Code No: RR310405 Set No.

1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Define the Sampling theorem and establish the same for band pass signals,
using neat schematics. [12]
(b) For the modulating signal m(t) = 2 Cos (100 t) + 18 Cos (2000 πt), determine
the allowable sampling rates and sampling intervals. [4]

2. (a) What are the different types of pulse modulation? [4]

(b) Prove that PWM requires a greater average power a PAM system? [12]

3. (a) Define and explain different pulse modulation schemes. [8]

(b) For the data stream 101101, find the duo-binary encoding output sequence.
The data sequence to be transmitted is bk . The pre-coded sequence ak = bk
⊕ ak−1 . The first bit of ak is selected arbitrarily as 0. ck = ak + ak−1 is
duo-binary coder sequence. [8]

4. (a) Why equalization is necessary is Base band transmission? Give the block
diagram of adaptive filter and explain about each element. [8]
(b) The unequalized pulse in a PAM system has the following values at sampling
times: 
 0.2 k = 1
pr (kTb ) = pr (k) = 0.8 k = 0
0.2 k = −1


pr(k) = 0 f or |k| > 1

i. Design a three-tap zero forcing equalizer so that the equalizer output is 1
at k = 0 and 0 at k = ±1
ii. Calculate Peq (k) for k = ±2, ±3. [8]

5. (a) Draw the block diagram of PCM Generator and explain each block.
(b) Determine the Transmission Bandwidth in PCM. [8+8]

6. (a) The ramp signal m(t) = at is applied to a DM which operates with a sampling
period Ts and step size δ.
i. Show that the slope over load distortion occurs in δ <a Ts .
ii. Sketch the modulator output for the following three values of step size:
A. δ=0.75a Ts
B. δ=a Ts

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 1
C. δ=1.25a Ts [8]
(b) Consider a speech signal with maximum frequency of 3.4 kHz and maximum
amplitude of 1v. This speech signal is applied to a DM whose bit rate is set
at 20kbps. Discuss the choice of appropriate step size for the modulator. [8]

7. (a) In the on-off keying version of an ASK system,√symbol 1 is represented by

Tramsmitting a sinusoidal carier of amplitude 2Eb / Tb , where Eb is the
signal energy per bit and Tb is the bit duration. Symbol ‘0’ is represented by
switching off the carrier. Assume that 1 and 0 occur with equal probability.
For an AWGN channel determine the average probability of error for this ASK
system, assuming
i. Coherent reception
ii. Noncoherent reception, operating with a large value of a bit energy-to-
noise density ratio.
Note: For large value of x √
I0 (x) ≈ exp (x) / ( 2 Πx)
(b) A high frequency transmitter used in a binary communication system is peak
Power limited to 1 kw. The power loss in the channel is 60 dB and the
noise power at the receiver input (ηrb ) is 10−4 Watts. Assuming maximum
signaling rate and equiprobable message bits, find Pe for non coherent ASK
and coherent PSK signaling schemes. [8+8]

8. (a) What are the different methods of correcting errors? Discuss about the differ-
ent types of transmission errors in a communication system? [8]
(b) Show a generic circuit to decode a block code. [8]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the Sampling theorem and establish the same for band pass signals,
using neat schematics. [12]
(b) For the modulating signal m(t) = 2 Cos (100 t) + 18 Cos (2000 πt), determine
the allowable sampling rates and sampling intervals. [4]

2. (a) Sketch and explain the typical waveforms of PWM signals, for leading edge,
trailing edge and symmetrical cases.
(b) Compare the analog pulse modulation schemes with CW modulation systems.
(c) Show that a PAM signal can be expressed as the convolution of an instanta-
neouslysampled signal, and a rectangular pulse p(t) of the form
1, |t| ≤ τ /2
p (t) = [5+5+6]
0 elsewhere

3. (a) Explain the base band transmission of M-ary data with suitable diagrams. [8]
(b) A certain telephone line bandwidth is 4 KHz. Calculate the data rate in bps
that can be transmitted if we use binary signaling with raised cosine pulses
and a roll-off factor α = 0.25. [8]

4. (a) Explain how eye patterns are used for monitoring the performance of base
band PAM system. [8]
(b) What is the necessity of shaping transmitted signal spectrum. [8]

5. (a) A PCM system is to have a Signal to Noise Ratio of 40dB.The signals are
speech and an RMS to peak ratio of -10dB is allowed for. Find the number of
bits per code word required.
(b) A telephone signal with a cutoff frequency of 4kHz is digitized into 8-bit sam-
ples at Nyquist rate Assume raised cosine filtering is used with roll-off factor
of unity. Calculate
i. The baseband transmission Bandwidth.
ii. The quantization SNR. [8+8]

6. In a single-integration DM system, the voice signal is sampled at a rate of 64kHz.The

maximum signal amplitude is Amax=1.

(a) Determine the minimum value of the step size σ to avoid slope over load error.
(b) Determine the granular noise power if the voice signals bandwidth is 3.5 kHz.

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 2
(c) Assuming that the voice signal is sinusoidal, determine output signal power
and SNR
(d) Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth. [4+4+4+4]

7. (a) What are power spectra? Explain power spectra of binary PSK and FSK
signals along with graphs. [8]
(b) Give the comparison of M-ary digital modulation techniques. [8]

8. Consider a (7,4) linear code whose generator matrix is

 
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 
G=  0 0 1 0

1 1 1 
0 0 0 1 0 1 1

(a) Find all the code vectors of this code.

(b) Find the parity check matrix for this code.
(c) Find the minimum weight of this code
(d) Show the error correction capability of this code. [16]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the band pass sampling theorem. Verify the signal recovery for the
spectrum X(f) of an ideally sampled signal shown in Figure1a, for the two
cases, when
i. fs = 20 KHz,
ii. f s = 30 KHz

Figure 1a
Sketch and explain the spectrum, bringing out the aliasing effects if any, in
each case. [10]
(b) Two signals 10 Cos (1000 πt) and 10 Cos (50 πt) are both sampled at 75 Hz.
Find and compare the sampled frequencies in both cases. [6]
2. (a) What are the advantages and limitations of PAM systems. [4]
(b) List out the applications, merits and demerits of PPM signals. [4]
(c) Explain the process of generation and recovery of PWM signals, with neat
schematics. [8]
3. (a) Derive the probability of error in base band PAM transmission? [8]
(b) Design a binary base band PAM system to transmit data at a rate of 9600
bps with a bit error probability Pe < 10−5 . The channel available is an ideal
lowpass channel with a bandwidth of 9,600Hz. The noise can be assumed to be
white, Gaussian with a two-sided psd η/2 = 10−13 Watt/Hz. Sketch the shape
of |H T (f )| , |HR (f )| , |Pg (f )| and find the Transmitter power requirements.
[8]
4. (a) With the help of block diagram explain how clock waveform is derived from
the received waveform? [8]
(b) Extended Binary-coded Decimal Interchange code (EBCDIC) has 256 charac-
ters which are binary coded. If a computer generates 200000 characters per
second, determine,

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 3
i. The number of bits required per character,
ii. The data rate Rb required to transmit the computer output. [8]

5. (a) Draw the block diagram of PCM Generator and explain each block.
(b) Determine the Transmission Bandwidth in PCM. [8+8]

6. (a) The ramp signal m(t) = at is applied to a DM which operates with a sampling
period Ts and step size δ.
i. Show that the slope over load distortion occurs in δ <a Ts .
ii. Sketch the modulator output for the following three values of step size:
A. δ=0.75a Ts
B. δ=a Ts
C. δ=1.25a Ts [8]
(b) Consider a speech signal with maximum frequency of 3.4 kHz and maximum
amplitude of 1v. This speech signal is applied to a DM whose bit rate is set
at 20kbps. Discuss the choice of appropriate step size for the modulator. [8]

7. (a) Explain in detail a correlation receiver and integrate and dump correlation
receiver. [8]
(b) A band pass data Transmission scheme uses a PSK signaling scheme with
s2 (t) = A cosω c t , 0<=t<=Tb, ω c =10π/Tb
s1 (t) = -A cosω c t , 0<=t<=Tb, Tb =0.2msec
The carrier amplitude at the receiver input is 1 mvolt and the psd of the
additive white gaussian noise at the input is 10 −11 W/Hz.assume that an
ideal correlation receiver is used. Calculate the average bit error rate of the
receiver. [8]

8. (a) Show that if g(x) is a polynomial of degree (n-k) and is a factor of xn +1, then
g(x) generates an (n,k) cyclic code in which the code polynomial for a data
vector D is generated by v(x) = D(x)g(x). [8]
(b) What are the hardware components required to implement a cyclic code en-
coder? [8]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) State and prove Sampling Theorem as applicable to band limited signals.
(b) Find the minimum sampling rate and Nyquist interval for the signals repre-
sented by
i. m(t) and
Sin(300πt)
ii. m2 (t) where m(t) = πt
[12+4]

2. (a) Sketch and explain the typical waveforms of PWM signals, for leading edge,
trailing edge and symmetrical cases.
(b) Compare the analog pulse modulation schemes with CW modulation systems.
(c) Show that a PAM signal can be expressed as the convolution of an instanta-
neouslysampled signal, and a rectangular pulse p(t) of the form
1, |t| ≤ τ /2
p (t) = [5+5+6]
0 elsewhere

3. (a) Suggest a method to transmit data at the rate of rb bits/sec. over channel
with a bandwidth of rb /2 Hz and explain it. [8]
(b) A base band binary PAM system uses a signaling waveform Pg (t) = Sinπ rπb trb t
to transmit binary data at a bit rate of rb bps. The amplitude levels at the
pulse generator out put are + 1V or – 1V, +1 if the in put bit is 1 and -1 if
the input bit is 0. Sketch the waveform of the pulse generator output when
the input bit string is 1001101. [8]

4. (a) Give the block diagram of a system used to derive a clock-signal from the
received waveform and explain its operation. [8]
(b) Compare the performance of bi-polar coding, twinned binary coding in terms
of d.c component, bandwidth required and clock recovery? [8]

5. (a) Explain the working of DPCM system with neat block diagram.
(b) Compare PCM & DPCM system. [10+6]

6. In a single-integration DM system, the voice signal is sampled at a rate of 64kHz.The

maximum signal amplitude is Amax=1.

(a) Determine the minimum value of the step size σ to avoid slope over load error.
(b) Determine the granular noise power if the voice signals bandwidth is 3.5 kHz.

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 4
(c) Assuming that the voice signal is sinusoidal, determine output signal power
and SNR
(d) Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth. [4+4+4+4]

7. Why FSK is preferred over ASK ? Give reasons. How FSK is generated and obtain
the expression for its bandwidth .Briefly discuss regarding its frequency spectrum.
[16]

8. (a) Describe Exhaustive search method of decoding for convolutional code. [8]
(b) What is an interlaced code? Explain about its capability for correcting errors
with suitable example. [8]

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