that favours eco-socialism, environmentalism, sustainability and non-
violence.
 Social Democratic and Labour Party – Centre-left – Moderate Catholic – GOOD FRIDAY
AGREEMENT – Colum Eastwood
Social-democratic and Irish nationalist party supporting a United Ireland.
 Ulster Unionist Party – Centre-right – Robin Swann
Unionist party in Northern Ireland, conservative but with liberal factions.
 UK Independence Party – Right-wing – Henry Bolton
Eurosceptic and right-wing populist party. Favours national sovereignty, direct democracy,
social conservatism and economic liberalism.
 Alliance Party of Northern Ireland – Centre – Naomi Long
Liberal and centrist political party in Northern Ireland.
 Scottish Green Party – Centre left to left-wing – Patrick Harvie and Maggie Chapman
Green political party in favour of Scottish independence and Scottish republicanism.
 Green Party in Northern Ireland – Centre-left – Steven Agnew
Green political and non-sectarian party in Northern Ireland.
 Traditional Unionist Voice – Right-wing – Jim Allister
Strongly social and national conservative unionist party in Northern Ireland, opposed to the
St Andrews Agreement.
 People Before Profit Alliance – Left-wing to far-left – Eamonn McCann
Socialist party.

Shadow Cabinet – The cabinet in the Shade

Labour Party is in the opposition and they tell – which will be the experts of every department.
The Shadow Cabinet is a feature of the Westminster system of government. It consists of a senior
group of opposition spokespeople who, under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition, form
an alternative cabinet to that of the government, and whose members shadow or mirror the positions

41
of each individual member of the Cabinet. It is the Shadow Cabinet’s responsibility to criticise the
policies and actions of the government, as well to offer an alternative program.
In most countries, a member of the shadow cabinet is referred to as a Shadow Minister. In Canada,
however, the term Opposition Critic is more common. In the United Kingdom’s House of Lords and
in New Zealand, the term ‘spokesperson’ is used instead of ‘shadow’.
Members of a shadow cabinet are often but not always appointed to a Cabinet post if and when their
party gets into government.

WHIPS – People for controlling, supervising. Whip (lash) means látigo.

The members of their party control party members.
They do 3 actions:
Climax at the top
1. First thing, they do Notification (kindly). There is no punishment, single line.
2. Two lines – TULA (látigo). It is very important; please do not have a break.
3. 3 line – Notification – Recalling for attending – Key Election Day. It’s very necessary for you
– send message WhatsApp.

Whips are MPs or Members of the House of Lords appointed by each party in Parliament to help
organise their party's contribution to parliamentary business. One of their responsibilities is
making sure the maximum number of their party members vote, and vote the way their party wants.

Other whip duties

Whips frequently act as tellers (counting votes in divisions). They also manage the pairing system whereby
Members of opposing parties both agree not to vote when other business (such as a select committee
visit) prevents them from being present at Westminster.
Whips are also largely responsible (together with the Leader of the House in the Commons) for arranging
the business of Parliament. In this role they are frequently referred to as 'the usual channels'.

The Whip
Every week, whips send out a circular (called 'The Whip') to their MPs or Lords detailing upcoming
parliamentary business. Special attention is paid to divisions (where members vote on debates), which are
ranked in order of importance by the number of times they are underlined.

Three-line whips
Important divisions are underlined three times - a 'three-line whip' - and normally apply to major events like
the second readings of significant Bills.
Defying a three-line whip is very serious, and has occasionally resulted in the whip being withdrawn from
an MP or Lord. This means that the Member is effectively expelled from their party (but keeps their seat)
and must sit as an independent until the whip is restored.

Small majorities and whips

The job of the whips becomes more important if the majority of the party in government is small. This
makes it easy for the government to lose in major votes. Therefore, it's crucial that the whips on both sides
(government and opposition) try to get as many Members to vote as possible.

Commons Library briefings

42
 The House of Commons Library produces briefing papers to inform MPs and their staff of key issues. The
papers contain factual information and a range of opinions on each subject, and aim to be politically
impartial.
The Library has produced a paper that gives a brief history of the origins and role of the Government and
Opposition Whips in the management of parliamentary business, and an overview of their current functions
and duties.
http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/whips/

Whitehall – WHITEHALL – London District for Government (Several buildings)

Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main street running north from
Parliament Square, towards traditional Charing Cross, now at the southern end of Trafalgar Square
and market by the statue of Charles I, which is often regarded as the heart of London.
The name “Whitehall” is often used for governmental administration and as a geographic name for
the district around it.
Whitehall was originally a wide road that ran up to the front of the palace. Trafalgar Square was built
at its northern end in the early 19th century. The southernmost part by Parliament Square is named
Parliament Street, but there is no longer any obvious difference between the two on the ground.
Combined, the streets cover a total distance of about 0.6 mile (1km).
The Prime Minister Residence – 10th Downing Street
Number 10 = La Moncloa
Decisions of the cabinet made for conscientious – have to reach an agreement.
Collective responsibility – Fiasco (disastrous failure, let down) Brexit. Cameron rejected, resigned.
The others accepted the lost.

Civil Service – Oxbridge graduate.

Ox – Oxford
Bridge – Cambridge
Oxbridge is a portmanteau (composite noun) of ‘Oxford’ and ‘Cambridge’; the two oldest, most
prestigious, and consistently most highly-ranked universities in the United Kingdom. The term is
used to refer to them collectively, both in contrast to other British universities and more broadly to
describe characteristics reminiscent of University of Oxford and University of Cambridge, often with
implications of superior social or intellectual status.
Redbrick or Red brick or Civic Universities – are the ones who come from other universities – build
in the 19th / 20th Century in Industrial cities.
21st Century – Plate glass – New generation. Universities created in the latest 20 century (from
1960) and 21st century.
Civil Service – tightly regarded by countries of Commonwealth – They want to imitate their system.
500,000 – Civil Servants – offices entire country.

The Cabinet office – people who support the Prime Minister & the Cabinet. They are for helping
Heads of Areas / Department (but not ministers)
43
How does the Parliament Control the Government?
Wednesday – Prime Minister is 30 minutes oral questions – 1 Hour asking questions. It is the
Question Time.
Committees – research (investigation( (function for control)

Ombudsman (Defensor del poble) – word that comes from the Swedish.
J.O. Sweden – Justice Ombudsman
Ombudsman is the person who investigates complaints, problems, positive attitude. It is usually a
neutral person.
Sweden was the 1st country where this charge (càrrec) appeared.
In the city of London this charge disappeared in 1995, it was abolished. Dissolution political
motivated. Greater London – The Greater London Authority Act 1999.
It was similar in 1980 – La Generalitat Corporació Metropolitana de Barcelona.

The individual Local Government Ombudsman commissioner positions were created as a result of the Local
Government Act 1974,[7] which was amended by the Regulatory Reform Order 2007 No 1889[8] and the Local
Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007.[9]
In 1995, a review conducted by Geoffrey Chipperfield, working for the Secretary of State of the Environment,
recommended abolition of the local government ombudsmen on the grounds that it would not be able to
handle the increasing volume of local government complaints effectively. Chipperfield recommended that all
stages of a complaint, including external review, should be carried out locally. The government, however,
declined to act on the report, stating that they believed that the CLA continued to be necessary, and that
though local complaint systems were important, it wasn't necessary to create new statute mandating and
maintaining such systems.[10]
In 2007, then Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated, during a House of Commons debate on constitutional
reform, that he believed that the House of Commons should have more authority over the selection of "public
officials whose role it is to protect the public's rights and interests, and for whom there is not currently
independent scrutiny. That includes...the local government ombudsman..."[11]

Nowadays the Greater London Authority has a Mayor, an Assembly.

Greater London Authority Act 1999

1999 CHAPTER 29

An Act to establish and make provision about the Greater London Authority, the Mayor of London and the London Assembly;
to make provision in relation to London borough councils and the Common Council of the City of London with respect to
matters consequential on the establishment of the Greater London Authority; to make provision with respect to the functions
of other local authorities and statutory bodies exercising functions in Greater London; to make provision about transport

44
 and road traffic in and around Greater London; to make provision about policing in Greater London and to make an
adjustment of the metropolitan police district; and for connected purposes.
[11th November 1999]

Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal,

and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/29

The Greater London Council, the elected governance for Greater London, was abolished in 1986 by the Local
Government Act 1985. Strategic functions were split off to various joint arrangements. Londoners voted in
a referendum in 1998 to create new governance structures for Greater London. The directly elected Mayor of
London was created by the Greater London Authority Act 1999 in 2000 as part of the reforms.

Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945) is an English politician who served as the Leader of
the Greater London Council(GLC) from 1981 until the council was abolished in 1986, and as Mayor of
London from the creation of the office in 2000 until 2008. He also served as the Member of Parliament (MP)
for Brent East from 1987 to 2001. A suspended member of the Labour Party, he was on the party's hard left,
ideologically identifying as a democratic socialist.

Some years 1986 – 2000  London without a Mayor

Poetic Justice – The last mayor was re-elected 16 years after.
Kenneth Robert Livingstone was the mayor from 1981 until the council was abolished in 1986. When
there was created he won again from 2000 to 2008.
Thatcher gave prestige to London, the stock market, financial, trade, activities… Therefore,
Londoners were not angry with the decision of abolishing their council.

What does Local Government do?

 Housing policy – if you build something you need to know the building rules.
 Transport: railway, tube/underground, highways/motorways, bypasses, fire-fighters,
brigades….
 London Congestion charge – 7/8 pounds Fine – There are cameras and if you enter to
London, you have to pay a fine.
 Two-tier system (societat dual) – Two level system – There is the county (xerif) and the
District Council. County means comtat.
 Single-tier – 1 level system (Sistema único). It is in smaller administrations.
 In this local government – centralised controlled – the founding (money) is supervised by the
London Government.

In Scotland, the names of the Local Government:

 Provost – The Mayor
 Convenors

45
A Lord Provost (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-Phrobhaist) is convenor of the local authority, the civic head and
the lord-lieutenant of one of the principal cities of Scotland. The role is similar to that of a mayor. Only the
cities of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgowhave a Lord Provost; other Scottish local authorities
have provosts or convenors.
A Lord Provost has a higher status than a Lord Mayor in other parts of the United Kingdom. He is ex
officio the lord-lieutenant for that city, in accordance with section 1 of the Lieutenancies Act 1997, which
allows the city council to choose its own representative for the monarch.
The Lord Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow enjoy the style of "The Right Honourable" before their office,
but not their names.
Permission to use the title is granted to a city by the monarch, under the royal prerogative, acting on the
advice of government ministers.

46