Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NIM : 5122
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris
AKADEMI TEKNIK YKPN YOGYAKARTA TAHUN AJARAN 2018/2019
Architecture
What is Architecture?
Architecture is the art done by each individual to imagine themselves and the
knowledge in designing buildings . In a broader sense, architecture includes designing and
building the entire built environment, starting from the macro level, namely urban planning ,
urban design , landscape architecture , to the micro level, namely building design , furniture
design and product design . Architecture also refers to the results of the design process.
History
Architecture is born from the dynamics between needs (the need for conducive
environmental conditions, security, etc.), and the way ( available building materials and
construction technology ). Prehistoric and primitive architecture constitute this early stage.
Then humans become more advanced and knowledge begins to form through oral traditions
and practices, architecture develops into skills . At this stage there is a trial, improvisation, or
imitation process so that it becomes a successful outcome. An architect at that time was not
an important figure, he merely continued the tradition. Vernacular architecture was born
from such an approach and is still carried out in many parts of the world.
Human settlements in the past are basically rural . Then a production surplus
arose, so that rural communities developed into urban communities. The complexity of the
building and its typology also increased. Technology for the construction of public facilities
such as roads and bridges is developing. Typologies of new buildings such as schools,
hospitals, and recreational facilities also appear. Religious architecture remains an important
part of society. Architectural styles developed, and writings on architecture began to emerge.
These writings become a collection of rules ( canons ) to be followed especially in the
construction of religious architecture. Examples of this canon include writing by Vitruvius, or
Vaastu Shastra from ancient India . In the Classical and Medieval periods of Europe , buildings
were not the work of individual architects, but professional associations ( guilds ) were formed
by artisan / building skill experts to organize projects.
During the Enlightenment , the humanities and the emphasis on individuals
became more important than religion, and became a new beginning in architecture.
Development was assigned to individual architects - Michaelangelo , Brunelleschi , Leonardo
da Vinci - and individual cults began. But at that time, there was no clear division of tasks
between artists , architects , or engineers or other related fields of work. At this stage, an
artist can design a bridge because the calculation of the structure in it is still general.
Along with the incorporation of knowledge from various fields of science (eg
engineering ), and the emergence of new building materials and technology, an architect
shifts his focus from the technical aspects of the building to aesthetics . Then came the
"priyayi architects" who usually dealt with wealthy bouwheers (clients) and concentrated on
visual elements in a form that referred to historical examples. In the 19th century, the École
des Beaux-Arts in France trained aspiring architects to create beautiful sketches and drawings
without emphasizing the context.
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution opened the door to general consumption, so
aesthetics became a measure that could be achieved even by the middle class. In the past
aesthetically ornate products were limited in the scope of expensive skills, becoming
affordable through mass production. Such products do not have the beauty and honesty in
the expression of a production process.
Dissatisfaction with such situations at the beginning of the 20th century gave birth
to the ideas that underlie Modern Architecture , among others, Deutscher Werkbund (formed
1907) which produced machine-made objects with better quality was the birth point of the
profession in the field of industrial design . After that, the Bauhaus school (formed in Germany
in 1919) rejected the historical past and chose to see architecture as a synthesis of art, skills
and technology.
When Modern Architecture begins to be practiced, it is a vanguard movement with
a moral, philosophical and aesthetic basis. Truth is sought by rejecting history and turning to
a function that gives birth to form. Architects then became important figures and were
dubbed "masters". Then modern architecture goes into the scope of mass production
because of its simplicity and economic factors.
However, the general public feels a decrease in quality in modern architecture in
the 1960s , partly because of a lack of meaning, infertility, ugliness, uniformity, and
psychological effects. Some architects answer it through Post-Modern Architecture by trying
to form an architecture that is more generally acceptable at the visual level, even at the
expense of its depth. Robert Venturi argues that "decorated shacks" (ordinary buildings with
functionally designed interiors while the exterior is ornately decorated) are better than a "
duck " (a building in which the shape and function are one). This Venturi opinion is the basis
of the Post-Modern Architecture approach.
Some other architects (as well as non-architects) answer by showing what they
think is the root of the problem. They feel that architecture is not a personal philosophical or
aesthetic hunt by individuals, but architecture must consider everyday human needs and use
technology to achieve the environment that can be occupied. The Design Methodology
Movement which involves people like Chris Jones or Christopher Alexander starts looking for
a more inclusive process in designing, to get better results. In-depth research in various fields
such as behavior, environment, and humanities is carried out to be the basis of the design
process.
At the same time as building complexity increases, architecture becomes more
multi-disciplinary than before. The current architect needs some professionals in his work.
This is the current state of the architect profession. However, individual architects are still
favored and sought after in building design that means cultural symbols. For example, a
museum has become the land of today's deconstructivist style experimentation, but
tomorrow might be something else.
Sumber : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture