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Ci Concrete
international
FEBRUARY 2017 V. 39 No. 2
The Magazine of the Concrete Community

INFRASTRUCTURE

14 ACPA 2016 Excellence in Concrete Pavements Awards

27 ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum IX
by Koji Sakai and Julie K. Buffenbarger
35 Guide to Shotcrete
Some key changes were made to the new version
by Lars Balck
38 Nano-Modified Fly Ash Concrete
Field trial of mixtures developed as repair materials
by Ahmed A. Ghazy, Mohamed T. Bassuoni, Ahmed Shalaby, and
Rod Hamilton
45 Shallow Embedded Anchors
Load-carrying capacity of mechanical anchors under tension
by Werner Fuchs and Jan Hofmann
54 Crumb Rubber Concrete Bridge Deck
Unique project in Tianjin, China, has performed well for over a decade
by Han Zhu
57 French Dam Technology Passes the Test
The modular precast system is designed for rapid construction of water
impoundment structures
by Peter Drown and Andrew Sanna
16
61 A Safe Corrosion Solution for Potable Water Reservoirs
Based on past successes, a Spanish water authority selects migrating
corrosion inhibitors for its newest project
by Jessi Meyer, Jesús Orte Crespo, Josep Xavier Pujol, and Julie Holmquist

ALSO FEATURING

23 Revolutionary Concrete and Its Innovative Applications

Highlights of The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition – Fall 2016
32 Knowledge to Practice: ACI Foundation
CRC Announces New Research Product
80 Concrete Q&A
ACI 318M-14 versus ACI 318-14—Eq. (18.10.4.1) and Fig. R18.7.5.2

32

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 3


Ci
Concrete international
PUBLISHER
John C. Glumb, CAE
( john.glumb@concrete.org)
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Rex C. Donahey, PE
(rex.donahey@concrete.org)
ENGINEERING EDITOR
W. Agata Pyc
(agata.pyc@concrete.org)
MANAGING EDITOR
Keith A. Tosolt
(keith.tosolt@concrete.org)
EDITORIAL COORDINATOR
Lacey J. Stachel
(lacey.stachel@concrete.org)
ADVERTISING
Meredith Schwartz
Network Media Partners, Inc.
(mschwartz@networkmediapartners.com)
PUBLISHING SERVICES
MANAGER
Barry M. Bergin
EDITORS
Carl R. Bischof, Tiesha Elam,
Kaitlyn J. Hinman, Angela R. Matthews,
Kelli R. Slayden
GRAPHIC DESIGNERS
Susan K. Esper, Ryan M. Jay,
Aimee M. Kahaian, Gail L. Tatum
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
http://www.concrete.org
Tel. +1.248.848.3700
Fax. +1.248.848.3150
4 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
February
62
departments
7 President’s Memo
10 News
18 Chapter Reports
22 On the Move
65 Products & Practice
68 Product Showcase
70 Industry Focus
The US 285 – Antonito Reconstruction 72 Calls for Papers
project received a Silver Award in 2016
from the American Concrete Pavement 74 What’s New from ACI
Association for “Municipal Streets and 75 Spanish Translation Synopses
Intersections (<30,000 yd2).” Access
through the 10 intersections in Antonito, 77 Membership Application
CO, was maintained throughout the 78 Meetings
paving. Project participants included
Concrete Works of Colorado, Contractor; 79 Advertisers’ Index
Colorado DOT, Region 5, Owner; and
Muller Engineering Company, Inc., 79 Bulletin Board
Engineer. For more on the winning 79 Public Discussion
projects, see the article starting on p. 14.
(photo courtesy of ACPA)
Copyright © 2017 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Telephone: +1.248.848.3700. Facsimile (FAX): +1.248.848.3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, MI, and at additional mailing offices. Concrete
International has title registration ® with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $168 per year (U.S. and
possessions); $177 (elsewhere) payable in advance: single copy price is $27.00 plus shipping, prepaid. POSTMASTER: send
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sible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to supplant
individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. Permission is granted by
the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy
any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Payments marked ISSN 0162-4075/97 should be sent directly to the Copyright
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addressed to the Publisher, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute. Canadian GST #126213149RT
 American Concrete Institute
Ci
Board of Direction
IN President Directors
Michael J. Schneider JoAnn P. Browning Kimberly Kayler
Cesar A. Constantino Neven Krstulovic-Opara
Impacting Infrastructure Past President
Alejandro Durán-Herrera Fred Meyer
Board Members Antonio Nanni
Frances T. Griffith

T
Anne M. Ellis
he term “infrastructure” is now William E. Rushing Jr. Augusto H. Holmberg Michael M. Sprinkel
practically synonymous with what Sharon L. Wood R. Doug Hooton Roberto Stark
was once commonly termed
“public works.” It hasn’t always been so.
The Google Books Ngram Viewer Vice Presidents Executive Vice President
Khaled W. Awad David A. Lange Ronald Burg
indicates that the use of “infrastructure”
started to rise in the late 1950s,
overtaking “public works” in the early
Technical Activities Educational Activities Certification Programs
1970s. I mention this because it’s Committee Committee Committee
important that we remember that chair chair chair
infrastructure is not an abstraction—it H.R. Trey Hamilton Frances T. Griffith Joe Hug
comprises engineered facilities that secretary staff liaison staff liaison
directly affect people. Matthew R. Senecal Kathryn A. Amelio John W. Nehasil
This month’s CI includes articles or Michael C. Brown Arturo Gaytan Covarrubias Khaled W. Awad
news items covering a wide range of our JoAnn P. Browning Thomas M. Greene Bryan Castles
industry’s efforts in improving the built Catherine E. French Joe Hug William Ciggelakis
environment. Combating climate change Harry A. Gleich Anthony Lamanna Brian Green
Fred R. Goodwin Antonio Nanni Werner Hellmer
and enhancing resilience is always a Larry Kahn Ronald L. O’Kane Augusto H. Holmberg
concern. Other topics explored include Neven Krstulovic-Opara William D. Palmer Jr. Steve Lloyd
anchoring non-structural elements to Kimberly E. Kurtis Lawrence L. Sutter Warren E. McPherson Jr.
Tracy D. Marcotte Lawrence H. Taber Christopher Robinson
concrete, field trials of a new pavement
Michael S. Stenko Scott Tarr Thomas L. Rozsits
repair material, a long-term trial of a Bruce A. Suprenant Ronald Vaughn Xiomara Sapon
novel concrete mixture used in a bridge Andrew W. Taylor Michael M. Sprinkel
deck, a new concept for dam Pericles C. Stivaros
David M. Suchorski
construction, and application of a Wayne M. Willson
corrosion-fighting admixture in a potable
water tank.
The described efforts, technologies,
ACI Staff & Departments
and products can be expected to have
Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (ron.burg@concrete.org)
direct impacts on the quality of life, Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (john.glumb@concrete.org)
productivity, health, safety, and incomes
of the broader public. Everything is about ACI Foundation: Human Resources:
infrastructure, and infrastructure is about ann.daugherty@acifoundation.org lori.purdom@concrete.org
everything. Certification: Information Systems:
aci.certification@concrete.org support@concrete.org
Rex C. Donahey
Chapter Activities: Marketing:
john.conn@concrete.org kevin.mlutkowski@concrete.org
Engineering: Member/Customer Services:
techinq@concrete.org acimemberservices@concrete.org
Event Services: Professional Development:
conventions@concrete.org claire.hiltz@concrete.org
Finance and Administration: Publishing Services:
donna.halstead@concrete.org barry.bergin@concrete.org

Sustaining Members
See pages 8-9 for a list of ACI’s Sustaining Members.
To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI website at
www.concrete.org/membership/sustainingmembers.aspx.

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 5

 Spring 2017 | Detroit

Make your
CONTRIBUTION at
The Concrete Convention
and Exposition
March 26-30, 2017
Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center
photo courtsey of Vito Palmisano

Help develop the standards,

technical documents, and
guides used in the concrete
industry when you attend any
of the 300+ committee meetings
open to all attendees!

View the committee meeting

schedule and register at
www.aciconvention.org.
President's
Memo
Inspiring ACI’s Young Members
S tudents and young
professionals are
critical to the continued
success of any organization. I
am constantly amazed at the
quality and passion of students
coming out of universities. In
the early 1990s, at the request of
Luke Snell, I joined my first
ACI committee: E801, Student
Activities. I have always had an
interest in bringing young talent
Michael J. Schneider into the concrete industry.
ACI President One of Dan Baker’s (ACI
President, 2001-2002) objectives
was to “attract the best and brightest young people into our
industry.” He was instrumental in securing funding for ACI
Fellowships, which are awarded annually by the ACI
Foundation Scholarship Council. During the 2015-2016
academic year, the Scholarship Council awarded 10 Fellowships
and nine Scholarships. This is the most ever awarded.
ACI leadership recognized the need to address the issue of
student and young professional development. A board task
force studied the situation and recommended the formation of
a new committee. The Student and Young Professional
Activities Committee (SYPAC) was established in 2007 with
Andrea Schokker as the first Chair. For most students and
young professionals, ACI can be very intimidating. We must
bridge this gap between intimidation and ACI’s need to have
young, active members. The SYPAC mission is to “advise the
Board of Direction on issues and strategies for the recruitment
and retention of students and young members.” Young
members are defined as being under the age of 28. In 2015,
ACI had 9903 student members (5498 of these were free
student E-memberships) and 430 Young Professionals.
The ACI Board recently approved the recommendations of
a Board Task Group on Outlook 2030. The Executive
Committee asked the Task Group to address the question
“What does ACI look like in 2030?” The Task Group
identified 13 megatrends and driving forces that will affect
how ACI looks in 2030. The Task Group is confident that the
ACI mission will remain relevant in 2030. They believe that
ACI will be a thriving and effective association that has
adapted to the challenges of the previous decades. Nine
recommendations were made that will prepare ACI for the
challenges of the future. The ideas are intentionally broad and
conceptual, intended to inspire further thinking about an ACI
business model that is sustainable, adaptive, and incentive-
driven. The importance of keeping ACI relevant to students
and young professionals is woven throughout these
recommendations.
SYPAC also engaged a consultant to gain the opinions and
insights of students and young professionals toward ACI
membership value enhancements. After focus group sessions
and in-depth telephone interviews, a report was completed in
May 2016. At the same time, a Membership Roadmap was
being developed which complemented the ACI Strategic Plan
and Operations Plan. This was approved by the ACI Board
this past October at The ACI Convention and Exposition in
Philadelphia, PA. Goal No. 3 of this Roadmap is to “Develop a
strategic approach to maximize the engagement, participation,
and retention of students, young professionals, and faculty.”
All of these studies recognize the importance of attracting
young people to our industry and retaining them. As I have
been representing ACI this past year at both international and
domestic meetings, I have met many students and faculty
members. It is imperative that we support education and
recruit more people into this industry.
As my generation (baby-boomers) retires, it opens up
tremendous opportunities for young professionals
(millennials). We must recruit more young women into our
industry. One of the questions I ask at schools is how many
women are there in the program and whether this number is
increasing or declining. The good news is that more women
are entering our industry. I’m inspired by the passion these
young people have in their research. The work they are doing
will help ensure that concrete continues to be sustainable,
resilient, and relevant in the year 2030.
Today’s young members are the future of our industry, and
it is our responsibility to provide them with meaningful and
informative engagements in ACI. Think about young
professionals in your office and on your projects and how they
could benefit by becoming more involved with ACI.
Encourage them to become active with the local chapter and
possibly a committee. It is an exciting time to be a part of ACI!
Michael J. Schneider
American Concrete Institute
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 7
 are the foundation of our success.
To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members, Concrete
International includes a 1/3-page member profile and a listing of all Sustaining
Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive the 1/3-page profile
section on a rotating basis.

The American Society of Concrete

Advanced Construction Technology
Services
American Society of Concrete
Contractors
Ash Grove Cement Company
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc.
Barrier-1, Inc.
BASF Corporation
Bauman Landscape & Construction
Braun Intertec Corporation
Buzzi Unicem USA
Cantera Concrete Company
CHRYSO, Inc.
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
CTLGroup
Curecrete Distribution, Inc.
Dayton Superior Corporation
Ductilcrete Slab Systems, LLC
The Euclid Chemical Co.
Fibercon International, Inc.
Future Tech Consultants
GCP Applied Technologies
Headwaters Resources, Inc.
KCS Construction LLC
Keystone Structural Concrete LLC
Kryton International Inc.
LafargeHolcim (US) Inc.
Lithko Contracting, Inc.
Mapei Contractors (ASCC) is a nonprofit
Meadow Burke Products LLC organization dedicated to enhancing
the capabilities of those who build
W. R. Meadows, Inc. with concrete, and to providing them
Metromont Corporation a unified voice in the construction
industry. Members include concrete
Minova USA, Inc. contracting firms, manufacturers,
Multiquip Inc. organizations, and others interested in
the concrete industry such as architects,
Municipal Testing engineers, specifiers, and distributors.
North S.Tarr Concrete Consulting PC There are approximately 700
member companies in the United
Oztec Industries, Inc. States and abroad. Specialty councils
Pacific Structures include the Decorative Concrete
Council, the Safety & Risk Manage-
Penetron International Ltd ment Council, the Concrete Polishing
Portland Cement Association Council, and the Manufacturers
Advisory Council.
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Membership in ASCC provides the
Riggs Companies tools contractors need to make
informed, careful decisions, connect-
S K Ghosh Associates, Inc. ing them to a nationwide network of
Saudi Building Code National peers, professionals, and experts.
Member benefits include technical
Committee
and safety hotlines, position statements
Seretta Construction Inc. on constructability issues, a compre-
hensive safety program, contractor
Sika Corporation
peer groups, and national events.
Specialty Products Group, Inc.
To learn more about ASCC, please
STRUCTURAL
visit their website at ascconline.org or
Structural Services, Inc. call +1.866.788.ASCC (2722).
Tekna Chem
TWC Concrete Services LLC
Wacker Neuson

To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our website at www.concrete.org/sustainingmembers

Celebrating 130 years of operations
in 2012, the Ash Grove Cement
Company (www.ashgrove.com) has
distinguished itself in the cement
industry with a strong and longstand-
ing tradition of service, reliability and
quality. As the largest American-owned
cement company, Ash Grove has the
capacity to produce more than 8
million tons of cement annually from
eight cement plants located across the
country and to distribute through
more than 20 cement terminals,
ready-mixed concrete, aggregates,
packaged products, and paving
operations.
The Sunderland family has led the
privately-held Ash Grove Cement
Company for four generations. The
company’s commitment to environ-
mental stewardship, social responsibil-
ity and economic prosperity are at
the core of the company leaders’
values. Ash Grove has strong ties to
the communities in which it operates.
For more information about
Ash Grove, please visit their website
at www.ashgrove.com or call
+1.800.545.1882.
Barrier One, Inc. is a veteran-owned,
US manufacturer of a high-performance TIRED OF SUFFERING WITH CURLED 
concrete admixture that shuts down
JOINTS IN YOUR SLAB? 
the route of moisture vapor emission
in normal and lightweight concrete.  
Its unequaled product, quality control
process, and life of the concrete flooring OUR CLIENTS HAVE OVER 60 
system replacement warranty is the MILLION SQUARE FEET OF 
proud recipient of a 2012 NOVA
DUCTILCRETE IN PLACE THAT HAVE 
Award for innovation in the con-
struction industry for “… improving ELIMINATED OVER 1100 MILES!!! 
quality and reducing time and cost.” OF PROBLEM JOINTS. 
Quite simply, the company’s
admixture solves the annual, multi-  
billion dollar epidemic of construction
SO WHAT HAS YOUR SLAB DESIGN 
delays and forced use of expensive
topical moisture mitigation systems DONE FOR YOU LATELY??? 
due to new concrete slabs being
unable to reach the levels of moisture
mandated by flooring and roofing 389 SOLA DRIVE ∙ GILBERTS, IL USA 60136 
material manufacturers within today’s (224) 588‐0019  cc@ductilcrete.com 
constrained building schedules. www.ductilcrete.com 
As a registered AIA/CES HSW
provider, Barrier One delivers hundreds
of educational programs each year
across the country that provid an
in-depth discussion of the magnitude
of the problem and offer proactive
solutions to permanently remove
concrete moisture from the construction
cycle through the specification process.
Barrier One: The most comprehensive,
cost-effective approach to mitigating
liability for concrete slab moisture
vapor emission. Please contact Barrier
One by phone at +1.877.224.5850 or
email at info@barrierone.com.
News
ACI Announces New Staff Positions
ACI has named Danielle R. Harris
to the new position of International
Marketing Coordinator. She will be
responsible for conducting research to
confirm existing international markets
and identify new markets and trends,
coordinating the development of global
marketing plans for each of the
Harris international regions, and beginning the
implementation of marketing plans by
region. Additionally, she will identify opportunities to further
engage with concrete professionals in various global regions.
Harris received her BBA in marketing from Grand Valley
State University, Allendale, MI, and has been coordinating
marketing and social media efforts at ACI since 2011.
Currently pursuing a dual master’s degree in business
administration and marketing, Harris has worked to grow
ACI’s social media presence, create video content to enhance
the Institute’s visibility, and manage ACI’s presence at various
conferences and events.
Harris joins recent ACI staff additions focusing on global
efforts, including: Bernard A. Pekor, Director, International
Business Development, responsible for business development
and relationship building with industry organizations related
to efforts outside the United States; Aimee Gurski, Translation
Coordinator, responsible for managing and coordinating
translations of ACI documents into the many languages used
by ACI members and customers; and Stephen S. Szoke,
Engineer, concentrating on global efforts to disseminate and
position ACI’s codes, standards, and certification programs for
the benefit of both the industry and public at large.
In addition, Kanette S. Worlds has
taken on the new position of Student,
Faculty, and Young Professional
Activities Coordinator. She joined the
ACI Chapter Activities Department in
2015, focusing on building relationships
and improving two-way communication
between ACI and its 200-plus domestic
Worlds and international chapters.
In her new role, Worlds will be
responsible for the development and management of
activities and programs that support recruitment, retention,
and engagement of students, faculty, and young professional
members. The primary focus is to respond to the needs of
the academic community and provide opportunities for
young members to participate in career development. This
position will support the Student and Young Professional
Activities Committee (SYPAC) and the ACI Faculty
10 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Network. Worlds will report directly to Melinda Reynolds,
Director of Membership and Customer Service, and will
work collaboratively with other departments to further
ACI’s vision, mission, and strategic plan for outreach to
these groups.
Worlds received her BS in business communication with an
emphasis in marketing from Rochester College, Rochester
Hills, MI. She spent 4 years working in higher education as
the Public Relations Officer and Student Organization Advisor
at Rochester College. Her interest in international education
led to the completion of a Certificate in African Studies from
Yale University, New Haven, CT, and involvement with
several global learning providers including Projects Abroad
Tanzania, Youth for Understanding, and the Office of
International Students and Scholars at Oakland University,
Rochester, MI.
Women in Concrete Alliance Meets at
Reunión del Concreto
The Women in Concrete Alliance (WICA)—a networking
organization for women in the concrete industry—recently
gathered for its third annual meeting, which was held in
conjunction with the 16th annual Reunión del Concreto in
Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
The goal of the program was to recognize the role of
women in the construction sector, identify the challenges they
face, and promote their participation in the industry. Kimberly
Kayler, President of Constructive Communication, Inc., and
co-founder of WICA, kicked off the event on September 21,
2016, with a presentation on mindfulness.
Other presenters included:
•• Manuel Lascarro, General Director, Asocreto – Colombia,
who offered welcoming words;
•• Martha Ordoñez, Presidential Adviser for Gender Equality,
who spoke on the outlook for Colombian women;
•• Isabel Londoño, Director of Fundación Mujeres por
Colombia, who spoke on women in construction careers;
•• Manuel Rodriguez, Senior Associate, Inter-American
Development Bank (IDB), who spoke on the international
participation of women in construction;
•• Martha Moreno, Regional Manager, Camacol Bogotá and
Cundinamarca – Colombia, who spoke on corporate social
responsibility and women in the construction sector;
•• Claudia Rave, Governance Advisory Program of USAID –
Colombia, who spoke on the outlook for women in the
region;
•• Amparo Bocanegra, Human Resources Director, Cemex –
Colombia, who spoke on the role of women in construction
leadership;
•• María José García, Executive Director, FICEM, who spoke

on women and the development of the
cement industry; and
•• Esther Arteta, Director of Quality,
Cementos Argos – Caribbean and
Central American Region, who
moderated a question-and-answer panel.
“While only 9% of U.S. construction
workers are female, we see tremendous
opportunity for growth in all areas of the
field for women,” said Kayler. “WICA
allows women to gather, network, and
work toward building a better future for
women in the industry.” Building on the
success of this event and the great
interest in promoting opportunities for
women in the construction sector, plans
are underway to host a similar event in
the United States in the spring.
WICA was started by co-founders
Kayler and Kari Moosmann, AEC
Editorial Manager of Constructive
Communication, Inc. Its goal is to
supply information, opportunities, and
mentoring to women working in the
concrete construction industry. For
more information, visit www.womenin
concretealliance.org, Women in
Concrete Facebook fan page, Women in
Concrete group on LinkedIn, or follow
Women in Concrete on twitter.
Now Available: TMS 402/602
Building Code Requirements
and Specifications for Masonry
Structures, 2016
Published in 2016 in place of the
ACI 530 Code, “Building Code
Requirements and Specification for
Masonry Structures” contains two
standards and their commentaries:
Building Code Requirements for
Masonry Structures designated as
TMS 402-16 (previously designated as
TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5) and
Specification for Masonry Structures
designated as TMS 602-16 (previously
designated as TMS 602/ACI 530.1/
ASCE 6).
These standards are produced by The
Masonry Society (TMS) Committee
Multi-Family
High-Rise
News Solutions
TMS 402/602 and were formerly
developed through the joint sponsorship
of TMS, ACI, and the Structural
Engineering Institute of the American
Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE)
through the Masonry Standards Joint
Committee (MSJC). In late 2013, ACI
and ASCE relinquished their rights to
these standards to TMS, who has served
as the lead sponsor of the standards for
a number of years. Since then, the
committee has operated solely under the
sponsorship of TMS, and the committee’s
name, and the names of the standards,
were re-designated.
The Standards are written as legal
documents so that they may be adopted
by reference in building codes. The
Code (TMS 402) covers the design and
construction of masonry structures
while the Specification (TMS 602) is
concerned with minimum construction
requirements for masonry in structures.
For more information, visit the ACI
store at www.concrete.org.
ASTM International Launches
Ambassadors Program with
Pilot in Latin America
Through the ASTM International
Ambassadors program, ASTM members
who are top experts in their fields will More Solutions.
connect with other engineers who want
Better Service.
to understand and apply ASTM standards
to strengthen their industries and Greater Possibilities.
economies. In November 2016, the first MODULAR, FRAME, TABLE + OTHERS
two ambassadors focused on Latin
America and the growing demand for Aluma Systems’ global & dynamic forming
ASTM’s globally-recognized and shoring systems enable you to build
infrastructure standards in that region. faster, safer and smarter than ever before.
These ambassadors are Delmar Salomon,
President, Pavement Preservation Discover the right solutions & team at:
www.formwork.aluma.ca
Systems, and Cesar Constantino, Director
of Business Development for Separation
Technologies, a Titan America business.
Constantino kicked off the
International Ambassadors program
with a November 24, 2016, presentation
during Peruvian Civil Engineering Week
in Lima, Peru. The event is hosted by
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 11
News
the College of Engineers of Perú (CIP), with whom ASTM
signed a Memorandum of Cooperation.
“I’m excited to share how ASTM standards are supporting
new concrete technologies and innovations that help Latin
America grow in a smart and sustainable way,” Constantino
said. “Just as importantly, I look forward to empowering more
technical experts that want to use ASTM standards or
contribute to standards development.”
More than a dozen of ASTM International’s 100 Memoranda
of Understanding agreements worldwide are with Latin
American countries.
Report Calls for Improved Methods to Assess
Earthquake-Caused Soil Liquefaction
The phenomenon of soil liquefaction—the seismic
generation of excess porewater pressures and softening of
granular soils—can occur after strong earthquakes.
Afterwards, the soils may not be able to support the
foundations of buildings and other infrastructure. The
November 2016 earthquake in New Zealand, for example,
resulted in liquefaction that caused serious damage to the Port
of Wellington, which contributes approximately $1.75 billion
to the country’s annual gross domestic product (GDP). An
Get
Connected
with

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12 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
estimated 40% of the United States is subject to ground
motions severe enough to cause liquefaction and associated
damage to infrastructure.
Effectively engineering infrastructure to protect life and to
mitigate the economic, environmental, and social impacts of
liquefaction requires the ability to accurately assess its
likelihood and consequences. A new report by the National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine evaluates
existing field, laboratory, physical model, and analytical
methods for assessing liquefaction, and recommends how to
account for and reduce the uncertainties associated with the
use of these methods.
The report “State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment
of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences”
evaluates existing methods for assessing the potential
consequences of liquefaction, which are not as mature as
those for assessing the likelihood of liquefaction occurring.
This improved understanding will become more important as
earthquake engineering moves more toward performance-
based design.
“The engineering community wrestles with the differences
among the various approaches used to predict what triggers
liquefaction and to forecast its consequences,” said Edward
Kavazanjian, Ira A. Fulton Professor of Geotechnical
Engineering and Regents’ Professor at Arizona State University
and Chair of the committee that conducted the study and
wrote the report. “It’s important for the geotechnical
earthquake engineering community to consider new, more
robust methods to assess the potential impacts of liquefaction.”
The report recommends establishing standardized and
publicly accessible databases of liquefaction case histories
that could be used to develop and validate methods for
assessing liquefaction and its consequences. Further, the
committee suggested establishing observatories for gathering
data before, during, and after an earthquake at sites with a
high likelihood of liquefaction. This would allow better
understanding of the processes of liquefaction and the
characteristics and behavior of the soils that liquefied. Data
from these sites could be used to develop and validate
assessment procedures.
For more information, visit www.nap.edu.
ASCC Publishes Safety Bulletin
The Safety and Risk Management Council (SRMC) of the
American Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC), has
published a new Safety Bulletin: OSHA’s New Final Rule on
Crystalline Silica Dust.
The new rule went into effect June 23, 2016, but allows a
1-year leeway for the industry to fully comply. The ruling cuts
the Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) by half, a significant

change that concrete trades need to
prepare for. It also increases the amount
of medical exams and recordkeeping
required.
ASCC Safety Bulletins are brief
discussions of the most severe safety
issues facing concrete contractors and
are published periodically. Contractors
receive a complete set of Bulletins when
they join the organization. They are
available for sale to non-members.
The SRMC is a specialty council of
the ASCC, dedicated to making ASCC
contractors the safest in the industry.
The Council board consists of safety
and insurance professionals from all
aspects of the concrete contracting
industry. The group meets three times
a year and spends additional time
overseeing safety matters for the
organization. Council activities include
publication development, review and
monitoring of ASCC events and materials
for safety compliance, member
education, maintaining a safety awards
program, and staffing a safety hotline.
For more information, visit www.
ascconline.org or call +1.866.788.2722.
Auctions, Rock Concert to
Raise Funds to Help Veterans
Get Back to Work
CONEXPO-CON/AGG and IFPE
have announced that The Call of Duty™
Endowment has been named its official
charitable partner for the 2017 events
slated for March 7-11, 2017, in Las Vegas,
NV. The Call of Duty Endowment is a
nonprofit organization founded by
Bobby Kotick, CEO of Activision
Blizzard, in 2009 to help veterans secure
high-quality jobs after their military
service and to raise awareness of the
value veterans bring to the workplace.
The Endowment has placed over 29,000
veterans in jobs to date by finding and
funding the best nonprofits in the country.
“We’re so grateful for CONEXPO-
CON/AGG and IFPE’s remarkable
support of our veterans,” said Dan
Bridge, Dam
& Power Gen
News Solutions
Goldenberg, Executive Director of the
Call of Duty Endowment. “Every dollar
received by the Endowment will go
directly towards the most effective and
efficient veteran job counseling services
in America. These will be dollars
well-spent.”
“We’ve already had our first major
donation to help raise funds for the
Endowment,” said Sara Truesdale
Mooney, Show Director. “We’re thrilled
to announce that Terex Corporation has
donated a benefit concert featuring
multi-platinum rock band, Foreigner, for
March 8, generously hosted by Brooklyn
Bowl in Las Vegas.”
Attendees of the show will be allowed
to make a donation to the Endowment
for entrance to the concert. Information
and details will be available early 2017.
“Citizenship is one of our core
values,” said John Garrison, CEO and
President of Terex Corporation. “Joining
forces with CONEXPO-CON/AGG and
the Call of Duty Endowment is a great
way to live out that value by helping to
create an enjoyable evening that will
raise funds for a great cause benefiting
our veterans.”
Items up for bid will be available on
the J.J. Kane online auction page,
www.proxibid.com/ceca. More Solutions.
Better Service.
Clarification
In reference to the article “Solving Greater Possibilities.
the Slab Moisture Issue” (CI, January SPECIALIZED FORMING & SHORING
2017, pp. 51-54), the editors remind
readers of the following: Aluma Systems’ global & dynamic forming
•• Unless explicitly noted, statements in and shoring systems enable you to build
articles do not represent the official faster, safer and smarter than ever before.
position of an ACI committee;
•• Claims made regarding any product Discover the right solutions & team at:
www.formwork.aluma.ca
or practice should be verified
independently through references,
documented service history, and
third-party professional opinions; and
•• Publication of an article in CI does
not constitute an endorsement by the
editors, other ACI staff members, or
ACI committees.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 13
ACPA 2016 Excellence in
Concrete Pavements Awards
T
he American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA)
has named the recipients of its 27th Annual Excellence
in Concrete Pavements Awards, which recognize
quality concrete pavements constructed in the United States
and Canada. Judges representing various stakeholder groups
throughout the transportation-construction community
evaluate projects for Gold and Silver awards consideration.
The program requires projects to be completed in the calendar
year prior to judging. Recipients of the 2016 ACPA Excellence
Gold Awards include:
Reliever & General Aviation Airports
Waukesha County Airport Runway 10/28 Reconstruction,
Waukesha County, WI
In 2014, pavement failures at Waukesha County Airport
required a series of closures and emergency repairs. The
Federal Aviation Administration approved a $10 million
federal discretionary grant to the County for reconstruction of
the runway. Mead & Hunt completed the plans, specifications,
and bid letting in a period of 10 weeks and the project was
broken into several phases. In addition to a compressed
construction timeframe, the project encountered some
additional challenges during construction, such as rain during
18 of the first 40 days of construction, worse than expected
soil conditions, and additional soil stabilization requirements.
Project credits: Zignego Company, Inc., Contractor;
Waukesha County Airport and Wisconsin DOT – Bureau
of Aeronautics, Owner; and Mead & Hunt, Engineer.
O’Hare Modernization Program, South Airfield Runway 10R-28L,
Chicago, IL
14 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Commercial Service & Military Airports
O’Hare Modernization Program – South Airfield
Runway 10R-28L, Chicago, IL
The O’Hare Modernization Program will upgrade the
airport’s outdated runway system into a more modern parallel
runway system to reduce flight delays in all weather
conditions. When the project is complete, O’Hare will have
eight runways, including six east-west parallel runways and
two crosswinds runways. A tri-venture of Turner Construction
Co.; Acura, Inc.; and Lindahl Brothers, Inc., completed
runway and taxiway work, a south air traffic control tower,
and several other projects including construction of runway
10R-28L and associated taxiways. The bulk of the concrete
paving was the responsibility of Acura, Inc., and was the
contractor’s first endeavor at airport paving.
Project credits: Acura, Inc., Contractor; O’Hare
Modernization Program, Owner; and O’Hare Runway
Designers, LLC, Engineer.
Overlays (Airports)
Runway 13-31 Rehabilitation, Virgil I. Grissom
Municipal Airport, Bedford, IN
The rehabilitation of Runway 13-31 with an 8 in. (203 mm)
concrete overlay had to be executed with minimal impact to
the crosswind runway. Construction began in late 2014
with the option to pave in November of that year. With
exceptionally wet conditions that fall and the forecast of
sustained cold temperatures, the decision to postpone paving
until spring 2015 seemed logical to achieve a quality concrete
overlay project. Despite starting late, the deadline remained
the same. Rehabilitation of the runway 13-31 was completed
in time to accommodate the Senior PGA Championship golf
event being held in the summer of 2015.
Project credits: E&B Paving, Inc., Contractor; Lawrence
County Board of Aviation, Owner; and Woolpert, Inc., Engineer.
Industrial Paving
East I-40 Point of Entry Weigh Station, Roland, OK
A new state-of-the-art weigh station in Sequoyah County,
OK, was set to be built on a mountainside, 1.5 miles (2.4 km)
from the Oklahoma-Arkansas border. This section of I-40
traverses a rocky terrain that sits between the southernmost

edge of the Ozark Mountains and
northernmost edge of the Ouachita
Mountains. Duit Construction was
required to move more than 90,000 yd3
(69,000 m3) of rock material and more
than 200,000 yd3 (153,000 m3) of other
site material. After the removal of all
waste materials, Duit proceeded with
stabilizing the site and placing more than
31,000 yd2 (25,900 m2) of dowel jointed
concrete pavement and 4400 yd2 (3680 m2)
of jointed plain concrete pavement.
Project credits: Duit Construction
Company, Inc., Contractor; Oklahoma
Department of Transportation, Owner;
and Guernsey, Engineer.
RCC (Industrial)
Conagra Foods Distribution Center,
Frankfort, IN
Work on the ConAgra Foods, Inc.,
distribution facility began in 2014. Once
E&B Paving was awarded the job,
they developed a phased schedule to
accommodate the 2014-2015 construction
season. The project consisted of about
112,000 yd2 (93,600 m2) of 8 in. (203 mm)
roller-compacted concrete (RCC) and
approximately 62,500 yd2 (52,300 m2)
of 9.5 in. (240 mm) RCC. E&B
developed a proprietary aggregate blend
for use in the RCC, using the Shilstone
method and the 0.45 power chart as
references for the combined gradation.
Because of heavy rains, crews had to
monitor moisture in the subgrade to
ensure that paving could proceed.
Moisture and density testing was
conducted immediately following
placement behind the high-density paver.
Chapel Landing – Phase I, Bel Aire, KS
Wastewater
Treatment & Civil
Project credits: E&B Paving, Inc., Construction
Contractor; The Opus Group, Owner;
and American Structurepoint, Engineer.
RCC (Special Application)
Chapel Landing – Phase I, Bel
Aire, KS
For this new development, the
contractor used RCC pavements for the
streets. The mainline paving featured
several curves with radii ranging from
100 to 500 ft (30 to 152 m). In addition
to the curves, there were seven valley
gutters that were installed after the
mainline paving using traditional
cast-in-place concrete paving methods.
The use of broom-finished RCC allowed
for the subdivision streets to be opened
within a week of installation. During the
RCC phase of this project, a group of
50 people including engineers and state
officials from several U.S. states visited
the site to watch the RCC paving process.
Project credits: Andale Construction,
Inc., Contractor; City of Bel Aire, KS,
Owner; and Baughman Company PA,
Engineer.
Concrete Pavement
Restoration (CPR)
Annual Airfield Pavement
Rehabilitation at Denver
International Airport, Denver, CO
This project consisted of over
20,000 yd2 (16,700 m2) of selective
airfield concrete pavement removal
and replacement on the cargo apron, More Solutions.
commercial apron, and associated Better Service.
taxiways. Demolition and installation of
airfield lighting, selective spall repair, Greater Possibilities.
ENGINEERING EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS
Aluma Systems’ global & dynamic forming
and shoring systems enable you to build
faster, safer and smarter than ever before.
Discover the right solutions & team at:
www.formwork.aluma.ca
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 15
joint and crack sealant repair, and selective subbase repair
was also performed. Through preconstruction meetings, the
initial 19-phase plan was reduced to 15 phases, which
helped meet FAA regulations and airline operational needs.
The project involved removal of 290 panels measuring
25 x 25 ft (7.6 x 7.6 m) and weighing approximately 70 tons
(64 tonnes).
Project credits: Interstate Highway Construction, Inc.,
Contractor; and City and County of Denver, Department of
Aviation, Owner and Engineer.
Cedar Lane, Norman, OK
Roundabout Projects, Buchanan, WI
16 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Municipal Streets & Intersections (>30,000 yd2)
Cedar Lane, Norman, OK
The Cedar Lane project featured a reconstruction and
widening of an existing two-lane asphalt roadway along with
improvements for safety and drainage. Over 58,000 yd2
(48,500 m2) of 8 in. (203 mm) concrete pavement was placed
on a 3 in. (76 mm) asphalt base and 8 in. of cement-stabilized
subgrade. Bright green, colorized concrete bike lanes were
added to improve visibility and awareness of drivers.
New 6 ft (1.8 m) concrete sidewalks on each side of the
reconstructed roadway further improve pedestrian safety.
Duit Construction met two major milestones to complete the
project on schedule, including improving an existing railroad
crossing and a 75-day closure to coordinate with a Walmart
construction project.
Project credits: Duit Construction Company, Inc.,
Contractor; Oklahoma DOT, Owner and Engineer; and
Cardinal Engineering, Engineer.
Municipal Streets & Intersections (<30,000 yd2)
Roundabout Projects on County Highway CE and
Eisenhower Drive, and Eisenhower Drive and Van Roy
Road, Buchanan (Outagamie County), WI
The intersections of County Highway CE and Eisenhower
Drive, and Eisenhower Drive and Van Roy Road were a
significant safety concern because of high crash rates, so these
problem intersections were replaced with two roundabouts.
Vinton Construction worked with their 11 subcontractors to
meet the aggressive 80-day schedule. Four distinct construction
stages and weekly project meetings helped minimize the
impact and maximize access to the more than 50 area
businesses. In addition to 24,000 yd2 (20,000 m2) of concrete
paving, 26,000 ft2 (2415 m2) of concrete sidewalk was
installed along with significant excavation work and
drainage updates.
Project credits: Vinton Construction Company, Contractor;
Outagamie County, Town of Buchanan, Owner; and OMNNI
Associates and Gremmer & Associates, Engineers.
County Roads
Weld County (CO) Parkway – US 34 to WCR 60-1/2
This $21 million project is one of several projects that will
widen and make safety improvements to Weld County Road
49, as well as relieve congestion on nearby state and Interstate
highways. The 137,000 yd2 project featured five bridges,
14.5 miles (23 km) of 11 in. (279 mm) concrete roadway,
three intersections, grading, drainage, and base work. Weld
County coordinated public outreach throughout the design
and construction activities, held three public meetings, and
had significant communications with the 21 landowners and
20 utility and irrigation companies that were affected by
the project.
Project credits: Interstate Highway Construction, Inc.,
Contractor; Weld County, Department of Public Works,
Owner; and Atkins North America, Engineer.
State Roads
State Highway 3, Asher, OK
This 1.8 mile (2.9 km) project is part of a major arterial
that handles agricultural traffic and truck traffic from a nearby
LafargeHolcim cement plant. One of the most challenging
features of this project was reconstructing a two-lane roadway
under traffic. Alternating the traffic on one lane was not a
possibility, so Duit Construction adopted a three-phase
construction plan requiring the paving crew to make sure that
even the shoulders had a ride quality similar to the mainline
pavement. Crews worked during the winter months and
constructed over 47,000 ft2 (2420 m2) of 9 in. (4370 mm)
concrete pavement under budget and completed the project
a month early.
Project credits: Duit Construction Company, Inc., Contractor;
and Oklahoma DOT, Owner and Engineer.
Overlays, Streets and Roads
Iowa D59 Wall Lake, Sac County, IA
The Sac County D59 Wall Lake project was a 12.5 mile
(20.1 km) long, 4 in. (101 mm) thick unbonded concrete
overlay that included nine full depth sections. A unique saw
pattern (5.5 x 5.5 ft [1.7 x 1.7 m]) required 2.87 ft (0.9 m)
of sawing per square yard. The contractor’s commitment
to sustainability was evident on this project. In addition to
removing 14,000 yd3 (10,700 m3) of paving materials (that
will be used for future road projects), the contractor
addressed erosion issues and used a number of other
sustainability measures.
Project credits: Cedar Valley Corporation, LLC, Contractor;
and Sac County, IA, Owner and Engineer.
Overlays, Highways
PennDOT SR 50 Millers Run, South Fayette
Township, PA
For this 4.2 mile (6.7 km) long, 6 in. (152 mm) thick
unbonded concrete overlay, the project team incorporated
useful designs, such as integrating the cross slope correction
and smoothing of the vertical profile into the overlay itself.
Sustainable construction practices were a hallmark of this
project, which involved recycling 23,000 tons (20,900 tonnes)
of concrete. The contractor also used stringless paving to
increase quality and productivity. In all, approximately 95%
of the concrete for this project was slip formed. About
210,000 yd2 (175,600 m2) of concrete was placed in just
over 6 months.
Project credits: Golden Triangle Construction, Contractor;
Pennsylvania DOT, Owner; and Mackin Engineering
Company, Engineer.
Divided Highways (Rural)
Iowa I-280, Scott County, IA
This project involved the reconstruction of almost 7 miles
(11 km) of the westbound lanes of I-280 near Davenport, IA.
In addition to the tight schedule, the paving portion of this
contract was tied to a bridge replacement project that
created a logistical challenge. In all, Cedar Valley Corp.
placed 111,000 yd2 (92,800 m2) of 11 in. (279 mm) thick
jointed concrete pavement with tied concrete shoulders.
Demonstrating commitment to sustainable construction
practices, the contractor recycled the existing concrete paving
in place and reused it as base rock. Besides eliminating the
need for over 135,000 tons (122,000 tonnes) of virgin
material, this process also eliminated the additional equipment
use and fuel required to haul the concrete to a crushing site.
Project credits: Cedar Valley Corp., LLC, Contractor; Iowa
DOT, Owner; and Mark F. Brandl, Iowa DOT, Engineer.
Urban Arterials and Collectors
Ryan Road (State Trunk Highway 100), Oak Creek, WI
This project involved the reconstruction and expansion of
1.6 miles (2.6 km) of a six-lane concrete roadway with six
signalized intersections in a heavily traveled corridor in Oak
Creek, WI. The project included removals, grading, concrete
pavement, concrete barrier wall, curb and gutter, and a
temporary asphaltic surface. Other project components were
a storm sewer and detention pond, erosion control, traffic
control, and restoration and preloading of the future Interstate
highway exit ramp. The contractor met many challenges and
paved just under 100,000 yd2 (836,000 m2) of 8.5 in. (216 mm)
thick jointed plain concrete pavement on schedule, under
budget, and with minimal public disruption.
Project credits: Zignego Company, Inc., Contractor;
Wisconsin DOT, Owner; and CH2M Hill, Engineer.
Divided Highways (Urban)
US 36 Express Lanes from Federal Boulevard to Table
Mesa Drive in Boulder, Adams, Weld, and Broomfield
Counties, CO
A 16 mile (26 km) long section of US 36 between Boulder
and Denver was reconstructed and expanded, while
maintaining traffic in excess of 100,000 vehicles per day. The
complex project included 1,300,000 yd2 (1,090,000 m2) of
mostly 10 in. (254 mm) dowelled concrete pavement, as well
as more than 2,800,000 yd3 (2,140,000 m3) of embankment,
17 bridges, underground utilities, and sound walls. The project
also incorporated a number of innovative features, including
express lanes, a diverging diamond interchange, a bikeway,
and other features. The 64 ft (19 m) wide, 60-year-old
concrete corridor was widened to 128 ft (39 m). Due to the
length of the project, two batch sites had to be erected, and
because of changes in aggregate sources, Castle Rock
Construction designed two optimized mixtures for this project
to ensure consistent and uniform concrete.
Project credits: Castle Rock Construction Company,
Contractor; Colorado DOT, Region 1, Owner; and HDR, Inc.
and Cesare, Inc., Engineers.
For information on the Gold and Silver award projects,
visit www.acpa.org.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 17
Chapter
Reports
CIB New York Chapter – ACI Hosts 55th Durable Concrete Structures.” Thirty scientific papers were
Annual Roger H. Corbetta Awards accepted for presentation and are included in the conference
The Concrete Industry Board (CIB) New York City proceedings. Authors are from Egypt, India, Kuwait, Libya,
Chapter – ACI held its annual awards program on November Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab
16, 2016, at the Marina del Rey in the Bronx, NY. Winning Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and others.
projects included: The conference was opened by Ahmed Al Jassar, Kuwait
•• Annual Award—10 Hudson Yards Tower, New York, NY; Minister of Electricity and Water and Minister of Public
•• Award of Merit with Special Recognition for Design—56 Works; Bader Al Salman, Kuwait Chapter – ACI President;
and Moetaz El-Hawary, Conference Chair and Proceedings
Leonard Street, New York, NY;
•• Award of Merit for Technical Innovation—JFK Interna- Editor. Keynote presentations were also made by Omar Al
Amoudi, Dean for Academic Affairs, King Fahad University
tional Airport, Runway 4L-22R RSA Compliance/Runway
Reconstruction; for Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; and Abla
•• Award of Merit for Public Works—Spring Street Salt Shed, Zayed, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. The Kuwait
Chapter – ACI is planning the Fifth International Conference
553 Canal Street, New York, NY;
•• Award of Merit for a Private Residence—Oceanfront for 2020.
Residence in Southhampton, NY;
•• Awards of Merit—The American Copper Buildings, 626
1st Avenue, New York, NY; 45 East 22nd Street, New
York, NY; 50 West, New York, NY; and 100 East 53rd
Street, New York, NY;
•• Award of Merit (Out of Area)—Faena Forum, Miami
Beach, FL; and
•• Award of Merit (Out of Country)—Building 1 Honeycomb,
New Providence, the Bahamas.
For more information, visit www.cibofnyc.org.

Kuwait Chapter – ACI International Conference

and Exhibition
The Kuwait Chapter – ACI believes that open discussions
and direct exchange of knowledge and information are among
the main goals and objectives of the chapter. The chapter has Kuwait Chapter – ACI Board Members with Ahmed Al Jassar, Kuwait
been organizing and holding an international conference about Minister of Electricity and Water and Minister of Public Works
every 4 years. The Fourth International Conference was held
November 8-10, 2016, with a theme of “Smart, Green, and

Omar Al Amoudi, Dean for Academic Affairs, King Fahad University

for Petroleum and Minerals, presented a keynote address at the
2016 Roger H. Corbetta award winners with their project display boards Fourth International Conference of the Kuwait Chapter – ACI

18 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

 Chapter Reports

2016 Ontario Concrete Awards Engineers; PCR Contractors, Inc.; and St. Marys CBM.
The Ontario Concrete Awards of the Ontario Chapter – ACI The awards were presented at a banquet November 30, 2016,
are presented in four categories: architectural, structural, at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, held in conjunction
materials and constructability, and sustainability. Both with the World of Concrete Pavilion, part of The Buildings
cast-in-place and precast projects are eligible. Projects must Show. Visit www.aciontario.com for more information.
have been completed within 36 months of the September 22,
2016, closing date. This year’s winners are:
•• The Onyx at the Barrel Yards, Waterloo (Mid- to High-Rise
Residential), project credits: Auburn Developments, Inc.;
Turner Fleischer Architects, Inc.; HGS Ltd. Consulting
Engineers; Stonerise Construction, Inc.; Redline Structures,
Inc.; Stubbe’s Precast; and Hogg Fuel & Supply Ltd.
•• Rouge Crest Park, Richmond Hill (Architectural Hardscape),
project credits: Schollen & Company Inc./Town of
Richmond Hill; Engineering Link, Inc.; Rutherford
Contracting Ltd.; and Dufferin Concrete, a division of
CRH Canada Group Inc.
•• Derry Road/CN grade separation, Milton (Infrastructure),
project credits: Halton Region; R.V. Anderson Associates Ltd.;
New-Alliance Ltd.; Dufferin Concrete; and Con Cast Pipe.
•• Reactor Materials Testing Laboratory, Kingston (Institutional
Building), project credits: Queen’s University; Diamond
Schmitt Architects/Shoalts & Zaback Architects Ltd. joint
venture; Read Jones Christoffersen Ltd.; T.A. Andre & The Queen Richmond Centre West project in downtown Toronto, ON,
Sons (Ontario) Ltd.; and Sousa Ready Mix. Canada, was the winner in the Architectural Merit category in the

•• River City Condominium Phase 2, Toronto (Material 2016 Ontario Concrete Awards program (photo courtesy of Ontario
Concrete Awards)
Development and Innovation), project credits: Urban
Capital; Saucier + Perrotte Architectes/ZAS Architects;
Adjeleian Allen Rubeli Ltd.; Bluescape Construction
Management, Inc.; Vuemont Structure (a joint venture
of Avenue Structures and Paramount Structures); and
St. Marys CBM.
•• Queen Richmond Centre West, Toronto (Architectural
Merit), project credits: Allied Properties REIT; Sweeney
& Co. Architects, Inc.; Stephenson Engineering Ltd.;
Eastern Construction Co. Ltd.; Alliance Forming Ltd.; and
St. Marys CBM.
•• Concrete House, Toronto (Specialty Concrete Construction),
project credits: John Pylypczak and Diti Katona; Angela
Tsementzis Architect; Blackwell Structural Engineers;
Marcus Design Build; and Innocon, Inc.
•• Audi Midtown, Toronto (Structural Design Innovation),
project credits: Audi Canada; Teeple Architects, Inc.; Read
Jones Christoffersen Ltd.; Eastern Construction Co. Ltd.;
Avenue Building Corp.; and Dufferin Concrete.
•• W. Ross Macdonald School, senior student residence for
the blind and deaf-blind, Brantford (Sustainable Concrete
Construction), project credits: Ministry of Infrastructure/ The Onyx at the Barrel Yards in Waterloo, ON, Canada, was the winning
Infrastructure Ontario and the Ministry of Education- project in the Mid- to High-Rise Residential category in the 2016 Ontario
Provincial Schools Branch; MMMC Architects; Tacoma Concrete Awards (photo courtesy of Ontario Concrete Awards)

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 19

Chapter Reports
Rick Yelton (back row/center), an ACI International Ambassador
speaker, with chapter officers and students from the Philippines
Chapter – ACI
Philippines Chapter – ACI Hosts First Regional
Concrete Convention
Philippines Chapter – ACI held a concrete convention at
Philconstruct World Trade in Pasay City, Philippines, on
November 11-12, 2016. Activities at the event included ACI
Concrete Field Testing – Grade I certification training, a
presentation by ACI International Ambassador speaker Rick
Yelton, student chapter paper presentations, a high-strength
cylinder student competition, and the election of the council
of student leaders for the student chapter. Seminar topics
included:
•• Importance of Formwork in Concrete Construction;
•• Quality Issues on Concrete Placing;
•• Various Building Foundation Options and Their Uses;
•• The Standard of Concrete Construction for Quality Result;
•• Interpreting Concrete Core Strength;
•• Optimized Design of Reinforce Concrete Buildings;
•• Structural Health Audit on Concrete Structures;
•• Jet Grouting Advanced Concrete Construction Techniques;
and
•• Davies Paint Technical Application.
For more information, visit the Philippines Chapter – ACI
Facebook page.
Singapore Chapter – ACI Project
Competition 2016
The ACI Singapore Project Competition 2016 was held in
Singapore on August 25, 2016, in conjunction with the 41st
Conference on Our World in Concrete and Structures 2016
(OWICS 2016), which was themed “Advances in Concrete.”
This annual competition, which was launched in 2012, is
open to all those working on projects based on any topics
related to concrete construction and civil engineering
practices. Participants submit a 10-page paper about their
20 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
project, which is then evaluated by a panel of reviewers; the
shortlisted candidates are required to give a 15-minute
presentation, and also go through a Q&A session by a panel of
judges. The reviewers and judges comprise independent
professionals and experts from academia and industry.
For this year’s competition, the panel of three reviewers
(for the paper) and judges (for the project presentation)
comprised ACI member Chen En Yi, General Manager,
EnGro Corporation Ltd; ACI member Arvind K. Suryavanshi,
Director, Centre of Excellence, Holcim (Singapore) Ltd; and
Tam Chat Tim, Associate Professor Fellow and professional
engineer.
The winning teams and projects included:
The Gold Award and S$1000 were awarded to students Toh
Li Min Vanessa and Anthony Goh Zheng Long, Institute of
Technical Education (ITE); Kelly Wong Peng Yu, Temasek
Polytechnic (TP); and Jenndy, Nanyang Technological
University (NTU) for “Geopolymer Materials: Productive and
Sustainable Composites for the Future.” An experimental
investigation on geopolymer pastes at varying nano-silica
concentrations was conducted, with a view to achieve
productive and sustainable composites in a tropical built
environment. The characterization of raw ingredients, as well
as the properties and performance of geopolymeric products,
were studied.
The Silver Award and S$700 was awarded to Li Wei, Li
Shan, and Huang Zhenyu, National University of Singapore,
for “Development of Economic Lightweight Concrete for
Prefabricated Pre-finished Volumetric Construction.” This
project developed a new type of economic lightweight
high-strength concrete with densities ranging from 1450 to
1650 kg/m3 (90 to 100 lb/ft3) and compressive strengths up to
37 MPa (5370 psi), using expanded glass for prefabricated
pre-finished volumetric construction.
The Bronze Award and S$500 was awarded to Ripley Shi
Lei, He Xingran, Ng Guang Lyn Amanda, and Toh Fen Hui of
Singapore Polytechnic for “Adiabatic Temperature
Measurement System.” This project developed a new system
to measure the heat of hydration within cast concrete in an
adiabatic environment.
The Best Presenter Award and S$400 was awarded to
Jenndy of NTU. Jenndy presented his project on geopolymer
materials as productive and sustainable composites for the future.
“I am happy that the ACI Singapore Project Competition
continues to attract many participating teams from tertiary
institutions as well as companies and organizations from
concrete-related industries,” said Lu Jin Ping, President of the
Singapore Chapter – ACI.
Following the project competition, the chapter hosted an
evening talk on August 26, 2016, by Franco and Elena Mola
 Chapter Reports

from Milan, Italy, on “The Allianz Tower: An Overview of the Learn more about the Singapore Chapter – ACI at www.
Main Features of the Structural Design of the Tallest Building concrete.org.sg.
in Milan.” Franco Mola is a Professor at Politecnico Di
Milano and Technical Director of ECSD in Milan, and Elena
Mola is the Owner and CEO of ECSD in Milan.
They gave a presentation on the architectural design
concept of the Alliance Tower and the main structural
features. The talk also covered the topics of global and local
finite element models, the design of the damping devices for
wind comfort, and the test set-up for the dynamic operational
modal analysis (OMA) tests. More than 60 participants
attended the presentation.

Bronze Award team from Singapore Polytechnic, from left: Ripley Shi
Lei, He Xingran, Ng Guang Lyn Amanda, and Toh Fen Hui, with Lu Jin
Ping, Singapore Chapter – ACI President

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The team comprising ITE, TP, and NTU students won the Gold Award
in the ACI Singapore Project Competition 2016, from left: Lu Jin Ping,
Singapore Chapter – ACI President, Toh Lin Min Vanessa and
Anthony Goh Zheng Long (ITE), Kelly Wong Peng Yu (TP), and 5.0 REUSABLE
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www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 21

On the
Move
ACI member Chengqing Qi joined
Ash Grove Cement Company as
Technical Center Director at the
company’s headquarters in Overland
Park, KS. Qi will oversee operations of
Ash Grove’s technical center, a
laboratory for research and testing of
aggregates, cement, concrete, and lime.
Greg Barger, Ash Grove’s longtime Wacker
Technical Center Director, will retire in
2017. Barger will continue in this role and work alongside Qi
until the transition is complete. Qi has authored or contributed
to more than 20 technical papers in peer-reviewed journals
and conference proceedings. He received his bachelor’s and
master’s degrees in materials science and engineering from
Southeast University, Nanjing, China, and his doctorate in
civil engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Qi is a member of ACI Committees 201, Durability; 224,
Cracking; and 225, Hydraulic Cements.
Spancrete promoted Kimberly Wacker to Vice President
of Marketing and Communications. Wacker will continue to
develop marketing and service policies, programs, and
systems to support strategic direction and align global
business plans. She will also continue to develop the overall
marketing strategy for the precast and global divisions of the
company and maintain and promote the Spancrete brand as
well as be part of the strategic business planning process.
Wacker has more than 18 years of strategic marketing
experience. She joined Spancrete in 2006. Wacker serves on
the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) Board of
Directors and is Chair of its Marketing Council.
Walbridge celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2016 and
announced several changes in its financial and administrative
leadership teams. Those changes include: Vince DeAngelis
retiring after 30 years from Walbridge, where he served as
Executive Vice President/Chief Administrative Officer and a
member of the Board of Directors. He will divide his time
between work in the nonprofit arena and continue to consult
with Walbridge; John Rakolta III was promoted to Executive
Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer, overseeing
the financial and other administrative functions of the
construction enterprise; William McCulloch joined
Walbridge as Vice President/Chief Financial Officer, with
responsibility for the financial and project controls functions;
and Peter Darga was promoted to Vice President/Treasurer,
directly overseeing the accounting and treasury functions.
The Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) announced
Thomas Holmes as Executive Director of Mid-Atlantic
22 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Holmes Snow Klemencic
Precast Association (MAPA). Holmes has served in roles from
Vice President of Marketing to General Manager with precast
concrete producers. His experience spans the technical,
business, and marketing sides of the industry. Holmes received
his degree in marketing from Bowling Green University,
Bowling Green, OH, and has received several awards for
distinguished sales and marketing. He has also served as a
member of the Board of Directors for MAPA and PCI in the past.
Talbert Manufacturing promoted Jim Hall and Jamie
Myers to Division Vice Presidents. Hall now serves as Vice
President of Operations and Myers as Vice President of
Purchasing. Hall will manage engineering, manufacturing,
and IT processes. Myers will oversee parts and materials
selection as well as warranty and maintenance.
Russ Snow, Building Science Specialist at W.R.
MEADOWS, was elected President of the Air Barrier
Association of America (ABAA). At W.R. MEADOWS,
Snow develops specs and provides technical support on
building enclosure and related products. He has 20 years of
experience in the construction industry. Snow completed his
Building Science Program at the University of Toronto and
has attained the Building Science Specialist of Ontario
designation. ABAA is the voice of the air barrier industry in
the United States, and is dedicated to the education of all
parties involved in building construction.
Honors and Awards
Ron Klemencic, FACI, Chairman and CEO of Magnusson
Klemencic Associates and Charles Pankow Foundation Board
Member, received the Fazlur R. Khan Lifetime Achievement
Medal from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
(CTBUH). The Fazlur R. Khan Lifetime Achievement Award
recognizes individuals for their demonstrated excellence in
technical design and/or research that has made a significant
contribution to a discipline(s) for the design of tall buildings
and the built urban environment. The contribution may be
demonstrated in the form of specific technical advances,
innovations, design breakthroughs, building systems integration,
or innovative engineering systems.
Revolutionary Concrete and
Its Innovative Applications
Highlights of The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition – Fall 2016
W
ith “Revolutionary Concrete” as the program
theme, The ACI Concrete Convention and
Exposition was held October 23-27, 2016, in
Philadelphia, PA. The Eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware
Chapter – ACI hosted the well-attended, successful event.
The attendance total of 1933 reached in Philadelphia ranks
as the second highest in ACI history. The record to beat is
2030, which was set in Denver, CO, in Fall 2015.
ACI members, students, and guests gathered for sessions,
committee meetings, a student competition, awards,
networking, social events, and the always-anticipated
announcement of the ACI Excellence in Concrete
Construction Awards. On the evening of October 24, 2016,
the highest “Excellence” Award was presented to Palazzo
Italia (Italian Pavilion Expo 2015), located in Milan, Italy.
The project was submitted by the Italy Chapter – ACI.
Eleven additional global projects were recognized during
the Gala event.
A record number of teams participated in the Mortar
Workability Student Competition. Teams were challenged to
create a mortar mixture with optimum flowability and stability.
Other convention highlights included:
Networking and Information Sharing
Worldwide
The annual Fall Chapter Roundtable event was held
on October 22, 2016, preceding the ACI Convention in
Philadelphia. Representing 19 domestic and international
chapters, 28 chapter officers engaged in dynamic discussions
and exchanged ideas about ways to improve chapter
operations. The next roundtable event is scheduled for
October 21, 2017, in conjunction with the ACI Convention
in Anaheim, CA.
Convention attendees from around the world gathered for
ACI’s International Forum on October 23, 2016. Attendees
met and learned from ACI International Partners, ACI Chapter
representatives, and ACI leadership about worldwide events,
activities, initiatives, and common themes of interest to the
concrete materials, design, and construction industry.
Speakers included Harald S. Müller, President, fib; Alejandro
Durán Herrera, Director, Northeast Mexico Chapter – ACI;
Robert Taylor, President, Manitoba Chapter – ACI; Michael
van Koeverden, President, Concrete Institute of Australia
(CIA); Shih-Jian Hwang, Taiwan Chapter – ACI; Andres Lee,
Executive Director, INCYC-Nicaragua; Francois Toutlemonde,
Paris Chapter – ACI; and others.
The Joint ACI-fib International Symposium on Punching
Shear of Structural Concrete Slabs—Honoring Neil Hawkins
was a three-part technical session sponsored by Joint ACI-
ASCE Committee 445, Shear and Torsion, and moderated by
Carlos E. Ospina, BergerABAM. A reception was held in
honor of Hawkins, an ACI Honorary Member and University
of Illinois Professor Emeritus, for his outstanding contri­
butions in this field of knowledge. In recent years, he has
led efforts for refining punching shear design provisions in
ACI 318.
ACI’s ninth annual Concrete Sustainability Forum was
held on October 26, 2016. During the forum, experts provided
updates on new technologies, sustainability assessment
systems, and sustainable design taking place in countries
Some of the speakers who participated in the Joint ACI-fib
International Symposium on Punching Shear of Structural Concrete
Slabs—Honoring Neil Hawkins, who is seated fourth from the left
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 23

Global futurist, trends, and innovation expert Jim Carroll was the
keynote speaker at the Opening Session. His presentation was
titled “Think Big, Start Small, Scale Fast: Innovating in the Age
of Acceleration”
around the world. For more information, see the article by
Forum moderators Koji Sakai and Julie K. Buffenbarger in
this issue.
Helping Students and Young Professionals on
the Career Path
ACI Past President Ken Hover, Cornell University, spoke
at the Student Lunch on the subject of “Revolutionary
Leadership.” Taking inspiration from the stories of leaders
who made history in Philadelphia, Hover outlined ideas on
how to revolutionize our thinking about leading a team. He
suggested that the focus should be on the members and
volunteers of the team—where the real work gets done.
Students were offered a tour of the W+Element Hotel
construction site—where Tutor Perini Building Corporation
is constructing a 50-story, 755-room “double” (Element and
W brands) hotel. The construction set a record with the
largest continuous mat foundation placement in the history
of Philadelphia.
The session “What I Wish I Knew: Transition into a
Faculty Member” was sponsored by ACI Committee S806,
Young Professional Activities. Tyler Ley, Oklahoma State
University, moderated a panel discussion on topics such as
putting together a faculty application package, the interview
process, timelines, the first year, and the tenure application
process. Other participants included Mary Christianson,
University of Minnesota Duluth; Eric R. Giannini, University
of Alabama; Devin K. Harris, University of Virginia; Matthew P.
Adams, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT); and Tara
Cavalline, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
Further advice on job seeking was provided during the
session “Career Guide to Concrete Paths,” moderated by
Allyn C. Luke, Rutgers University, and Mohamed A.
Mahgoub, NJIT. This session featured several experienced
practitioners from various employment sectors of the concrete
industry, who presented practical advice on how one might
24 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
The panel discussion at the session “What I Wish I Knew:
Transition into a Faculty Member” included (from left) Tara Cavalline,
Matthew P. Adams, Mary Christianson, Devin K. Harris, Tyler Ley,
and Eric R. Giannini
go about securing employment in those sectors. Topics and
speakers included:
•• “The Concrete Gateway to Construction Industry,” by
ACI President Michael J. Schneider, Baker Concrete
Construction Inc.;
•• “Admixtures Can Make Your Career Flow,” by G. Terry
Harris, GCP Applied Technologies;
•• “The Consulting Engineer—‘I Can Do That!’” by ACI Past
President William E. Rushing, Waldemar S. Nelson and
Company Inc.;
•• “Testing Labs—How Else Would You Know? Working for
Small Companies,” by Walter H. Flood IV, Flood Testing
Labs; and
•• “Research—We’ve Got Problems Out There. Working for
the Government,” by Jussara Tanesi, SES Group & Associates.
The overall message emphasized by the panelists was to be
passionate about your field—the odds of success are better
when enthusiasm is shared. Schneider recommends summer
internships, taking advantage of the open possibilities and
offering to help before being asked. He said having good work
habits, being team oriented, accepting responsibility, and
sharing success helps others to succeed.
Rushing values the fact that in his consulting engineer
career, every day brings a new, different problem to solve.
He recommended that students take a broad range of courses
in steel, concrete, and masonry. He also stressed that
participation in the professional community leads to jobs,
contacts, and opportunity.
Focus on Technical Innovations during
Contractors’ Day
“Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made with Fluff” was
one of the interesting presentations available on Contractors’
Day. The presentation described research by Alessandro P.
Fantilli and Bernardino Chiaia at the Politecnico di Torino
on how the residue from shredded cars can be turned into
aggregate for concrete. Materials derived from the shredding
of automobiles results in a mixture of ferrous and nonferrous
metal, and shredder waste (glass, fibers, rubber, and plastic),

At the Contractors’ Day lunch, Mike Ricchezza and Valerie
Giangiulio-Moody discussed the mat foundation placement and
subsequent thermal monitoring for the Comcast Innovation and
Technology Center project in Philadelphia
The Concrete Mixer was held at the National Constitution Center
and featured a performance by a mummers parade string band, a
Philadelphia tradition
known as automotive shredder residue. These residual
materials are also referred to as “car fluff.” The research by
Fantilli and Chiaia involved formulating a composite granular
material aggregate similar in size to expanded clay for use as
an aggregate. The properties of three lightweight concrete
mixtures were studied.
Speakers at the session on “Take the High Road—
Developing Character of Impeccable Integrity” discussed
how building-team members are challenged by exponential
growth in the extent and complexity of governing codes and
regulations, and business demands for expedient design and
“fast-food style” construction impose additional burdens.
Attendees also enjoyed a lunch presentation by Mike
Ricchezza, Project Manager, B. Pietrini & Sons, and Valerie
Giangiulio-Moody, President and CEO, CMT Services
Group, titled “Comcast Center Mat Foundation Concrete
Placement—One of the Largest Concrete Placements in
Philadelphia History.” There has been a recent resurgence
of concrete projects in Philadelphia, highlighted by the
Comcast Innovation and Technology Center (CITC), a
60-story, 1121 ft (342 m) tower that will be the tallest
Eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware
Chapter Convention Committee Members
Committee Co-Chairs: Gary M. Horninger and
Theodore J. Smulski
Treasurer: Al Meyer
Exhibits: Jim Preskenis and Krishan Saini
Sponsorship Fundraising: Michael Boyle
Secretary: Debra R. Smulski
Publicity: Matt Marchisello
Guest Program: Linda VanOcker
Contractors’ Day: Stephen Lane
Technical Program: Sun-Hee Hwang
Student Program: Vicki Brown and Anlee Orama
Social Events: Barney Heller and Carl Sparano
Convention Committee Liaison: Hani Nassif
Construction and Sustainability: Stephen Lane
At-Large Volunteers: Connie Horninger, William J.
Lyons III, Mohamed Mahgoub, Michael Padula, Lizanne
Pepin, and Larry Rowland
building in the city when completed and the fourth tallest
structure overall in the United States.
Ricchezza described the logistics of a mass concrete
placement in December 2014, which involved minimizing
street closures in a busy downtown area during the holiday
season. Constructing the tower’s asymmetrical core took
17 months to complete, using three self-climbing towers—
the first of its design in the United States. Giangiulio-Moody
outlined the thermal control and analysis program for the
project. The mat foundation placement was continuously
monitored for 28 days using 45 thermal loggers.
ACI’s Role in Driving Concrete Technology
Detroit, MI, is the location for The ACI Concrete
Convention and Exposition – Spring 2017. The meetings and
sessions will take place at the Detroit Marriott at the
Renaissance Center, March 26-30, 2017. In addition to the
technical program, featured presentations will include:
•• “The Raft Construction Methodology of the World’s Tallest
Building in Jeddah” by Oussama Baalbaki, Beirut Arab
University and Dar-Al Handasah, at the International
Lunch;
•• “Seven Deadly Sins: The Seven Things You Must Do to
Remain Unemployed and in Your Parent’s Basement...” by
Lance J. Richards, City of Avon, CO, at the Student Lunch;
and
•• “Detroit: A Brief History and Look Forward” by Sandy
Baruah, Detroit Regional Chamber, at the Contractors’
Day Lunch;
The Concrete Mixer will be held at the Henry Ford
Museum—a massive collection that includes steam engines,
automobiles, and aircraft. Visit www.aciconvention.org to
register now.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 25
Shotcrete
Guide to Shotcrete
2016

Now Available
The American Concrete Institute announces a new ACI 506R-16, “Guide to Shotcrete,” has been
published and is now available. The guide serves as a companion document to the mandatory
language in ACI 506.2, “Specification for Shotcrete.” Additional industry-leading education
and certification programs are available from the American Concrete Institute and American
Shotcrete Association.

New Specification for Shotcrete Webinar.

A webinar explaining changes in ACI 506R and
how it serves as a companion document to ACI
506.2 “Specification for Shotcrete,” will be presented
on March 7, 2017, at 1 PM Eastern. More details
available at www.ACIUniversity.com/webinars.

www.concrete.org www.shotcrete.org
ACI Concrete Sustainability
Forum IX
by Koji Sakai and Julie K. Buffenbarger
T
he ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum IX was held
in Philadelphia, PA, on October 26, 2016, at The
ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition. This
forum series originated as a workshop in St. Louis, MO, in
2008,1 when ACI Committee 130, Sustainability of
Concrete, was formed. Since then, forums have taken place
in New Orleans, LA; Pittsburgh, PA; Cincinnati, OH;
Toronto, ON, Canada; Phoenix, AZ; Washington; DC; and
Denver, CO.2-8
The ninth ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum featured
presentations from seven experts on sustainability design,
sustainability assessment systems, and new material
Some of the presenters at the ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum IX, from left: Mamoru
Yamada, Gaurav Sant, Koji Sakai, Jeremy Gregory, Julie Buffenbarger, and Denise Nelson
technologies for sustainable buildings and civil engineering
structures. As an introduction, Forum Moderators Koji Sakai
and Julie Buffenbarger reviewed and summarized the
outcomes of the previous forums:
•• The forums have been beneficial in promoting
“sustainability” by providing opportunities for concrete
practitioners to view concrete sustainability technologies
and systems; and
•• The forums have helped the industry advance from
uncertainty regarding the path of sustainability to a stage in
which the essence of sustainability has been clarified.
As a consequence, ACI and fib have incorporated
“sustainability” into ACI 318-149 and
Model Code 2010,10 respectively.
Forum IX Presentations
Roadmap toward Realization of
Sustainable
Concrete Structures
Koji Sakai, Japan Sustainability
Institute, elucidated the essence of
sustainability by reviewing the tragedy
of the 2011 Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami.
Environmentally, vast amounts of
energy and resources were required to
remove waste and debris and
reconstruct infrastructure and
facilities. Economically, the
reconstruction and recovery costs
(excluding indirect costs due to, for
example, disruption of the national
economy) may top $400~500 billion
(USD), although no one can estimate
it exactly. And socially, many lives
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 27

The UNEP SBCI Working Group is on identifying low-cost strategies
to mitigate CO2 emissions and increasing the resource efficiency of
the cement-based materials supply chain. This chart illustrates the
estimated availability and use of possible SCMs and fillers—actual
use will depend on logistics, exact chemical and mineralogical
composition, contamination, and local availability of other raw
materials (Note: 1 tonne = 1.1 ton)
were impacted through displacement from their homes and
jobs, and ultimately loss of human life.
Sakai illustrated a roadmap to achieve sustainable
concrete structures as follows: 1) modify the framework of
design codes to include “sustainability design,” covering all
aspects required in a structure; 2) develop systems to
quantify environmental impacts, in which the ISO 13315
standards11,12 can be employed; 3) develop innovative
concrete and construction technologies, such as low carbon
concrete and CO2 use; and 4) apply these systems and
technologies in practice.
Sakai discussed ACI 318-14 and fib Model Code 2010 and
modifications in their details to frame sustainable and resilient
design. It was emphasized that it may not be difficult, and
only sustainable and resilient design systems will make the
application of the codes to existing structures possible and
provide an accountability of a design.
The Envision Rating System for Sustainable
Infrastructure
Denise Nelson, Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure,
outlined the Envision rating system for sustainable
infrastructure.13 The Envision system provides a transparent
framework for conceiving and planning sustainable
infrastructure projects for stakeholders, including owners and
design teams, community and environmental groups,
constructors, regulators, and policy makers. It therefore allows
stakeholders to make informed decisions about the
sustainability of their infrastructure projects and recognizes
infrastructure projects for sustainable achievements. The
Envision system has 60 credits in five categories, including
28 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Quality of Life, Leadership, Resource Allocation, Natural
World, and Climate and Risk. Project verification awards
include levels of Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum.
Practitioners who receive training may earn the Envision
Sustainability Professional (ENV SP) credential, an
indicator of their proficiency. As an example, Nelson
discussed the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County
Airport’s Runway and Associate Taxiways Reconstruction
Project. The Wayne County Airport Authority sought
improvements to the long-term durability of the runway,
which in turn would reduce maintenance needs and costs
and increase operational efficiency. They applied the
practices within the Envision Rating System and earned a
Silver Award.
In conclusion, Nelson emphasized the importance of
looking for opportunities to make incremental improvements
in performance on every project, the use of standardized tools
and metrics in lieu of “black box” or proprietary methods, to
document sustainable practices and monitor performance, and
report results and share lessons learned.
Efforts of the Japanese Construction Industry to
Use Low-Carbon Concrete
Mamoru Yamada, Obayashi Corporation, discussed Clean
Crete, a low-carbon concrete in which the carbon dioxide
(CO2) is reduced 80% compared with a conventional concrete
mixture of 625 lb/yd3 (371 kg/m3) portland cement content.
This concrete was developed based on Obayashi’s Green
Vision 2050 initiative which includes CO2 reduction targets of
25% and 45% by 2030 and 2050, respectively. These rigorous
targets have provided impetus in the development of low
carbon materials and construction technologies. The first
target is to replace 10% of the total conventional concrete
used with Clean Crete mixtures by the year 2020. Yamada
showed several applications of Clean Crete use in
underground structures of buildings and reported that
Obayashi is planning to apply the Clean Crete technology
in the construction of the Aquatics Center for the 2020
Tokyo Olympics.
Yamada also introduced the Japanese government’s
J-Credit Scheme, which encourages the reduction of
greenhouse gases, voluntary enhanced corporate social
responsibility (CSR), and voluntary carbon offsetting.
Obayashi has proposed a methodology in which CO2
emission reduction can be estimated by the application of
low carbon concrete mixtures in the underground
structures of buildings. The company obtained a 165 ton
(150 metric ton) CO2 J-Credit with the application of
Clean Crete in a construction project—the first in the
concrete industry in Japan.
Yamada discussed the efforts of the Japan Federation of
Construction Contractors to promote low carbon concrete
in construction through a brochure that describes a target of
a 25% reduction in CO2 emissions from construction
projects by 2030.
Carbon Upcycling: Turning CO2 into CO2NCRETE
Gaurav Sant, University of California, stated that
7% of global CO2 emissions originate from cement
production and this figure will increase to 25% in 2050
due to the increasing global demand for cement as a
building material. He also emphasized that carbon
capture and storage (CCS) is not economical in its
traditional form.
Sant proposed a new technology to lower the CO2 footprint
of cement. This new material, “CO2NCRETE,” is based upon
the chemical reactions of the hydration of lime and the
carbonation of portlandite. The initial step is to form a shape
from a slurry containing lime, water, and sand (Eq. 1). The
second step is to carbonate the shape to densify the slurry
matrix with enriched CO2 (Eq. 2).

(CaO+H2O → Ca(OH)2) + sand (1)

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O (2)

In the suggested “end to end” solution, CO2 released from Researchers at the CSHub work toward attaining sustainable
limestone in the production of cement is separated from the infrastructure by analyzing and balancing the trade-offs between
gas stream by a membrane and enriched. The enriched CO2 increasing performance (design process), reducing environmental
is used to accelerate the carbonation of the lime-slurry shape impacts, and reducing cost

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providing density and strength. This cycle proposes that CO2
is integrated into building materials.
Sant foresees the possibility of marrying digital
manufacturing—three-dimensional (3-D) printing—of a
structure to this accelerated carbonation technology. The
advantages of this process would eliminate the constraints
of two-dimensional shapes and simple geometries as well
as reducing the time of construction. Sant discussed the
efficiency of all procedures and showed an example of a
3-D printed section using slurry-based and powder-bed
printing techniques.
Low-CO2 Eco Efficiency Cement-Based Materials—
A Report from UNEP SBCI Working Group
Vanderley John, University of São Paulo, reviewed the
“2009 Cement Technology Roadmap” from the World
Business Council/International Energy Agency, which
illustrated that the CO2 mitigation strategy for cement
manufacture included several methodologies: increased
energy efficiency (10%); renewable fuels (24%); clinker
substitution (10%); and carbon capture and storage (CCS)
(56%). John pointed out that CCS is impractical, as 90% of
future cement production is expected to occur in
developing countries. Based on this background, the
working group of the United Nations Environment
Program’s (UNEP) Sustainable Buildings and Climate
Initiative (SBCI) focused its attention on the goal of
identifying innovative, low-cost strategies to mitigate CO2
emissions and increasing resource efficiency of the cement-
based materials supply chain.14
The group examined all existing technologies to reduce
CO2 and concluded that none of them were viable. The most
promising solution was focused on a binder system
The City of Philadelphia’s Climate Adaptation Plan was developed
over a 3-year period
30 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
consisting of calcined clay and limestone filler. The
fundamental properties of concrete produced using the new
binder included CO2 mitigation, compressive strength,
porosity, and binder intensity. John concluded that although
the cost of new binders may be higher than ordinary portland
cement, the costs will be lower than the cost of CCS. Thus,
the new binder system is the most promising CO2 mitigation
technology to date.
The MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub: Transforming
Innovation into Implementation
Jeremy Gregory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT), discussed the Concrete Sustainability Hub (CSHub),
which supports sustainable infrastructure design decisions.
Sustainable infrastructure is achieved by analyzing and
balancing the trade-offs between increasing performance
(design process), reducing environmental impacts (life-cycle
assessment [LCA]), and reducing cost (life-cycle cost
analysis [LCCA]). The CSHub’s mission is to provide
scientific basis for informed decisions, to demonstrate the
benefits of a life-cycle perspective, and to transfer research
into practice.
Gregory discussed the importance of quantitative
information on the economic and environmental benefits of
sustainable and resilient construction. He provided examples
of comparative energy use, embodied global warming
potential (GWP), and life-cycle perspectives for residential
and commercial buildings with insulating concrete forms
(ICF) and wood envelopes under multiple climatic conditions.
Gregory also showed research on a probabilistic risk-based
approach for quantifying lifetime hazard damage cost in
residential buildings constructed to minimum and enhanced
design standards. The research shows that payback periods for
enhanced designed residences vary by location and the
probability of the hazard.
Gregory concluded by outlining the LCCA and LCA of
pavements. Analysis of fuel consumption of vehicles due
to pavement roughness and deflection is used to
characterize the use phase of pavements. Results from
studies conducted on pavements from Minnesota and
Missouri show significant impact to user costs and
environmental impacts of different pavement types. It was
emphasized that such analyses can be used by
departments of transportation in support of asset
management decisions.
Toward the Sustainable Built Environment in
Philadelphia
Alex Dews, Delaware Valley Green Building Council,
said that building infrastructure contributes significantly to
energy and water usage, and it is the primary driver of
carbon emissions in cities. He stated that signs of climate
change are already present, indicated by extraordinary
weather change in Philadelphia, PA, since 2010. Dews
presented the Philadelphia climate adaptation plan that
began in 2012. In 2015, the city published a formal report on
vulnerability assessment and adaptation options and
implemented adaptation actions such as the retrofitting of
buildings and commercial building energy benchmarking. In
the future, the effectiveness of these adaptation policies will
be assessed.
Dews emphasized that because buildings are the
primary driver of carbon emissions, increasing energy
efficiency provides the best opportunity for CO2 reduction.
He also emphasized the importance of benchmarking by
measuring, reporting, and publicly disclosing results.
A benchmarking visualization tool used in the Mayor’s
Office of Sustainability is accessible to owners,
managers, and tenants for review of building performance.
Dews also outlined the principles of “Architecture 2030”
and “2030 Districts,” in which building energy use, water
consumption, and transportation greenhouse gas emissions
are reduced 50% by 2030. Presently, 15 North American
cities participate as 2030 Districts. Philadelphia is working
toward forming a new 2030 District in the near future, with
three potential areas including University City, Center City,
and the Navy Yard.
Paris Agreement and Concrete
The Paris Agreement15 was adopted by 195 countries at
the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21)
held December 12, 2015, and it became effective on
November 4, 2016. The target of the Paris Agreement is to
limit the global average temperature increase to well below
2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels. This requires
limiting the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
by reducing their anthropogenic emissions and limiting
their removal from sinks. There are many issues to be
resolved, so this presents a significant challenge to human
beings. The responsibility of the concrete industry to build
for a resilient society will become increasingly important.
The ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum will contribute to
pursuing the concrete industry’s role toward this common
goal for humankind.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like thank all the speakers for their invaluable con-
tribution; Kevin Mlutkowski, ACI Director of Sustainability, for his
efforts in the event preparation; and the participants who contributed
to the discussions.
References
1. Sakai, K., and Sordyl, D., “ACI St. Louis Workshop on Sustain-
ability,” Concrete International, V. 31, No. 2, Feb. 2009, pp. 34-38.
2. Sakai, K.; Buffenbarger, J.K.; and Stehly, R.D., “Concrete Sustain-
ability Forum,” Concrete International, V. 32, No. 3, Mar. 2010, pp. 56-59.
3. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., “Concrete Sustainability Forum
III,” Concrete International, V. 33, No. 3, Mar. 2011, pp. 37-40.
4. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., “Concrete Sustainability Forum
IV,” Concrete International, V. 34, No. 3, Mar. 2012, pp. 41-44.
5. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., “Concrete Sustainability Forum
V,” Concrete International, V. 35, No. 4, Apr. 2013, pp. 45-49.
6. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., “Concrete Sustainability Forum
VI,” Concrete International, V. 36, No. 3, Mar. 2014, pp. 55-58.
7. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., “Concrete Sustainability Forum
VII,” Concrete International, V. 37, No. 3, Mar. 2015, pp. 55-58.
8. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., “Concrete Sustainability Forum
VIII,” Concrete International, V. 38, No. 4, Apr. 2016, pp. 72-76.
9. International Federation for Structural Concrete, “fib Model Code for
Concrete Structures 2010,” Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, Germany, 2013, 402 pp.
10. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
11. ISO/TC 71/SC 8, “Environmental Management for Concrete and
Concrete Structures—Part 1: General Principles (ISO 13315-1:2012),”
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
12. ISO/TC 71/SC 8, “Environmental Management for Concrete
and Concrete Structures—Part 2: System Boundary and Inventory Data
(ISO 13315-2:2014),” International Organization for Standardization,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
13. Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure, https://sustainableinfra-
structure.org/.
14. Scrivener, K.L; John, V.M.; and Gartner, E.M., Eco-efficient Cements:
Potential, Economically Viable Solutions for a Low-CO2, Cement Based Mate-
rials Industry, United Nations Environment Program, 2016, 50 pp.
15. The Paris Agreement, http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/
items/9485.php.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Koji Sakai, FACI, is the Representative of
Japan Sustainability Institute, Sapporo,
Japan. He chairs ISO TC 71/SC 8,
Environmental Management for Concrete
and Concrete Structures, and the Asian
Concrete Federation Sustainability
Forum. He chaired fib Commission 3,
Environmental Aspects of Design and
Construction, and the Japan Concrete
Institute Committee on Sustainability, from 2002 to 2010 and from
2010 to 2014, respectively. Sakai was a session co-moderator for
the previous eight Concrete Sustainability Forums.
Julie K. Buffenbarger, FACI, serves as
a Senior Vice President, Local Paving,
with the National Ready Mixed Concrete
Association, Medina, OH. She is Chair
of ACI Committee 130, Sustainability
of Concrete, and the Concrete Joint
Sustainability Initiative. Buffenbarger was
a session co-moderator for the previous
seven Concrete Sustainability Forums.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 31
Knowledge to Practice:
CRC Announces New Research Product
The ACI Foundation is pleased to announce the completion
of a new research product: Evaluation of Seismic Behavior of
Coupling Beams with Various Types of Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete. Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, University of
Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, served as the project’s
principal investigator.
Traditionally, coupling beams between special structural
walls (shear walls) are reinforced with diagonal bars that are
“woven” together with dense transverse reinforcement. The
“woven” design, which comes from research conducted in the
1960s and 1970s, is difficult to construct. The ACI
Foundation’s Concrete Research Council (CRC) and several
other financial supporters funded the research to evaluate the
use of FRC to allow the design of coupling beams that no
longer require the use of diagonal bars.
Casting a fiber-reinforced concrete coupling beam
Example of a traditional coupling beam with “woven” diagonal bars
and transverse reinforcement
32 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
A total of six FRC mixtures were evaluated, using three
types of hooked steel fibers and three different fiber volume
fractions. The material properties of the various FRCs were
evaluated using four-point bending tests, direct tension tests,
and compression tests. Eight FRC coupling beams were tested
under large displacement reversals.
The experimental data from the research were used to
develop design guidelines for FRC coupling beams linked to
material performance criteria. The proposed coupling beam
design results in less-congested reinforcing bar
configurations—a benefit to owners, designers, and contractors.
These new provisions could be used to develop a code
change proposal to ACI Committee 318, Structural Concrete
Building Code. “Linking coupling beam drift and shear stress
capacity to FRC bending performance obtained through a
standard ASTM test is expected to further facilitate adoption
of the proposed FRC coupling beam design by structural
engineers,” stated Parra-Montesinos. “Such a link could also
serve as the basis for future design provisions to be proposed
to ACI Committee 318.” Adding the FRC design option to the
current code provisions would translate into simplified and
more straightforward construction, saving construction time,
financial resources, and labor—creating a positive impact on
the concrete construction industry. The results of this research
were presented at the 16th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, January 9-13, 2017, in Santiago, Chile. More
information about this research product is available at www.
concreteresearchcouncil.org.
Join the SDC at Technology Forum 41
The Strategic Development Council’s (SDC) Technology
Forum 41 will take place February 23-24, 2017, in Dallas, TX.
The forum is preceded by Concrete 2029’s half-day
The Hyatt Regency Dallas is the location of the Concrete 2029
Roadmapping Workshop 2 and SDC Forum 41
Knowledge to Practice:
Roadmapping Workshop 2 on February 22. Both events take
place at the Dallas Hyatt Regency. Registration for both events
is available online at www.concretesdc.org and on site.
SDC 41 topics will include artificial intelligence in
construction engineering, dynamic testing of walls and wall
systems, high-strength reinforcement in reinforced concrete
design and construction, and concrete in nuclear construction.
Forum 41 will also host several Technology Showcases,
highlighting new and innovative equipment, materials, and
applications that have the potential to improve and advance the
industry. SDC 41 Technology Showcases will include the
following technologies:
•• ARDEX Concrete Management SystemTM—a new way to
finish concrete relevant to those building sectors that have
stringent tolerances, fast-track construction, and moisture-
sensitive flooring;
•• Aridus® Technology—a rapid-drying concrete technology that
eliminates costly and time-consuming moisture mitigation
systems or extended drying time, from US Concrete;
Global
Online
Learning
Resource
www.ACIUniversity.com
•• PT Plug—an innovative, reliable way to improve and
speed the process of providing post-tensioning anchorage
corrosion protection;
•• create
CAPCELL —a technology that uses carbon dioxide to
TM
a stable system of discrete voids (entrained air) in
concrete, developed by CellTech, LLC; and
•• The Super Air Meter—a test apparatus and method (now
an AASHTO standard) for evaluating air content and the
air void system in fresh concrete, developed at Oklahoma
State University.
The second in a series, the Concrete 2029 roadmapping
workshop will build on the workshop held prior to the SDC
Technology Forum 40 by mapping improvements in the areas
of concrete quality and durability, concrete industry
perception, and construction productivity.
More information regarding the Concrete 2029
Roadmapping Workshop and Technology Forum 41, including
a complete agenda for the forum, is available at www.
concretesdc.org.
• Certificate programs and
online webinars.
• Hundreds of on-demand
courses available 24/7.
• Topics include concrete
materials, design,
construction, and MORE.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 33
 CERTIFYING 20,000+
CONCRETE SPECIALISTS ANNUALLY

From finishers and technicians, to supervisors, inspectors, and more,

the American Concrete Institute provides 20,000+ certifications
annually in over 20 programs across the globe. That’s over
400,000 individuals certified since the programs were launched
back in the 1980s. Prove your knowledge, demonstrate your skills,
and earn one of the concrete industry’s most popular certifications.
Learn how at www.concrete.org/certification.
Guide to Shotcrete
Some key changes were made to the new version
by Lars Balck
I
n 1910, naturalist Carl Akeley introduced a machine he
invented to build mortar models of animals at the cement
show in New York.1 Shortly after, the Cement Gun Product
Company was formed and the term “gunite”—what we now
call dry-mix shotcrete—was coined. The cement gun was a
breakthrough for concrete construction. Mortar could now be
conveyed long distances and produce high-strength concrete
(shotcrete).
By 1916, however, manufacturing problems, the failure of
a test application on the Panama Canal, and bickering among
the original partners put the Cement Gun Product Company
on the verge of bankruptcy. Samuel Taylor, a munitions and
mining equipment manufacturer, bought the Cement Gun
Company later the same year. He recognized both the
potential of the cement gun and knew that the poor reputation
gunite had developed impeded its success. To turn things
around, Taylor consolidated control of the company and
became the sole manufacturer. He then put together an
experienced team and organized a contracting company to
specialize in the placement of gunite. Engineering articles in
the Cement Gun Company Bulletin were produced and
reprinted in a number of engineering periodicals. These
articles documented many of the merits of using gunite,
including producing compressive strengths as high as 10,000 psi
(69 MPa). Those strengths were extremely impressive for that
time. Mixture proportions of 1-2-3 concrete (one shovel of
cement, two shovels of sand, and three of large aggregate)
were customary for site-mixed concrete and generally only
achieved strengths of 3000 psi (21 MPa).
Between 1916 and 1920, Taylor improved gunite’s
reputation and reversed the cement gun sales decline.
Everyone wanted a cement gun, and many were sent overseas.
Of course, success also attracted imitators. By 1950, with no
standards for equipment, a variety of manufacturers around
the world produced inferior equipment that impeded the
This article originally appeared in Shotcrete, Summer 2016, pp. 16-19.
It is reprinted courtesy of the American Shotcrete Association (ASA).
proper application of gunite. On top of that, inexperienced
contractors with no idea of the details required for good gunite
field application produced poor-quality gunite on many
projects. Once again, gunite developed a bad reputation.
A Technical Committee on Shotcrete was
Needed
ACI established a shotcrete technical committee in 1960.
The term “shotcrete” was adopted by ACI because the original
“gunite” was a registered tradename. The new ACI
Committee 506 was charged with revising ACI Standard
805-51, “Recommended Practice for the Application of
Mortar by Pneumatic Pressure.” In 6 years, the committee—
comprised of experienced shotcrete contractors, owners
(including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), and testing
laboratories—published the ACI Standard, “Recommended
Practice for Shotcreting (ACI 506-66).” This was essentially
the first version of the document we now call the “Guide to
Shotcrete.” The purpose of the Recommended Practice was to
educate engineers, owners, and contractors about shotcrete
and to provide practice standards to improve the quality of
shotcrete projects. Much of the content in the early ACI 506-66
document is still contained in the present Guide. Updated
versions were published in 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2005.
ACI Committee 506 continued to develop an assortment of
documents to provide the engineering and construction
industry comprehensive technical information on shotcrete.
Prior to last year, the committee’s catalog of documents included:
•• ACI 506.1R-08, “Guide to Fiber-Reinforced Shotcrete”;
•• ACI 506.2-13, “Specification for Shotcrete”;
•• ACI 506.4R-04, “Guide for the Evaluation of Shotcrete”;
and
•• ACI 506.5R-09, “Guide to Specifying Underground
Shotcrete.”
Update of “Guide to Shotcrete”
The most recent “Specification for Shotcrete (ACI 506.2)”2
was published in 2013. Because ACI’s format for specification
documents requires concise, mandatory language without any
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 35
explanatory commentary, it was decided to reorganize the next
revision of the Guide to serve as a commentary for the new
specification. ACI 506.2-13 is organized in standard three-part
format (1.0 General, 2.0 Materials, and 3.0 Execution). The
new Guide follows the same format with the addition of extra
sections on equipment and crew responsibilities, which were
part of the old Guide. A new section on sustainability has also
been added to the new Guide.
The front end of the Guide was rearranged to accommodate
sections on History, Application, New Developments, and
Research. These sections form the Preface in the front to
the Guide.
Here are some of the key changes in the new Guide:
Scope—ACI 506.2-13 directs the engineer to specify
whether the shotcrete is structural or nonstructural. The new
Guide defines structural shotcrete as shotcrete with a
compressive strength of 4000 psi (28 MPa) or greater. After
considerable discussion, it was decided to not address polymer
shotcrete due to the numerous field problems and dwindling
use. The Guide does not recommend use of polymer shotcrete.
Submittals—This is a new section in the Guide. The
purpose is to provide a handy cross reference for the
contractor when preparing project submittals. It should also
help the engineer when reviewing submittals.
Preconstruction testing by contractor—This is another
new section. Increasingly, shotcrete is replacing “form-and-
pour” concrete. Many engineers, however, are unfamiliar with
shotcrete, so preconstruction testing by the contractor is
recommended. This section gives guidance to both the
engineer and contractor as to when preconstruction testing
best serves the purpose and scope of the project. Preconstruction
testing is typically needed to demonstrate that the contractor
can properly encase complex reinforcing steel layouts on the
project. In some cases, use of special concrete mixtures will
necessitate preconstruction testing. Mockup panels are helpful
for demonstrating a particular shotcrete surface finish early in
the project. Agreement by the A/E on a mockup panel can
prevent a lot of future conflict. On a side note, this section
started out as a separate document but the committee
eventually decided to include it in the Guide instead of
referring to a separate document.
Testing during construction—In the previous version of
the Guide, there was just a brief section on testing. Quality
assurance and quality control (QA/QC) guidance has been
expanded. However, implementing a QA/QC program
requires a holistic approach so the size and character of the
project should determine the amount of effort given to QA/QC.
The Guide provides some guidance for making this determination.
Shotcrete samples for compressive testing, unlike concrete
cylinder samples, are cores taken from a shot panel.
Compressive strength testing of samples of the concrete
mixture taken from the back of a concrete truck only verifies
concrete mixture capability. Because shotcrete placement uses
high-velocity impact for consolidation and it has some change
in mixture proportions as a result of rebound, it does not
36 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
represent in-place shotcrete strength. The only way to know
the shotcrete strength is to take a core from a shot sample
panel. Typically, the compressive strength of shotcrete cores
exceeds the compressive strength of molded cylinder samples
of the shotcrete mixture as delivered in the truck. Because
there are different shotcrete panels used for shotcrete
sampling, the new guide describes both the difference and
purpose of three different shotcrete panels:
1. Material panels;
2. Nozzleman/project qualification panels; and
3. Nozzleman certification panels.
Admixtures—Advances in chemistry have improved
admixtures and made dramatic impact on plastic concrete
properties. In the past, shotcrete had to have a 2 to 3 in. (50 to
75 mm) slump. Today with admixtures, we are able to pump
high-slump concrete through a small-diameter line long
distances, and yet hang or stack the shotcrete as needed. The
increased use of admixtures is one reason shotcrete
contractors are competing and winning projects based on cost
from traditional form-and-pour concrete contractors. Also,
throughout the Guide, the committee recommends testing if a
contractor is trying anything new.
Shotcrete properties—Shotcrete properties have remained
the same with the default compressive strength for structural
shotcrete in ACI 506.2-13 as 4000 psi (28 MPa).
Air content—Air content in shotcrete has been a source of
friction between contractors and inspectors/engineers.
Inspectors familiar with concrete become alarmed if the air
content in the shotcrete mixture is greater than 6%. It has been
repeatedly demonstrated that even with air content in the
delivered concrete as great as 10%, the resultant in-place air
content will be only 3 to 5%.
Most concrete specifications call for 5 to 6% air content for
concrete to provide resistance to frequent freezing-and-
thawing cycling. Dry-mix shotcrete, however, has for years
demonstrated excellent freezing-and-thawing resistance with
only 2 to 3% in-place air content. Likewise, wetmix shotcrete
when shot with 5 to 6% entrained air has also demonstrated
excellent freezing-and-thawing resistance, although the
in-place air content of the as-shot shotcrete is only 3 to 5%. In
practice, we find about half of the entrained air in concrete is
lost during wet-mix shotcrete placement. Shotcrete,
however, due to its low water-cementitious materials ratio
(w/cm) and the high level of compaction that occurs during
placement has proven to be resistant to repeated freezing-
and-thawing cycles.
Boiled water absorption (BWA)—The BWA test can also
cause controversy so clarification has been added. The BWA
test and volume of permeable voids test is widely used in
Canada. However, testing labs in the continental United States
don’t have much experience with BWA testing, so erratic
results have been reported and often lead to questions about
the ability of the testing laboratory to properly conduct the
test. A baseline BWA for the concrete mixture (not shot)
should be conducted before testing shotcrete cores.
 Bond strength—The bond strength of shotcrete continues
to be one of shotcrete’s main attributes. Because shotcrete is
physically driven into the receiving surface by the high-
velocity impact of the fresh concrete particles, excellent bond
is achieved. Studies focusing on the bond qualities of
shotcrete have proven that high-velocity placement to a
sound substrate surface with adequate roughness provides
durable bond.
Multiple layers—This section has been added to help
inform engineers who often confuse placement of multiple
layers of shotcrete with the cold joints experienced with
form-and-pour concrete. Shotcrete provides excellent bond
between layers due to the consolidation and densification by
high-velocity impact of fresh concrete onto a properly
prepared concrete substrate. Studies of bond between multiple
layers of shotcrete have proven shotcrete achieves excellent
bond between layers, and provides a structural section that
acts as if placed monolithically.
Finishing—The Guide has expanded the section on
finishes. The preferred finish is still a “gun” or “natural
as-shot” finish. However, to compete with form-and-pour
concrete, some owners want a smooth trowel finish which, for
shotcrete, requires a two- or three-step procedure.
Tolerances—The tolerance section has been expanded.
Because shotcrete permits a wider variety of applications and
surface finishes than form-and-pour concrete, “Specification
for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials
(ACI 117-10) and Commentary (ACI 117R-10)”3 specifically
excludes shotcrete. ACI 117 provides excellent guidance for
reinforcement placement and cover. The Guide gives the
shotcrete project specifier criteria for specifying tolerances.
Repair—A section on shotcrete repair was added to
provide commentary to the ACI 506.2-13 repair section.
Sustainability—In recent years, ACI has requested that
new documents address sustainability. Shotcrete shares not
only concrete’s durability, but because of its unique
characteristics, also enhances concrete’s sustainability.
Shotcrete promotes sustainability in many ways, including but
not limited to:
•• A repair material that extends a structure’s life;
•• Formwork reduction, which saves resources;
•• Reduction of equipment needs on a project;
•• Reduction of the time for construction; and
•• Promotes creativity due to the ease of construction of
curved sections.
Safety—Early in preparation of the Guide, a chapter on
safety was compiled. Traditionally, however, ACI has not
produced safety documents. During development of the
Guide, the American Shotcrete Association (ASA) put
together a safety document far more encompassing than what
was planned for the guide, so the safety chapter was discarded.
Shotcrete Has Come a Long Way
The new “Guide to Shotcrete (ACI 506R-16)”4 builds on
the original 1966 ACI Standard, “Recommended Practice for
Shotcreting (ACI 506-66),” and has been reorganized to serve
as commentary to “Specification for Shotcrete (ACI 506.2-13).”
A section on “Preconstruction testing by contractor” was
added to provide guidance on when to include and what to
include for preconstruction testing. Also, “Testing during
construction,” which is QA/QC guidance, was expanded. The
QA/QC section defines the different types of shotcrete panels
for testing or evaluation. The section on admixtures has been
updated. The new Guide continues to emphasize the superior
bond strength shotcrete achieves and explains why
multilayered shotcrete should not be considered multiple cold
joints. Lastly, shotcrete enhances the sustainability properties
of concrete.
The new Guide, like the first guide, is a consensus
document compiled by volunteers with the goal of improving
the quality of shotcrete projects. The volunteers, to be sure,
have differences of opinion most often driven by different
experiences in different regions. Thank you to all the Guide
volunteers who devoted many, many hours of their time.
References
1. Rodriquez, L., From Elephants to Swimming Pools: Carl Akeley,
Samuel W. Taylor, and the Development of the Cement Gun, Canal
History and Technology Press, Easton, PA, 2006, 150 pp.
2. ACI Committee 506, “Specification for Shotcrete (ACI 506.2-13),”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 12 pp.
3. ACI Committee 117, “Specification for Tolerances for Concrete
Construction and Materials (ACI 117-10) and Commentary (ACI 117R-10)
(Reapproved 2015),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2010, 76 pp.
4. ACI Committee 506, “Guide to Shotcrete (ACI 506R-16),”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 52 pp.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Lars Balck is a Concrete Consultant
and ASA/ACI Nozzleman Examiner. He
recently retired from CROM, LLC, as
a Senior Vice President. He has been
involved in the design and construction
of prestressed concrete tanks built with
shotcrete for over 40 years. He received
his bachelor’s degree in civil engineering
from the University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, and served with the U.S. Army as First Lieutenant
in Vietnam as a Combat Engineer. Balck is a Past President
of ASA. He is Chair of ACI Subcommittee 506-C, Shotcreting-
Guide; a past Chair and current member of ACI Committee 506,
Shotcreting; and member of ACI Committees 376, Concrete
Structures for Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Containment; 563,
Specifications for Repair of Structural Concrete in Buildings; and
C660, Shotcrete Nozzleman Certification.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 37
Nano-Modified Fly Ash
Concrete
Field trial of mixtures developed as repair materials
by Ahmed A. Ghazy, Mohamed T. Bassuoni, Ahmed Shalaby, and Rod Hamilton
S ome rapid-setting repair materials for concrete
pavements do not achieve their target service lives,
resulting in significant economic and social losses.1
This is particularly critical, as the U.S. Federal Highway
Administration estimates that $85 billion in annual capital
investment up to 2028 is needed to improve the physical
condition of existing road assets sufficiently to achieve the
Department of Transportation’s benchmark for ride quality.2
Partial depth repair (PDR) of concrete pavements is a
rehabilitation technique used to restore pavements with
localized surface distress such as spalls and wide cracks. PDR
is normally limited to a maximum of 1/3 the slab thickness.3
Often, the selection of the repair material is based on the
allowable lane closure time, which is linked to the strength
development of the material over time, so PDR materials
typically include accelerators and Type III cement or proprietary
rapid-setting binders. However, this approach may not
necessarily lead to selecting the most compatible and durable
repair product. Some high-early-strength cementitious repair
materials have sufficient strength at early age; however, many
of these materials are vulnerable to cracking, poor bonding,
and premature deterioration due to incompatibility with the
existing (parent) concrete pavement or their susceptibility to
thermal gradients and autogenous shrinkage.1,4,5
The University of Manitoba, in collaboration with the City
of Winnipeg, MB, Canada, recently developed an owner’s
guide for PDR applications. The guide includes a list of
approved PDR concretes (in-house mixtures) that provide
adequate early-age and long-term performance, with
optimized cost and appropriate service life.3
Nanomaterials have been proven to accelerate hydration,
setting time, and strength development; improve mechanical
properties; and reduce total shrinkage as well as permeability.
The latter benefits can contribute to improving the durability
and longevity of concrete.4,6-10 In the PDR project,4 nanosilica
was used to produce nano-modified fly ash concrete (NMFC)
as a repair material. The repair mixtures comprised fly ash
(Class F) to be compatible with concrete pavement mixtures
38 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
used in Manitoba, where 15% fly ash is typically used.
NMFC mixtures produced in the laboratory achieved a
reasonable balance of early-age and long-term behavior,
as demonstrated by setting time, strength development,
compatibility/bonding, and resistance to infiltration of fluids
and salt-frost scaling.4 Hence, they have been included in
the guide for PDR of concrete pavements for Winnipeg.3
This article reports on the first field trial of NMFC for PDR
of transverse joints located on a major urban arterial road
in Winnipeg.
Application
Materials
General use (GU) portland cement and Class F fly ash,
which meet the requirements of CAN/CSA-A300111 standard,
were used as the main components of the binder. In addition,
a commercial nanosilica sol (50% solid content of SiO2
dispersed in an aqueous solution) was incorporated in all
binders. Table 1 lists binder properties.
Four NMFC mixtures were prepared. Two of the mixtures
included a nonchloride accelerator complying with ASTM
C494/C494M Type E and shown by trials to be compatible with
the nanosilica and the high-range water-reducing admixture
(HRWRA) used in the PDR mixtures. Locally available
aggregates were used. The coarse aggregate was natural gravel
with maximum size of 9.5 mm (3/8 in.), specific gravity of 2.65,
and absorption of 2%. The fine aggregate was well-graded river
sand with fineness modulus of 2.9, specific gravity of 2.53, and
absorption of 1.5%. The HRWRA was based on polycarboxylic
acid (complying with ASTM C494/C494M Type F) and was
added to maintain a slump ranging from 100 to 150 mm (4 to
6 in.). An air-entraining admixture conforming to ASTM C260/
C260M was used to provide a fresh air content of 6 ± 1%.
Construction procedures
Each test joint was surveyed and prepared in accordance
with the protocol in Reference 3 (Fig. 1). A schematic cross
section of a repair is shown in Fig. 2. The repaired areas in
Table 1: (a) (b)
Properties of GU cement, fly ash, and nanosilica used
to produce NMFC
Cement Fly ash Nanosilica
Chemical phases, % of total
SiO2 19.21 55.20 99.17
Al2O3 5.01 23.13 0.38
Fe2O3 2.33 3.62 0.02
CaO 63.22 10.81 — (c) (d)
MgO 3.31 1.11 0.21
SO3 3.01 0.22 —
Na2Oeq 0.12 3.21 0.20
Physical properties
Specific gravity 3.15 2.12 1.40
Mean particle size, µm 13.15 16.56 35×10–3
(e) (f)
Fineness, m2/kg 390* 290* 80000†
Viscosity, Cp — — 8
pH — — 9.5
*
Blaine fineness
†
Nanosilica fineness was determined by titration with sodium hydroxide12

Fig. 1: Preparation of a transverse joint for partial depth repair: (a) the
this field trial (transverse joints; symmetrically cut to the left
extent of deterioration was determined by “sounding” the concrete;
and right to re-establish new joints) represent a critical (b) the boundary of the delamination was marked; (c) about 75 mm
scenario for repair applications because they are likely (3 in.) beyond the boundary, the pavement was sawcut to a minimum
vulnerable to drying/restrained shrinkage (high surface-to- depth of 50 mm (2 in.); (d) the deteriorated concrete was removed
volume ratio) and premature deterioration (entrapment with a demolition hammer; (e) the repair area was shot blasted to
of salt-solutions and freezing-and-thawing cycles).13,14 remove loose particles; and (f) remaining residue was removed using
Therefore, it is desirable for candidate repair materials to a compressed air wand
exhibit a balance between early-age properties and long-
term performance. The NMFC mixtures were designed to Saw cut
75 mm (3 in.) Deteriorated area
satisfy these requirements while providing a cost-effective 50 mm (2 in.)
and sustainable repair alternative.
Two concrete mixtures with normal setting times (designated
as N) were prepared with two dosages of fly ash (22.5% and
30% replacement by mass of the total binder comprising GU
cement and fly ash—385 kg/m3 [648 lb/yd3]). Nanosilica was
added to the mixtures at a dosage Fig. 2: Configuration of the repair cross section
of 6% by mass of the base binder Table 2:
(a solid content of 23 kg/m3 Proportions of NMFC mixtures
[39 lb/yd3]). In addition, two cor­­­
aggregate, kg/m3

responding rapid-setting concrete

Fine aggregate,

Estimated cost,
Accelerator*,

mixtures (designated as R) were

Nanosilica*,
Mixture ID

HRWRA*,

prepared with an accelerating

Can$/m3
Cement,

Fly ash,

Coarse
Water,

admixture. The proportions of all

kg/m3

kg/m3

kg/m3

kg/m3

kg/m3

kg/m3

kg/m3

mixtures are shown in Table 2.

To improve quality, efficiency, NF22.5 298 87 23 154 830 830 1.8 0 250
and productivity of the repair
NF30 269 116 23 154 830 830 1.6 0 230
process, the constituents were
prepackaged in the laboratory and RF22.5 298 87 23 154 830 830 1.4 3.1 275
delivered to the site (Fig. 3). The RF30 269 116 23 154 830 830 1.2 3.0 255
binders were packaged in heavy- *
Nanosilica, HRWRA, and accelerator were in liquid form with solid contents of 50%, 70%, and 45%,
duty polyethylene lined bags, respectively. Note: 1 kg/m3 = 1.7 lb/yd3

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 39

 Binder Aggregates (a) (b)
(cement and fly ash) (natural gravel and sand)

Liquid phase (water,

nanosilica, and admixtures)
Fig. 3: Prepackaged constituents for NMFC mixture NF30

(a) (b)
(c) (d)

(c) (d)

Fig. 4: Sequence of mixing for
(e)
the NMFC repairs: (a) liquid
components (water, nanosilica,
and admixtures) were stirred
vigorously at 1800 to 2600 rpm
for 45 seconds; (b) about 15%
of the liquid was added to the
aggregates while mixing for
30 seconds; (c) cement and fly
ash were blended with the aggregates and mixed in the mixer
for 60 seconds; (d) the remaining liquid was added and mixing
continued for 2 minutes; and (e) the mixture was ready for placement
each yielding 15 L (0.53 ft3) with the aggregate. The water,
nanosilica, and admixtures were packaged together in sealed
containers. Materials were mixed in a portable concrete mixer
at 60 revolutions per minute with a 90 L (3 ft3) lift/rotating
drum. The mixing sequence is shown in Fig. 4. Roughly two
60 L (2 ft3) batches were needed for each area.
The NMFC repairs were made as shown in Fig. 5.
Mixture tests
The following tests were performed to assess the quality of
the NMFC repair mixtures:
•• Slump and slump loss per ASTM C143/C143M, “Standard
Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete”;
Fig. 5: After a joint had been prepared for a partial depth repair
(Fig. 1 and 2): (a) the repair area was moistened; (b) a polyethylene
joint former was installed at the original joint location; (c) the repair
area was slightly overfilled, the mixture vibrated using a pencil
vibrator, and the surface was finished with hand trowels level with
the existing pavement; and (d) two coats of white-pigmented curing
compound were sprayed over the patched areas as soon as bleed
water evaporated from the surface
•• Air content per ASTM C231/C231M, “Standard Test
Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by
the Pressure Method”;
•• Temperature per ASTM C1064/C1064M, “Standard Test
Method for Temperature of Freshly Mixed Hydraulic-
Cement Concrete”;
••
Strength per ASTM C39, “Standard Test Method for
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.”
Test cylinders were prepared during field placement and
kept outside the laboratory under similar climatic
conditions to that of the repair patches. Tests were made
at 16 hours, and 1, 3, and 28 days;
•• Penetrability (at 28 days) per ASTM C1202, “Standard
Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability
to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration” (RCPT). Cylinders
were prepared and cured similar to those used for
compressive strength tests. After completing the RCPT, the
specimens were axially split and sprayed with 0.1 M silver
nitrate solution, which forms a white precipitate of silver
chloride in approximately 15 minutes, to measure the
physical penetration depth of chloride ions15;

40 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

•• Ultrasonic pulse velocity was measured in the Table 3:
repair areas before opening to traffic (1 day for Properties of fresh NMFC
the R mixtures and 3 days for the N mixtures) Slump, mm (in.)
and after 28 days; and Density, Air
•• Volume stability was measured using simulated Mixture Temperature, kg/m3 Test time, minutes content,
repairs. Substrates comprised concrete slabs with ID °C (°F) (lb/ft3) 0 15 30 %
300 x 260 mm (12 x 10 in.) surface area and 140 mm 2225 105 75 30
NF22.5 25.5 (77.9) 7.7
(6 in.) thickness, produced using mixtures typical (139) (4.13) (2.95) (1.18)
of existing concrete pavement in Manitoba. Slab 2224 125 90 40
mixtures had 350 kg/m3 (22 lb/ft3) total binder, with NF30 21.5 (70.7) 6.8
(139) (4.92) (3.54) (1.57)
85% GU cement and 15% fly ash, and 0.38 water- 2231 135 55 10
to-binder ratio (w/b). After slabs were aged for 4 to RF22.5 28.5 (83.3) 7.3
(139) (5.31) (2.17) (0.39)
6 months to minimize the residual shrinkage, 30 mm 2230 155 70 25
(1.2 in.) thick NMFC layers were placed on the top RF30 27.0 (80.6) 7.1
(139) (6.10) (2.76) (0.98)
surfaces. Two slabs were produced for each NMFC
mixture. The slabs were exposed to hot-dry conditions Hardened properties
(40 ± 2°C [104 ± 4°F] and 35 ± 5% relative humidity Compressive strength values for the NMFC cylinders
[RH]), and average shrinkage over time was determined prepared in the field and cured under the same conditions
by measuring length change using dial gauge extensometers. of patched joints at different ages (16 hours and 1, 3, and
28 days) are listed in Table 4. As previously mentioned,
Findings and Discussion the selection of the repair material is typically based on the
Fresh properties opening times required for a specific site. Therefore, the R
The properties of fresh NMFC mixtures are listed in mixtures were designed for an opening time of 1 day, at which
Table 3. All NMFC mixtures were below 30°C (86°F) at the mixtures would reach a compressive strength of at least
the time of placement, which met the City of Winnipeg’s 15 MPa (3000 psi).3 Comparatively, the N mixtures are
specifications.16 Also, 30% fly ash addition was effective recommended for sites where opening to traffic is not required
at reducing the temperature rise during hydration. during the first 72 hours.3
Incorporation of 22.5 to 30% Class F fly ash helped control The R mixtures gained the target compressive strength after
the shrinkage of nano-modified concrete as indicated by the 16 to 24 hours, as shown in Table 4. The average early-age (up
absence of surface cracks after 28 days. This can be to 3 days) strength for the R mixtures increased approximately
attributed to its dilution effect (by replacement of the by 31% in comparison to the N mixtures. This is ascribed to the
cement component) and balancing the reactivity of presence of the accelerating admixture, which sped up the rate
nano-silica, especially at early age.4 The average daily of hydration reactions and increased the early-age strength. On
temperatures and RH over 28 days after casting were 22°C the other hand, the compressive strength of the N mixtures
(72°F) and 82%, respectively, with intermittent rainfall markedly improved at and after 3 days, as these mixtures
(4 days during the first week), which contributed to gained 25 MPa (3630 psi) or more. Hence, the slow rate of
improving the curing efficiency of the NMFC. Moreover, strength development for concrete incorporating Class F fly ash
the NMFC mixtures retained adequate consistency and was controlled by the addition of a small dosage of nanosilica.
cohesiveness up to 30 minutes after initial mixing allowing After 28 days, the compressive strength for all the NMFC
added flexibility in casting, compaction, and finishing of the mixtures ranged between 41 to 48 MPa (5950 and 6960 psi),
repair patches. The incorporation of the accelerator made
the initial slump of the R mixtures higher than that of the N Table 4:
mixtures, whereas the residual slump was higher for the N Compressive strength of NMFC at different ages
mixtures after 15 and 30 minutes of mixing. This is ascribed Compressive strength, MPa (standard deviation)
to the effect of Type E accelerator, which initially improved
Test time
the consistency (plasticizing effect), and subsequently
Mixture 16
shortened the rate of hardening (accelerating effect), as
ID hours 1 day 3 days 28 days 180 days
shown in Table 3. Incorporation of a higher dosage of fly ash
(30%) had a pronounced effect on improving the consistency NF22.5 — 18 (2.55) 27 (1.97) 47 (2.18) 51 (1.11)
up to 30 minutes after mixing due to increasing the volume NF30 — 16 (3.15) 25 (3.86) 48 (1.57) 53 (2.53)
fraction of paste comprising spherical fly ash particles with 19
RF22.5 22 (4.54) 32 (2.87) 43 (3.39) 45 (2.47)
slower reactivity. Generally, all the fresh properties of (2.76)
NMFC produced in the field conformed to that of laboratory 16
RF30 20 (3.84) 29 (4.31) 41 (3.98) 46 (2.71)
concrete,4 indicating the success of the prepacking and (4.93)
mixing procedures adopted in this field trial. Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 41

which is overlapping with the target range for the parent
concrete (40 to 43 MPa [5800 and 6240 psi]), suggesting
that the assembly will behave as an integral system owing
to compatibility. The compatibility and strength development
of the NMFC mixtures in terms of hydration evolution,
bonding, and microstructural features were presented in an
earlier study.4
Before opening the repaired areas for traffic (after 1 day
for R mixtures and 3 days for N mixtures), a total of 40 UPV
measurements (indirect mode) were made on each joint
to inspect the quality of the repair patches in terms of
homogeneity and integrity. In addition, the same procedure
was repeated for all patches at 28 days. Indirect measurements
were conducted using a coordinate system drawn on the
repair surface, as shown in Fig. 6. Repairs for all NMFC
mixtures had an average pulse velocity greater than 3500 m/s
at the time of opening to traffic (Table 5), indicating that they
had adequate uniformity and minimal internal flaws,
shrinkage cracks, or debonding.17 Moreover, the UPV results
at 28 days indicated that all repairs continued to densify over
time, as the lowest pulse velocity at 28 days was more than
5100 m/s.
RCPT data for cylinders exposed to the same environmental
conditions as the repair patches are listed in Table 6. The
chloride penetration depths are shown in Fig. 7. Using the
classification recommended in ASTM C1202, all NMFC
mixtures had “very low” penetrability, as the charge passed
was less than 1000 coulombs. All mixtures also had markedly
low chloride penetration depths (less than 10 mm [0.4 in.]),
indicating densification of the mixture and discontinuity of
the pore structure. The same trends were observed in the
laboratory study.4
The shrinkage behavior and the crack patterns after
180 days are presented in Fig. 8. It is conceivable that the
degree of cracking was exaggerated by the continual hot-dry
exposure. In the field, frequent increases in RH and
precipitation would be expected to reduce shrinkage and
cracking. The observed early-age shrinkage behavior
correlates with early acceleration in the hydration process.
Densification and desiccation of the repair materials are
likely causes for the notable reduction in shrinkage rate after

Fig. 6: A grid was applied to the surface of a repaired joint to allow

locations to be correlated with UPV measurements

Table 5:
Ultrasonic test velocity data for test repairs Fig. 7: Whitish precipitates show the average penetration depth of
chloride ions for the four NMFC mixtures evaluated in this study
Mixture Average UPV at Average UPV at 28 days,
(Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
ID opening to traffic, m/s m/s

NF22.5 4410 5690 Curing compound Drying conditions

and 27 days at (40±2°C, 35±5% RH)
NF30 4240 5900 23±2°C, 55±5% RH Time, days
RF22.5 4340 5430 0 20 40 60 140 160 180
Restrained shrinkage, microstrain

RF30 3970 5150

-100
Table 6:
RCPT results at 28 days -200

Mixture Charge passed, Average penetration -300

ID coulombs depth, mm (standard error)
-400
NF22.5 541 6 (0.46) NF22.5 NF30 RF22.5 RF30
NF30 423 5 (0.24)
RF22.5 581 7 (0.32)
Fig. 8: Restrained shrinkage and crack patterns of the NMFC repair
RF30 622 9 (0.29) layer in the concrete test slabs. Crack patterns were obtained after
Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in. specimens had aged 180 days (Note: °C = 0.56°F − 32)

42 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

28 days. The presence of the accelerator in the R mixtures
magnified the shrinkage rates up to 28 days (increased by
9 to 16%) and their total shrinkage at 180 days (increased
by 15 to 18%) relative to the corresponding N mixtures.
Generally, increasing the fly ash content in the N and R
mixtures led to reductions in the rate of shrinkage (an
average of 12% up to 28 days and 17% at 180 days). Also,
Mixture RF30 had lower intensity of surface cracking
compared to RF22.5. The action of the higher dosage of fly
ash (30%) can be linked to its dilution effect and slower
reactivity at early age, resulting in decreasing the rate of the
shrinkage up to 28 days. Moreover, desiccation as well as
densification and increased mechanical properties for these
mixtures (as indicated in Table 4) resulted in minimal
increases in shrinkage after about 140 days.
Potential for NMFC
The NMFC mixtures produced and applied in this field
trial had reasonable consistency and slump retention
suitable for placement and finishing operations. In
addition, they achieved the target rate of strength
development, homogeneity of elastic behavior, and
resistance to ingress of fluids. Whether mixed in the field
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or the laboratory,4 the uniformity and quality of the NMFC
mixtures were comparable.
NMFC shows the potential for allowing transportation
agencies to control fresh and/or hardened properties by
adjusting the proportions of ingredients. Costs will also
be reduced due to the greater use of fly ash as a cement
replacement. We estimate that the direct cost of NMFC
materials with normal or accelerated setting times will be
comparable or about 12% higher, respectively than the cost
of normal concrete. Thus, NMFC presents a sustainable and
cost-effective option for repair of concrete pavements, with an
anticipated measurable impact on reducing life-cycle cost
of partial depth repairs due to its projected durability and
longevity.3,4 This field trial demonstrated the mixing,
placement, and testing procedures of NMFC as a novel repair
material for pavements with promising long-term performance.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council of Canada, University of Manitoba
Graduate Fellowship, and the City of Winnipeg. The IKO Construction
Materials Testing Facility at the University of Manitoba has been instru-
mental to this research.
Photo by DallasCVB
Follow us: @ACIFoundation
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 43
References ASTM C 1202 Rapid Chloride Penetrability Test,” Journal of ASTM
1. Li, M., and Li, V.C., “High-Early-Strength Engineered International, V. 3, No. 3, Mar. 2006, 13 pp.
Cementitious Composites for Fast, Durable Concrete Repair Material 16. “Specification CW 3310: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Properties,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 108, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2011, Works,” Public Works Department, City of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB,
pp. 3-12. Canada, 2014.
2. “2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure,” American 17. del Rı́o, L.M.; Jiménez, A.; López, F.; Rosa, F.J.; Rufo, M.M.;
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2013, 119 pp., www. and Paniagua, J.M., “Characterization and Hardening of Concrete
infrastructurereportcard.org (accessed June 21, 2016). with Ultrasonic Testing,” Ultrasonics, V. 42, No. 1-9, Apr. 2004,
3. “Guide for Partial Depth Repair of Concrete Pavements,” City of pp. 527-530.
Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2015, 21 pp.
4. Ghazy, A.; Bassuoni, M.T.; and Shalaby, A., “Nano-Modified Fly Note: Additional information on the ASTM standards discussed in this
Ash Concrete: A Repair Option for Concrete Pavements,” ACI Materials article can be found at www.astm.org.
Journal, V. 113, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2016, pp. 231-242.
5. Soliman, H., and Shalaby, A., “Characterizing the Perfor­­­­­ Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
mance of Cementitious Partial-Depth Repair Materials in Cold
Climates,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 70, Nov. 2014,
pp. 148-157. ACI member Ahmed A. Ghazy is a
6. Collepardi, M.; Collepardi, S.; Skarp, U.; and Troli, R., PhD Candidate at the University of
“Optimization of Silica Fume, Fly Ash and Amorphous Nano-Silica in Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. He
Superplasticized High-Performance Concrete,” Eighth CANMET/ACI is Vice President of the University of
International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Manitoba Student Chapter – ACI. His
Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-221, American Concrete Institute, Farmington research interests include durability of
Hills, MI, 2004, pp. 495-506. concrete, behavior of repair materials,
7. Sobolev, K., and Ferrada-Gutiérrez, M., “How Nanotechnology and characterization of microstructure
Can Change the Concrete World: Part Ι,” American Ceramic Society of porous materials.
Bulletin, V. 84, No. 10, 2005, pp. 14-17.
8. Gaitero, J.J.; Campillo, I.; and Guerrero, A., “Reduction of ACI member Mohamed T. Bassuoni is an
Associate Professor in the Department
the Calcium Leaching Rate of Cement Paste by Addition of Silica
of Civil Engineering at the University
Nanoparticles,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 8-9, Aug.
of Manitoba. He is a member of ACI
2008, pp. 1112-1118.
Committees 201, Durability of Concrete;
9. Flores, I.; Sobolev, K.; Torres-Martinez, L.M.; Cuellar, E.L.;
236, Material Science of Concrete;
Valdez, P.L.; and Zarazua, E., “Performance of Cement Systems
237, Self-Consolidating Concrete; and
with Nano-SiO2 Particles Produced by Using the Sol-Gel Method,”
241, Nanotechnology of Concrete. His
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research
research interests include cementitious
Board, V. 2141, 2010, pp. 10-14. materials and durability of concrete.
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“Colloidal Silica Admixture,” Concrete International, V. 36, No. 7, Ahmed Shalaby is a Professor of
July 2014, pp. 59-63. Civil Engineering at the University of
11. CAN/CSA-A3001, “Cementitious Materials for Use in Concrete,” Manitoba. His research interests include
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Mississauga, ON, Canada, pavement engineering and infrastructure
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Joint Transportation Research Program, West Lafayette, IN, 2012, Public Works Department at the City of
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44 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

Shallow Embedded Anchors
Load-carrying capacity of mechanical anchors under tension

by Werner Fuchs and Jan Hofmann

A
••
••
CI 318-14, Chapter 17,1 provides design
requirements for anchors in concrete used
to transmit structural loads between:
Connected structural elements; or
Safety-related attachments and structural elements.
concrete properties in the concrete cover is taken into account
by the capacity reduction factor ψre, even for anchors with
hef ≥ 1.5 in. Smaller embedment depths are allowed only in
statically indeterminate (redundant) nonstructural systems
subjected to static loads only. They are designed using an
Provided that they are used correctly, these provisions approach similar to the one in ICC-ES AC193. The minimum
result in safe and economical solutions for fastenings and hef is 1 in. for anchors subject to internal exposure conditions,
connections. However, Chapter 17 provisions are restricted to and the minimum hef is 1.25 in. (30 mm) for anchors in all
the design of structural anchors. In fact, the Commentary to other applications.
the Code explicitly states that specialty inserts—devices that These applications raise the question: Can ACI 318 be used
include those used for anchoring nonstructural elements—are to calculate the concrete break-out capacity of cast-in
“not within the scope of this Code.” specialty inserts or post-installed anchors with hef < 1.5 in.?
Modern buildings require the installation of cable trays, fire This paper presents background information on the ACI 318
sprinklers, air conditioning equipment, and pipes. The design procedure, parameters influencing the concrete tension
installations frequently are made using shallow fastenings capacity in the cover concrete, test results used to develop the
consisting of an individual anchor or groups of two or four European design approach, and a proposal for modifying the
anchors embedded in the concrete cover (Fig. 1). This means ACI 318 design concept to yield a conservative result for
that significant loads are carried by anchors that are embedded mechanical anchors with shallow embedment.
in the zone between the reinforcement and the outer surface of
reinforced or post-tensioned concrete slabs, precast hollow Shallow Anchorage
core concrete slabs, or concrete slabs on metal decks. Cast-in specialty inserts (Fig. 2) and mechanical post-
ICC-ES AC4462 covers the prequalification of cast-in installed anchors (Fig. 3) with shallow embedment have
specialty inserts and refers to ACI 318 as the design method become very popular for anchoring suspended mechanical,
resource for these nonstructural applications. The critical electrical, and air conditioning equipment, and piping and
parameter is embedment depth hef (Fig. 1 and 2). Post- conduit applications in buildings. In most cases, cast-in
installed anchors with hef ≥ 1.5 in. (40 mm) are prequalified
according to ICC-ES AC193,3 which is based on ACI 355.24
and also refers to ACI 318 for design provisions. ICC-ES
AC193 also allows anchors to have hef < 1.5 in., but the lower
limit for hef is 1.0 in. (25 mm) and the anchors must be used in
redundant anchorages in interior applications only. ICC-ES
AC193 also provides a special design method for these
redundant anchorages. In the event that one anchor fails or
exhibits excessive deflection, the method relies on having a
fixture that is capable of redistributing the load of the
insufficiently behaving anchor to the neighboring anchors. Fig. 1: Anchorage of nonstructural loads with shallow embedded
European design provisions for anchors are provided in anchors. This example shows a redundant system with four
EN 1992-4.5 In this standard, the unfavorable effect of the individual anchors

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 45

Fig. 2: Examples of cast-in specialty inserts covered by ICC-ES AC 4462
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Fig. 3: Examples of mechanical post-installed anchors (after EN
1992-45): (a) concrete screw; (b) undercut anchor, type 1; (c) undercut
anchor, type 2; (d) drop-in anchor; (e) wedge type expansion anchor;
and (f) sleeve type expansion anchor
specialty inserts and mechanical post-installed anchors with
internal threads are used since adhesive anchors present
challenges in making overhead installations, may have a
smaller fire resistance, and may have insufficient bond when
used with shallow embedment depths. The latter issue is the
result of installation effects such as pre-damage of the
concrete surface caused by hammer drilling.
However, it has to be noted that the behavior of anchors
embedded in the concrete cover differs significantly from
anchors with larger embedment depth. This is mainly due to
the properties of the cover concrete and presence of
reinforcement:
•• Properties of cover concrete
The concrete in the cover depth is unfavorably influenced
by vibration conditions and incomplete curing of the fresh
concrete, shrinkage cracking, environmental effects, and
carbonation. That is, the concrete properties are less favorable
in the cover zone as compared with the interior core region of
the concrete component serving as base material for structural
anchors.
While curing and shrinkage are major factors affecting the
properties of unformed concrete surfaces, the “wall effect”6-10
is of major importance for formed surfaces. The wall effect is
characterized by a local reduction in the concrete strength
caused by a high paste content (which decreases with
increasing distance from the formed surface).
46 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Fig. 4: Wall effect, based on Sourwerbren8
The high paste content arises because dense packing and
uniform distribution of the aggregates are prohibited by
geometrical constraints close to the formed concrete surface
(Fig. 4). While the volume of aggregates in the core concrete
usually can be found to comprise 70 to 75% of the total, the
volume of aggregates in the cover concrete can be as low as
40%. The high paste content leads to a reduced fracture
energy, a lower strength, and a more brittle failure mode for
the cover concrete. Therefore, the concrete break-out capacity
of shallow anchors can be lower than the value determined
using the ACI 318 design approach.
•• Presence of reinforcement
In nonstructural applications, the anchors might be
anchored at the level of dense reinforcement or adjacent to lap
splices. In these locations, the tensile stresses originating from
the anchors and the bond of the reinforcing bars are locally
superimposed. This can result in an earlier crack development
compared to cases where no reinforcement is present or where
the load is introduced by anchors with a sufficient distance to
the reinforcing bars.11 Furthermore, the presence of dense
reinforcement will disturb the proportioning of the aggregates.
These unfavorable effects will be less pronounced with
increasing anchor embedment depth.
Nevertheless, shallow embedded anchors are frequently
used in many types of construction and therefore play an
important role in engineering. Their particular importance
might be underlined by regarding the variety of safety-related
applications and the serious economic consequences in case of
failure. Therefore, only products prequalified according to
ICC-ES AC446 and ICC-ES AC193 (which is based on
ACI 355.2) should be used for the anchorage in the concrete
cover. Both prequalification procedures imply that the
concrete break-out capacity of these prequalified products is
to be determined according ACI 318. However, ACI 355.2
prescribes the testing programs for structural post-installed
mechanical anchors for use with the design method of ACI 318,
which is intended for only structural design. Therefore,
anchorage in the concrete cover presents an extrapolation of
the ACI provisions to a new field of application and must be
reviewed in detail.
In the following sections, the mechanical properties of the
concrete cover are presented, and their effects on the load
carrying capacity (limited by concrete failure) of mechanical
anchors under tension are provided to allow for the efficient
and safe design of shallow embedded anchors.
Background
Prequalification procedures
The basis of design of anchors is a reliable product
prequalified by an acknowledged procedure. For post-installed
anchors, ACI 355.2 is the prequalification standard, and it is
implemented through compliance with ICC-ES AC193. For
the prequalification of cast-in specialty inserts, ICC-ES
AC446 is used.
The relationships among ICC-ES AC446, ACI 355.2,
ICC-ES AC193, and ACI 318 are shown schematically in
Fig. 5. It should be noted that ACI 318 covers structural
fasteners and explicitly does not address specialty inserts for
nonstructural applications.
Prequalification procedures included in each document are
as follows:
•• ICC-ES AC446
ICC-ES AC446 covers the prequalification of headed
cast-in-place specialty inserts in concrete components and in
the soffit of concrete on metal deck floor and roof assemblies.
It provides requirements on the geometry and head bearing
area of inserts necessary to achieve equivalency with the
bearing behavior of headed studs or headed bolts that comply
with the ACI 318 provisions. Therefore, the prerequisite for
Prequalification Design
Headed cast-in
specialty inserts
ICC-ES AC446
Post-installed
mechanical anchors
ACI 318
ACI 355.2 (applies to structural anchors...
specialty inserts excluded)
ICC-ES AC193
(supplement to ACI 355.2)
Fig. 5: Relationships among ICC-ES AC446, ACI 355.2, and ICC-ES
AC193 for product prequalification and ACI 318 for design
the design of headed cast-in specialty inserts according to
ACI 318 is fulfilled.
ICC-ES AC446 states that the structural design of
compliant headed cast-in specialty inserts must be performed
in accordance with ACI 318, considering: 1) strength
reduction factors; 2) determination of tension strength as
governed by concrete breakout or side-face blowout; and
3) requirements on headed cast-in specialty insert edge
distance, spacing, member thickness, and concrete strength.
However, ICC-ES AC446 gives no limitations on
embedment depth and diameter of the insert. Hence
anchorages with hef < 1.5 in. could also be used. Due to lack
of a better approach, applications considered as
“nonstructural” would be designed as a structural element
with the ACI 318 design methods originally intended for
“structural” loads. This is a key reason why the behavior of
anchors under tension located in the cover concrete should be
further considered.
For installations in the soffit of concrete on metal deck, the
tension strength of the specialty insert must be determined
according to ACI 318 provided the dimensions of the concrete
break-out body are idealized as shown in Fig. 6. Although the
metal deck serves as “smeared reinforcement” to the concrete
breakout strength, its contribution must be neglected. This
restriction is essentially set by serviceability concerns since
the metal deck will positively influence the anchor strength
only after the tension load introduced by the anchor has
initiated cracking and displacement of the anchor.
ICC-ES also allows the establishment of the concrete
break-out strength of inserts by means of tests performed in
concrete on metal deck floor and roof assemblies. These tests
must reflect the intended use in accordance with ICC-ES
AC193 and Section D.4.2 of Appendix D in ACI 318-11.12 For
anchors meeting these standards, the calculation of the
Fig. 6: Inserts in the soffit of concrete on deck assemblies with
idealized concrete break-out body—examples from ICC-ES AC4462
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 47
concrete breakout strength is not required and the characteristic
tension strength for a single insert based on tests is reported in
the corresponding Evaluation Service Report (ESR).
•• ACI 355.2
ACI 355.2 applies to post-installed expansion and undercut
anchors intended for use in concrete designed under the
provisions of ACI 318. Anchor diameters must be at least 1/4 in.
(6 mm). This is based on practical considerations regarding
the limitation to structural anchor applications.
•• ICC-ES AC193
ICC-ES AC193 is based on ACI 355.2 and represents the
current state of knowledge in mechanical post-installed anchor
prequalification. It extends the range of ACI 355.2 to post-
installed screw anchors with a threaded length embedded in
the concrete of at least 1.5 in., which also represents the minimum
value of the effective embedment depth for post-installed
expansion and undercut anchors. Then the structural design of
the anchors is to be performed in accordance with ACI 318.
Appendix A4 of ICC-ES AC193 gives prequalification and
design provisions for anchors with hef < 1.5 in. and are outside
the scope of ACI 355.2 and ACI 318. These types of anchors
are prequalified exclusively for redundant applications and
must have hef of at least 1 in. The anchor installation is limited
to normalweight and sand-lightweight cracked and uncracked
concrete structural components with compressive strengths
between 2500 and 8500 psi (17 and 59 MPa). In design, however,
only a concrete compressive strength of 2500 psi is used
because ICC-ES AC193 permits no increase in anchor capacity
for greater concrete strengths. The maximum factored load per
anchorage point is 2 kN (450 lb) in case of three anchorage
points and 3 kN (675 lb) per anchorage point in case of at
least four anchorage points supporting a linear element.
Design provisions (background)
In the following, background information regarding the
design provisions of ACI 318 and EN 1992-4 is presented:
•• ACI 318
The design method in ACI 318 for determining the
concrete break-out capacity of anchorages under tension
loading is based on an analysis of a database of cast-in and
post-installed anchors with diameters of up to 2 in. (50 mm)
and hef values ranging from 1.5 to 25 in. (40 to 635 mm),13 as
shown in Fig. 7. Anchors with hef < 1.5 in. were not used for
the development of the equations because shallow embedded
anchors were not considered structural and there was lack of
sufficient test data.
•• EN 1992-4 (Europe)
The design provisions of EN 1992-4 apply only to anchors
with a prequalification according to a European Technical
Product Specification. They distinguish between the following
two cases:
• Anchors with hef ≥ 40 mm (1.5 in.)
For anchors with hef ≥ 40 mm, it is conservatively assumed
that the unfavorable influence of dense reinforcement in the
vicinity of anchors is limited to anchorages with hef ≤ 100 mm
48 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
(4 in.). Then the tension concrete break-out strength of
cast-in-place and post-installed anchors is multiplied with the
shell spalling factor ψre,N:
(SI units) (1a)
(in.-lb units) (1b)
For a shallow embedded anchorage with an embedment depth
of 40 mm, the multiplication with the factor ψre,N results in a
concrete break-out capacity reduction of 30%.
The factor ψre,N can be set at 1.0, if reinforcement (any
diameter) is present at a spacing of 150 mm (6 in.) or more; or
reinforcing bars with a diameter of 10 mm (No. 3 bars) or
smaller are present at a spacing of 100 mm or more.
These conditions must be fulfilled for both layers of an
orthogonal grid of reinforcing bars.
• Anchors with hef < 40 mm
In case of embedments smaller than 40 mm, EN 1992-4
refers to CEN/TR 17079, “Design of fastenings for use in
concrete—redundant nonstructural systems.”14 It provides
guidance for post-installed fasteners for fixing statically
indeterminate nonstructural lightweight systems with at least
three anchorage points (refer to Fig. 1 for an example). While
the standard applies for the case where one anchor or an
anchor group is installed in cracked or uncracked
normalweight concrete or precast prestressed hollow core
slabs, it does not cover applications in seismic areas.
In design, it is assumed that the anchors are prequalified
and that, in case of failure or excessive slip of an anchor, the
load can be transferred to adjacent anchors without violating
the requirements on the attached element with respect to the
serviceability and ultimate limit state. Under exterior
Fig. 7: Results of tests that served as the basis for the development
of the equation for determination of the concrete break-out strength
of single headed anchors subjected to tension according to the
CCD-method (Reference 13)
conditions, the minimum embedment depth is 30 mm (1.2 in.);
in internal exposure conditions, a minimum embedment depth
of 25 mm (1 in.) is permitted. The actual anchor capacity is
based on prequalification tests and must be taken from the
relevant European Technical Product Specification which is
the European equivalent to an ESR. However, the maximum
applicable design load is 2 kN per anchorage point in case of
three anchorage points and 3 kN per anchorage point in case
of minimum four anchorage points. In principle, this approach
corresponds to the rules given in ICC-ES AC193 for
redundant applications.
Anchors with hef values less than 25 mm are not covered by
European prequalification and design provisions.
Investigations
Results from the investigations described herein indicate
how the ACI 318 design approach can be modified for design
of anchorages in the concrete cover.
Anchors in concrete cover of highly reinforced
beams
The concrete break-out strength for anchors embedded in
the concrete cover of heavily reinforced concrete beams under
service load conditions was investigated by Fuchs.15 The tests
were performed on single anchors and four-anchor groups
(Fig. 8) placed in cracks in formed surfaces and in manually-
troweled concrete surfaces of beams. Undercut and sleeve-
type torque-controlled expansion anchors were tested, with hef
ranging from 40 to 60 mm (1.5 to 2.4 in.).
The concrete compressive strength was about 35 MPa
(4300 psi). The flexural reinforcement consisted of 28 mm
diameter deformed bars (No. 9 reinforcing bars) placed with a
clear spacing of about 30 mm. The concrete cover was 45 mm
(1.8 in.), so some anchors were embedded in the concrete
Fig. 8: Examples of anchorages in concrete cover of beams with
heavy reinforcement tested by Fuchs15 (Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
cover and others extended to near the centroid of the
reinforcing bars. To avoid an edge effect, the distance of the
anchors to the edges of the beam varied between 1.8hef and
2.25hef. The spacing was between 2.4hef and 3hef so that an
overlapping of the concrete break-out bodies was just possible.
Examples of the tested configurations are shown in Fig. 8.
The anchors were installed according to the corresponding
manufacturer’s installation instructions. All single anchors
were placed in hairline cracks. For four-anchor fastenings,
two of the four anchors were located in the same crack. After
anchors were installed, test beams were loaded until V-shaped
flexural cracks grew to an average width of about 0.3 mm
(0.012 in.), measured on the surface. This corresponds
approximately to the service load of the beam. In the final step,
the anchorages were subjected to increasing tension load until
failure occurred. The failure was characterized by shell spalling
of the concrete cover at the level of the flexural reinforcement
(Fig. 9). This failure mode can be explained as follows:
•• The load on the anchorage had to be resisted by the
concrete cover, and the concrete strength in the cover is
expected to be lower than in the core;
•• The bond stresses associated with the reinforcing bars were
superimposed on the tensile stresses generated by the
anchors; and
•• The closely spaced reinforcement represented a
discontinuity that limited the possible shape of the concrete
break-out body.
Figure 10 summarizes the effect of anchor installation in
the concrete cover on the capacity of four-anchor fastenings.
In all cases, the test peak load, Ntest, is less than the capacity
predicted using the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) method,
NCCD.13 The data include installations of expansion anchors
(EA) and undercut anchors (UA) in cracked concrete.
Installations were made in formed and troweled surfaces. As
Fig. 9: An example of spalling of the concrete cover of a beam with
heavy reinforcement and a quadruple fastening comprising
expansion anchors subjected to tension load.15 Note that the anchors
were placed in their initial locations for the photograph
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 49
expected, for fastenings in which three out of the four anchors
in a group were coincidentally located in cracks, the behavior
was the most unfavorable. This effect (the ratio of Ntest and
NCCD fell to nearly 0.5) is described by Eligehausen et al.11 As
this is an exceptional case in practice, these results should not
be overstated and therefore were not further considered in
European design rules. The scatter observed in these tests is
somewhat higher than in prequalification tests in cracked
concrete slabs. This is attributed to the unfavorable concrete
properties in the cover region. While a significant difference
between anchorages in the formed or troweled surface could
not be detected, it must be noted that the specimens were
produced under laboratory conditions. Because the test results
scatter around the same amount, it is apparent that the
superimposition of stresses introduced by the anchors and the
reinforcement has a minor influence on anchorage behavior.
Similar results were found in the tests with single anchors.
Regardless of the type of anchor, the embedment depth, or the
surface (troweled or formed), the failure loads averaged about
30% lower than could have been expected in cracked concrete
with widely spaced reinforcement. A comparable behavior is
anticipated for headed cast-in-place inserts.
Fig. 10: Results of tensile tests on four-anchor fastening groups,
showing the ratios of anchor group test capacities and capacities
predicted using the CCD-method as functions of embedment depth.
In this series, EA and UC were embedded in formed and troweled
surfaces. For all but two cases, two out of four anchors were located
in cracks, from Fuchs15 (Note: 1 mm = 0 04 in.)
50 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
Shallow embedded post-installed anchors
Hofmann and Kaupp16 performed tension tests with single
bolt-type anchors post-installed in low strength concrete. The
anchors had an outer diameter of 6 mm (1/4 in.), and hef
ranged from 10 to 30 mm (0.4 to 1.2 in.) in 5 mm (0.2 in.)
increments. All tests were performed on the formed surface of
concrete slabs. For tests conducted in uncracked concrete,
unreinforced slabs served as base material. For tests
conducted in cracked concrete, the reinforcement of the slabs
was designed so as to avoid influencing the behavior of the
anchors. The cracked concrete tests were carried out in line
cracks with a crack width of 0.35 mm (0.014 in.).
The anchors were installed according to the manufacturer’s
installation instructions; however, installations did not comply
with embedment depth requirements in all cases. The tests
were carried out in accordance with the prequalification
provisions of ACI 355.2. All anchors considered in the
evaluation failed by concrete break-out.
The ultimate loads observed in uncracked concrete tests
were normalized to a concrete compressive strength of 25 MPa
(3600 psi) and are plotted in Fig. 11 as function of the
embedment depth together with the calculated value (red line)
according to the CCD-method,13 which served as the basis for
the ACI 318 anchor design provisions. While the test results
follow the trend line representing the CCD-method, on
average, the measured values are about 30% lower than the
calculated values. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation
increases from 6% for hef = 30 mm to 24% for hef = 10 mm.16
Similar results were found by Olsen et al.17 for concrete
screws and Appl,18 who performed one test series with an
adhesive anchor (hef = 30 mm). It should be noted that for
Fig. 11: Ultimate loads from tests in uncracked concrete (25 MPa
[3600 psi]) as a function of the embedment depth in comparison to
the values predicted according to the CCD-method, after Hofmann
et al.16 (Note: 1 kN = 224 lb; 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
anchors embedded in the core of an uncracked concrete slab
tested in the laboratory, coefficients of variation between 5
and 8% normally can be expected.
The ultimate loads observed in the tests in cracked concrete
are shown in Fig. 12. Some tests with hef = 10 mm failed by
pull-out, with minimal resistance. These tests were not taken
into account in the further evaluations because this failure
mode represents a product dependent behavior. For larger
embedments, the test results follow the trend line given by the
CCD-prediction13 for post-installed anchors in cracked
concrete. However, as with the tests conducted in uncracked
concrete specimens, the test results are about 30% lower than
the values predicted using the CCD-method.13 The scatter of
the test results is between 10 and 20%, which is also higher
than would be expected for anchors embedded in the core of
the test slab.
Proposal for design of shallow embedded anchors
based on ACI 318
The load-bearing behavior of mechanical anchors post-
installed in the cover zone of low-strength concrete beams and
slabs was investigated in detail. Parameters included:
•• Concrete properties;
•• Tensile stresses in both anchors and reinforcing bars;
•• Reinforcing bar congestion and resulting discontinuity in
the concrete;
•• Type, quantity (single or group of four), and embedment
depth of anchors;
•• Concrete surface type (formed or troweled); and
•• Substrate condition (cracked or uncracked).
Fig. 12: Ultimate loads from tests in cracked concrete (25 MPa
[3600 psi]) with a crack width of 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) as a function of
the embedment depth in comparison to the values predicted
according to the CCD-method,13 based on Hofmann et al.16 (Note:
1 kN = 224 lb; 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
In cracked or uncracked concrete, the concrete break-out
capacity of anchorages under tension located in the concrete
cover tended to be about 30% lower than the break-out
capacity expected for anchors embedded in the core of
concrete components. Given that there are only a limited
number of test results available and that no environmental
effects were included in the testing program, the reduction
should be assumed to be around 30% only for formed,
interior surfaces. For troweled surfaces with exterior
exposure, a greater reduction might be justified. Another
open question is if the carbonation of the concrete cover
might have an effect on the load bearing capacity of the
shallow embedded anchors.
To open the ACI 318 approach to “nonstructural” fasteners
and to account for the unfavorable concrete properties in the
cover zone, we recommend multiplying the strength reduction
factor φ given in ACI 318-14, Section 17.3.3(c), by an
additional factor of 0.6 to 0.7. This recommendation is valid
only for the considered post-installed mechanical anchors
prequalified analogously to ACI 355.2 and for headed cast-in
specialty inserts meeting ICC-ES AC446. With this
modification, the design of mechanical anchors could be
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performed according to ACI 318-14, Chapter 17. Tables 1 and
2 summarize the procedure for anchors with hef ≥ 1.5 in. and
with hef < 1.5 in., respectively.
Summary
Many applications in building practice—including
anchorage of hangers for heavy ductwork, air conditioning
ducts, and piping—require that anchors are installed in the
cover zone. To ensure occupant safety, such anchors must
function reliably in cracked and uncracked concrete under
seismic loading conditions. They therefore need to be
prequalified. This is why ACI 355.2, ICC-ES AC193, and
ICC-ES AC446 should be updated to properly recognize
shallow embedments.
Due to lack of other design provisions, ACI 318 provisions
developed for “structural” applications are currently often
used as the design method for shallow anchors. In case of
post-installed anchors, however, a prequalification in
accordance with ACI 355.2 is required.
This article presents the current state of knowledge on
prequalification and design provisions for anchorages in the
concrete cover. Until now, in the case of post-installed
anchors, only redundant applications of post-installed
mechanical anchors are allowed in the concrete cover. For
headed cast-in specialty inserts, ICC-ES AC446 refers to
ACI 318 for the design method and does not take into account
the special situation in the concrete cover originating from the
stresses in the reinforcement and the unfavorable concrete
properties.
Considering the existing research on anchors under tension
embedded in the concrete cover, the ACI 318-14, Chapter 17,
design provisions can be applied provided that:
•• Post-installed anchors are prequalified analogously to
ACI 355.2-07;
•• Cast-in specialty inserts are prequalified in accordance with
ICC-ES AC446;
•• The field of application for both anchor types is limited to
nonstructural loads; and

Table 1:
Anchor strength governed by concrete breakout, pry-out, and side-face blowout if hef ≥ 1.5 in.
Strength reduction factor φ
Supplementary Sensitivity/reliability category
reinforcement Type of mechanical anchor from ACI 355.2 Tension Shear
Cast-in Not applicable 0.75

1 0.75
Present 0.75
Post-installed 2 0.65
3 0.55

Cast-in Not applicable 0.70

1 0.65
Not present 0.70
Post-installed 2 0.55
3 0.45

Table 2:
Anchor strength governed by concrete breakout, pry-out, and side-face blowout if hef < 1.5 in.
Strength reduction factor φ
Supplementary Sensitivity/reliability category
reinforcement Type of mechanical anchor from ACI 355.2 Tension Shear

Cast-in Not applicable

1
Present Not applicable Not applicable
Post-installed 2
3
Cast-in Not applicable 0.45
1 0.40
Not present 0.45
Post-installed 2 0.35
3 0.25

52 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

•• The capacity calculated using ACI 318 is further reduced
by about 30% for anchors installed in formed surfaces
subjected to interior exposures. The reduction could be
performed by multiplying the strength reduction factors
according to ACI 318-14, Section 17.3.3 (c), with an
additional factor of 0.7 (or less).
For anchors installed in troweled surfaces subject to
exterior exposure, a larger reduction than 30% could be
warranted. To cover this situation, further research is necessary.
References
1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
2. “AC446: Acceptance Criteria for Headed Cast-in Specialty Inserts
in Concrete,” International Code Council Evaluation Service, Inc. (ICC-ES),
2015, 13 pp.
3. “AC193: Acceptance Criteria for Mechanical Anchors in Concrete
Elements,” International Code Council Evaluation Service, Inc. (ICC-ES),
2015, 45 pp.
4. ACI Committee 355, “Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical
Anchors in Concrete and Commentary (ACI 355.2-07),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007, 35 pp.
5. “EN 1992-4 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures—Part 4:
Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete,” Comité Européen de
Normalisation (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 2017.
6. Neville, A.M., Properties of Concrete, fifth edition, Trans-Atlantic
Publications, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 2012, 846 pp.
7. Kreijger, P.C., “The Skin of Concrete—Composition and
Properties,” Materials and Structures, V. 17, No. 4, July 1984, pp. 275- 283.
8. Sourwerbren, C., Betontechnologie (Concrete Technology),
Vereniging Nederlandse Cementindustrie, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The
Netherlands, 1991. (in Dutch)
9. Bretschneider, N., “Inverse Analyse zur Ermittlung der
bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften entfestigender und verfestigender
zementgebundener Werkstoffe (Inverse Analysis for the Determination
of the Fracture Mechanical Characteristics of Chemically Softening and
Hardening Cementiously Bonded Materials),” PhD thesis, University of
Dresden, Dresden, Germany, 2011, 191 pp. (in German)
10. van Mier, J.G.M., Concrete Fracture: A Multiscale Approach,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2013, 379 pp.
11. Eligehausen, R.; Mallée, R.; and Silva, J.F., Anchorage in
Concrete Construction, first edition, Ernst & Sohn, 2006, 391 pp.
12. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
13. Fuchs, W.; Eligehausen, R.; and Breen, J., “Concrete Capacity
Design (CCD) Approach for Fastening to Concrete,” ACI Structural
Journal, V. 92, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1995, pp. 73-93. Also discussion, ACI
Structural Journal, V. 92, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 787-802.
14. “CEN/TR 17079: Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete –
Redundant Non-structural Systems,” Comité Européen de Normalisation
(CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 2017.
15. Fuchs, W., “Tragverhalten von Befestigungen Verankert in der
Biegezugzone von stark bewehrten Betonbalken (Load-bearing Behavior
of Anchorages in the Bending Tensile Area of Heavy Reinforced
Concrete Beams),” Report No. 10/8-86/12, Institut für Werkstoffe im
Bauwesen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, Dec. 1985. (in German)
16. Hofmann, J., and Kaupp, A., “Behavior of Fasteners with an
Embedment Depth of Smaller than 25 mm,” Proceedings of Second
International Symposium on Connections between Steel and Concrete,
Stuttgart, Germany, R. Eligehausen, W. Fuchs, P. Grosser, and G.
Genesio, eds., 2007, pp. 453-460.
17. Olsen, J.; Lamanna, A.J.; and Pregartner, T., “Basis for Design
of Screw Anchors in Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 109, No. 4,
July-Aug. 2012, pp. 559-568.
18. Appl, J., “Tragverhalten von Verbunddübeln unter Zugbelastung
(Load-bearing Behavior of Adhesive Anchors under Tension),” PhD
thesis, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2009, 276 pp. (in German)
Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
Werner Fuchs, FACI, is Director of
Fastening Technology Research at
the University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart,
Germany, and Honorary Professor
at the KIT, University of Karlsruhe,
Karlsruhe, Germany. He is a member of
ACI Committees 349, Concrete Nuclear
Structures; 355, Anchorage to Concrete;
Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 408, Bond
and Development of Steel Reinforcement; and Joint ACI-CRSI
Committee C680, Adhesive Anchor Installer; as well as ACI
Subcommittees 318-B, Anchorage and Reinforcement; 318-L,
International Liaison; and C601-J, Adhesive Anchor Installation
Inspector. He also serves on a variety of European committees
responsible for the development of code provisions in the fields
of fastening technology and protection, repair, and strengthening
of concrete structures. He received his diploma degree in
structural engineering from the University of Karlsruhe and his
PhD from the University of Stuttgart.
ACI member Jan Hofmann is Full
Professor at the Institute for Fastening
and Strengthening Methods and
Vice President of the Material Testing
Laboratory, MPA/Otto Graf Institute,
at the University of Stuttgart. He is
a member of more than 15 national
and international committees dealing
with fastening technology in concrete
and masonry as well as strengthening methods of reinforced
concrete structures. He also works in the fields of structural
gluing, rehabilitation of concrete structures, and bond of
reinforcement in concrete. He received his engineer diploma and
PhD from the University of Stuttgart.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 53
Crumb Rubber Concrete
Bridge Deck
Unique project in Tianjin, China, has performed well for over a decade
by Han Zhu
C
rumb rubber concrete (CRC) is a mixture of plain
portland cement concrete with rubber crumbs,
granular material produced by shredding and
comminuting scrap automobile tires. Engineering research
on CRC begun in the late 1980s and early 1990s. One of the
early studies was carried out by Eldin and Senouci1 who
explored the effect of rubber chips and rubber crumbs on
the compressive and tensile (flexural) strengths of concrete
mixtures. After 30 years of research, CRC material properties
have been extensively studied and are now well understood.2
In comparison with plain concrete, CRC has increased
ductility, deformation capacity, energy absorption, damping
capacity, and resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing as well
as decreased water permeability, chloride ion permeability,
and thermal expansion. These results have been repeatedly
observed in laboratory experiments, and CRC’s ability to
resist cracking has been found to be exceptionally profound.
One major drawback for CRC is a reduced compressive
strength relative to plain concrete. But this reduction can be
Fig. 1: View of the subject CRC bridge deck at Route S229, Wu-qing
District, Tianjin, China
54 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
compensated by increasing the cement content or decreasing
the water-cement ratio by using water reducers in the mixture.3
While CRC exhibits preferred material properties in many
aspects, its durability has been one of the major concerns.
Rubber is organic and other ingredients in concrete are
inorganic, so how do those two materials get along as time
goes by? Perhaps because of this concern, few reports can be
found in the published literature about CRC applications in
real-world projects.4
CRC Bridge Deck
In June 2006, the author led a team that worked with
Tianjin municipality in China, to build a CRC bridge deck on
Route S229 in the suburb of Wu-qing District (Fig. 1). The
deck is 24 m (79 ft) long, 8 m (26 ft) wide, and 120 mm (5 in.)
thick. The deck is reinforced at mid-depth with steel welded
wire reinforcing with 10 mm (0.4 in.) wires on a 100 x 100 mm
(4 x 4 in.) grid. The design 28-day compressive strength of the
concrete was 40 MPa (5800 psi).
The CRC mixture used for the bridge deck contained 480 kg/m3
(809 lb/yd3) cement, 100 kg/m3 (169 lb/yd3) fly ash, 60 kg/m3
(101 lb/yd3) sand, 1073 kg/m3 (1809 lb/yd3) gravel, 160 kg/m3
(270 lb/yd3) water, 92 kg/m3 (155 lb/yd3) rubber, and 5.8 kg/m3
(9.8 lb/yd3) high-range water-reducing admixture.
The construction was mainly carried out by a team of the
author’s graduate students. A small mobile mixer was used.
The material components were not weighed, but were
measured by volume using a bucket and then “fed” into the
mixer. Therefore, the mixture proportions were followed only
roughly. It was also raining on the day of construction, and
that disrupted the concrete placement a number of times. So,
generally speaking, the construction quality was poor. Curing,
however, was done well—by creating small dams at both ends
of the deck, it was possible to pond the deck for 1 week.

Fig. 2: Close-up look at the deck surface during inspection in June
2016, 10 years after placement
Compressive strength of the CRC exceeded the design
strength and was 31.2 MPa (4530 psi) at 1 day, 37.5 MPa
(5440 psi) at 7 days, and 42.1 MPa (6110 psi) at 28 days.
Flexural strength was 6.9 MPa (1000 psi) at 28 days.
Rubber is as light as water and so a major concern is that
vibrating fresh concrete may allow rubber crumbs in the
mixture to float upward. One way to control this behavior is
to design a concrete mixture with a low slump. For this CRC
deck project, the measured slump was about 35 to 80 mm
(1.5 to 3 in.), and no significant floating of the rubber crumbs
was observed. More technical details can be found in
Reference 5. After the deck was opened for service in late
August 2006, the traffic load has been low—about 400 daily
passes of sedans or small trucks. The local weather is mild.
Annual average temperature is about 13°C (55.4°F), and annual
precipitation has been about 300 mm (12 in.) in recent years.
Inspection
The bridge deck has been inspected from time to time. The
last inspection was completed in June, 2016. Overall, the deck
looks good (Fig. 2). Shortly after placement, some early
shallow shrinkage cracks were noted in an area limited to
less than about 5% of the total deck surface. After 10 years,
however, those shallow cracks have remained almost
unchanged. The other 95% of the deck has remained crack-
free, and the deck looks almost the same as the day it was
opened to traffic.
Discussions and Conclusion
Concrete inherently contains microcracks. When concrete
is under external mechanical loadings and weather changes,
these tiny cracks may slowly grow and interconnect to form
macrocracks. This type of failure mechanism for micro/
macrocrack development in a brittle material like concrete
is well observed. Because rubber crumbs range from 0.5 to
2.0 mm (0.02 to 0.08 in.) in size, rubber crumbs may function
as distributed mini control/expansion joints within the
hardened concrete.6 These small elastic joints can “intercept”
the microcracks and reduce the stress concentration near
the tips of microcracks. Consequently, micro/macrocrack
development can be expected to be delayed when rubber
crumbs are present. It appears that this CRC deck project
confirms an exceptional ability to resist cracking in a real-
world application. The durability of the deck has been
sustained for 10 years now.
In conclusion, it is hoped that this small CRC bridge deck
may serve as a stimulus for additional interest in building
real-world CRC applications.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the Bureau of Municipality Engineering
and Road Management, City of Tianjin, China, for providing the oppor-
tunity to conduct this CRC bridge deck project. Thanks are extended to
the author’s former graduate students, especially CS Liu, who partici-
pated in this project. The article editing by CI staff is also gratefully
acknowledged.
References
1. Eldin, N., and Senouci, A., “Rubber-Tired Particles as Concrete
Aggregate,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, V. 5, No. 4,
Nov. 1993, pp. 478-496.
2. Kaloush, K.E.; Way, G.B.; and Zhu, H., “Properties of Crumb
Rubber Concrete,” Transportation Research Record, V. 1914, 2005,
pp. 8-14.
3. Zhu, H., “Rubber Concrete,” Polymers in Construction, G. Akovali
ed., Rapra Technology Limited, Shrewsbury, U.K., 2005, pp. 157-179.
4. Zhu, H., “On Building Crumb Rubber Concrete Test Sites,” Key
Engineering Materials, V. 302-303, 2006, pp. 411-417.
5. Liu, C.S., “Study of CRC’s Durability and its Application in Bridge
Deck,” PhD thesis, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 2009.
6. Zhu, H., “Rubber Concrete: A Preliminary Engineering and
Business Perspective,” Scrap Tire News, V. 15, No. 3, Mar. 2001,
pp. 16-18.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Han Zhu is a Professor with the
School of Civil Engineering at Tianjin
University, Tianjin, China, since 2003.
He received his BS and MS from Fudan
University, Shanghai, China, in 1982 and
1984, respectively, and his PhD from
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, in
1990. He is a registered PE in the state
of Arizona. Zhu began the research on
crumb rubber concrete (CRC) in 1997 and about 40 MS and PhD
theses under his supervision were exclusively devoted to CRC
ever since. Zhu can be reached at hanzhu2000@yahoo.com.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 55
Concrete Repair Code
Requirements and
Project Examples
NOW AVAILABLE
ACI 562-16, “Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures
and Commentary,” is the first code specifically for repairing reinforced concrete. Providing clearly defined,
uniform requirements aimed at extending the service life of existing structures, ACI 562-16 covers all
aspects of concrete repair—from conception to completion—including the basis for compliance, evaluation
and analysis, design of structural repairs, durability, and construction. The companion publication, “Guide
to the Code for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures,” includes chapter
guides and project examples. Both publications are available now from the American Concrete Institute.

Looking for more on ACI 562-16? ACI has produced a series of on-demand courses that
review the process behind the ACI 562 repair code and showcase several project examples.

www.concrete.org/ACI562
  
#ConcreteRepair
Products&PracticeSpotlight
French Dam Technology
Passes the Test
The modular precast system is designed for rapid construction of water
impoundment structures
by Peter Drown and Andrew Sanna
T
he “French Dam” is a technology developed and
patented by the French Development Enterprises
(FDE), LLC, North Billerica, MA, for construction of
small- to medium-sized hydroelectric and water control
systems. Designed for new or retrofit projects, the system is
based on modular segments manufactured off-site in a
controlled environment. After delivery to a dam site, modules
will be secured to the riverbed using underpinning (for
example, soil nails or rock anchors) and interconnected with
adjacent modules to complete a dam. The scalable technology
provides high-quality dams but requires minimal construction
time and site work. Installation is weather-independent, so
project risk is minimized.
Fig. 1: The bottom of an upper-tier module. The relief (darker raised
area) will nest inside the walls of the module below. The circular
opening will allow workers to access the module below and bolt the
two together through holes formed using PVC pipe near the four
corners of the face. The reveal near the top of the photo will be fitted
with an expansive waterstop immediately before the module is
installed in the dam
Prototype Project
The French Dam technology was developed through
funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE)
to advance the manufacturing and installation of hydroelectric
facilities with low environmental impact.1 Additional support
came from the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC),
Boston, MA.
In October 2016, FDE; Oldcastle Precast of Littleton, CO;
and GEI Consultants, Inc., of Woburn, MA, announced
successful fabrication, assembly, and testing of the first
French Dam prototype. The prototype was designed by GEI in
cooperation with Oldcastle. Modules were cast at Oldcastle’s
facility in Avon, CT, and they were assembled within a
purpose-built concrete tank at FDE’s site. The performance
testing program included monitoring the system under
long-term constant head.
Installation
The six prototype modules were open-top boxes measuring
8 x 8 ft (2.4 x 2.4 m) in plan and 7.67 ft (2.3 m) in height
(Fig. 1), with 8 in. (203 mm) thick reinforced concrete walls
constructed using a 6000 psi (41.4 MPa) mixture. To
accommodate the loads efficiently, the walls of the bottom
units included two mats of reinforcement with interconnecting
crossties. The walls of the top units had a single mat of
reinforcement (Fig. 2). A typical reinforcing mat was fabricated
using No. 4 or 5 bars spaced at 12 in. (305 mm) on-center.
Each module weighed about 27,000 lb (12,250 kg)—low
enough to allow the modules to be shipped and handled using
conventional equipment and methods. After delivery to the
project site, modules were stored on timber blocks until they
were assembled in the reinforced concrete test tank.
The test tank was constructed of cast-in-place 4000 psi
(27.6 MPa) concrete. The tank’s base slab measured 28 x 30 ft
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 57
Products&PracticeSpotlight
(8.5 x 9.1 m) in plan and 18 in. (457 mm) in thickness. Three
12 in. (305 mm) thick walls cantilevered from the base slab.
The upstream wall was 17 ft (5.2 m) tall, and two sidewalls
stepped down from 17 ft to 14 ft (4.3 m) downstream of the
dam (Fig. 3). The walls were reinforced with No. 8 vertical
bars and No. 4 horizontal bars spaced at 6 in. (152 mm)
on-center each face, and the slab was reinforced with No. 5
Fig. 2: A reinforcement cage for an upper-tier module
Fig. 3: The dam was assembled from six precast concrete modules.
The completed assembly was tested under a constant head in a
reinforced concrete tank constructed at the FDE facility in North
Billerica, MA
(a) (b)
58 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
bars at 6 in. on-center each way on each face. The slab also
contained two embedments designed to provide anchor points
for the modules. The embedments comprised welded
assemblies of anchor plates, channels, round stock, and
internally threaded couplers (Fig. 4).
Modules were positioned in the tank using a 130 ton
(118 tonne) crane. Each of the three bottom blocks were
anchored to the base slab with four 1-1/4 in. (32 mm)
diameter bolts threaded into the couplers on the embedments
in the base slab. At each horizontal or vertical interface,
modules were interconnected using four 1 in. (25 mm)
diameter bolts to form a monolithic structure.
Joints between modules and between the tank slab and the
modules were sealed using preformed rubber and paste-type
hydrophilic waterstops installed in reveals formed in the
modules (Fig. 5). Adeka KM-3030, a 30 x 30 mm (1.2 x 1.2 in.)
preformed rubber strip, was used as the primary waterstop,
and Adeka Ultraseal P-201, a paste applied with a caulking
gun, was used as a secondary waterstop. To complete the test
assembly, two abutments fabricated of steel angle, plywood,
and rubber were placed between the end modules of the
prototype dam and the tank walls at the upstream edge of the
end modules (Fig. 6). Sikaflex quick reacting caulking was
later applied to the abutments to provide additional waterstop
protection. The installation was completed in 3.5 hours in a
heavy rainstorm—conditions that would render conventional
cast-in-place construction impossible.
Testing
To test the installation of the French Dam prototype, the
reservoir created behind the modules was filled up to a 12 ft
(3.7 m) head using 30,000 gal. (113,562 L) of water (Fig. 3).
Water elevation and leakage were assessed over a period of
4 weeks by project staff, GEI Consultants, and an independent
consultant from Knight Piesold. The test successfully
demonstrated that the modules met the desired structural and
hydraulic integrity and comprised a suitable dam structure for
a wide variety of commercial applications.
Fig. 4: Concrete modules
were anchored to the base
slab of the test tank using
welded embedments:
(a) embedments were placed
on the prepared base prior
to placement of the bottom
mat of reinforcing; and
(b) bolts were installed in the
couplings prior to concrete
placement
 Products&PracticeSpotlight

Fig. 5: Expansive waterstops

were used to seal the joints
between modules and
between modules and the
test tank base: (a) waterstops
were installed in reveals in
the modules immediately
prior to assembly of the dam;
and (b) as the modules were
assembled, the waterstops
were compressed against
adjacent modules

(a) (b)

Commercialization Fig. 6: A downstream view

The FDE modules are expected to have broad application,
used in both overflow and nonoverflow structures, and for
new construction and retrofit/rehabilitation markets. The
reduced time to completion brings significant benefits to the
dam construction industry, which historically has experienced
cost overruns due to weather delays. The FDE prototype
construction process and corresponding technical evaluation
report demonstrate that this new method of construction can
improve the economics and reduce risk for this industry. The
technical evaluation report demonstrates a full-scale application
of precast modular construction to replace more conventional
construction for an actual U.S. dam site and shows the
cost- and time-saving potential afforded by the technology.
Following the successful test, the FDE team is now
engaging a variety of public and private sector clients to
develop a first commercial project. The contacts list includes
dam owners, water infrastructure operators, hydroelectric
plant developers, and regulatory agencies responsible for dam
safety. Several regulators have indicated willingness to
include precast concrete as an alternative in project
specifications and requests for proposals.
The French Dam patent portfolio covers precast concrete
as applied to new dam construction and rehabilitation of
existing impoundment structures, and the technology is
currently available for licensing to engineering and
construction firms and/or precast manufacturers.
Final Remarks
The construction of the French Dam prototype came less
than 3 months after the release of the U.S. DOE Hydropower
VISION report,2 which recognized modular components as
one of future hydropower technologies “essential to attaining
the necessary outcomes of cost reduction, improved
performance, and environmental stewardship.”
of an abutment used to
provide a seal between the
tank wall (left) and sides of
the precast modules (right)
According to the representatives of three companies that
participated in the prototype project:
•• “The French Dam will be a game changer for the hydro
industry. It simply replaces traditional construction methods
with off-site manufacturing and on-site installation, making
the entire process just-in-time ready and weather independent.”
(Bill French Sr., Founder and President of FDE);
•• “We believe the ‘French Dam’ has ultimate flexibility and
includes a sophisticated and innovative approach, making
it adaptable for almost every type of site conditions for
construction of new and retrofit small to medium
hydroelectric, water control systems and power houses in
the United States.” (Varoujan Hagopian, GEI Senior
Consultant); and
•• “Precast concrete can help to make any project more
efficient. It is exciting to see its application as an
innovative technology in the construction of hydro dams.”
(Bob Kramer, Vice President of Marketing and Product
Development, Oldcastle Precast).

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 59

Products&PracticeSpotlight

References of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & environmental-impact-hydropower.

1. “Energy Department Awards $6.5 Million
to Advance Low Environmental Impact
Hydropower Technologies,” U.S. Department
Renewable Energy, Washington, DC, Sept. 14,
2015, http://energy.gov/eere/articles/energy-
department-awards-65-million-advance-low-
2. “Hydropower Vision: A New Chapter for
America’s 1st Renewable Electricity Source,”
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC,
July 2016, 396 pp., http://energy.gov/sites/prod/
files/2016/10/f33/Hydropower-Vision-
10262016_0.pdf.

Concrete Craftsman Series Selected for reader interest by the editors.

Peter Drown
Concrete is Director of
Research and
Fundamentals Development for
FDE, LLC, North
Billerica, MA,
Available in both English and Spanish this
where he leads a
resource is intended for anyone seeking
an introduction to concrete and concrete research program
construction, particularly craftsmen. focused on
commercializing
Member Price: $29.00 the French Dam technology. He has
Regular Price: $49.00 dedicated his career to enhancing
the value of clean energy projects to
accelerate the transition to a low-carbon
economy. His work bridges the gap
between technology development and

Placing and Finishing Decorative

financial requirements, applying a diverse
set of skills that both engineers and
investors can understand. He received
Concrete Flatwork his BS in economics and MBA in finance
from University of Maine, Orono, ME.

Andrew Sanna
is Project
This document supplements existing
resources by providing knowledge of the Manager at GEI
materials, equipment, and techniques Consultants, Inc.,
required to successfully install decorative Woburn, MA, with
concrete flatwork. a wide range of
experience in
Member Price: $39.00
engineering
Regular Price: $65.00
analyses, design,
and construction
management. He has worked on
numerous electrical generation projects
(solar, hydroelectric, natural gas, and
coal), electrical storage projects, electrical
transmission and distribution projects,
dam and levee rehabilitation projects,
and bridge design and construction
projects. He received his BS in civil
engineering from Clarkson University,
Potsdam, NY. 

60 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

Products&PracticeSpotlight

A Safe Corrosion Solution

for Potable Water
Reservoirs
Based on past successes, a Spanish water authority selects migrating corrosion
inhibitors for its newest project

by Jessi Meyer, Jesús Orte Crespo, Josep Xavier Pujol, and Julie Holmquist

C
onsorci d’Aigües de Tarragona (CAT) is the nonprofit
water consortium authority responsible for high-
pressure drinking water distribution in Tarragona,
Spain. CAT had experienced carbonation and corrosion
problems in many of their existing concrete facilities and
wanted to prevent this in future structures. As they began
planning a 5000 m3 (1.32 million gal.) water buffer tank, they
turned to Quimilock S.A., a Spanish distributor of anti-
corrosion products, for help.
They specified an amine-carboxylate-based MCI to be added
directly to the concrete mixing water. Amine-carboxylate
MCI admixtures are known to typically double or triple the
time it takes for initiation of corrosion. Once corrosion
starts, these admixtures can reduce rates by approximately
five to 15 times compared to a control.2 The result is a
dramatic increase in expected structure service life. CAT felt
confident that MCI was an economical way to help them
meet their 50-year design life requirements.

Past Successes Reservoir Scope

Quimilock S.A. had helped CAT address corrosion issues The reservoir is a rectangular tank measuring 43.5 x 23 m
on its 30-year-old network of prefabricated reinforced (142 x 75 ft) in plan and providing a maximum water capacity of
concrete pipes in 2014. Migrating
corrosion inhibitors (MCIs) from Cortec
Corporation in Saint Paul, MN, were
used to treat more than 7000 m2 (75,350
ft2) of 1600 mm (63 in.) diameter
pipeline extending 1506 m (4941 ft) in
length. The rust and damaged concrete
were removed from the pipes and
(a)
corrosion-inhibiting admixtures were
added to grout and repair mortars. This
was followed by surface application of
MCIs over the entire length of the
pipeline. CAT was pleased with the
results, as tests showed that corrosion
rates dropped.1
(b)
Based on this successful history,
CAT was convinced the same
technology would be beneficial in the Fig. 1: Schematics of the Tarragona Reservoir: (a) longitudinal section; and (b) transverse
construction of their new reservoir. section (Note: Dimensions in mm; 1 mm = 0.04 in.)

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 61

Products&PracticeSpotlight
5000 m3. The tank walls were designed as retaining walls
supported on footings. The wall thickness varies from 650 mm
(26 in.) at the base to 500 mm (20 in.) at the top, and the footings
are 750 mm (30 in.) thick (Fig. 1). The bottom of the reservoir
comprises a 300 mm (12 in.) thick reinforced concrete slab.
Columns (400 x 400 mm [16 x 16 in.] in section) are arranged in a
3 x 6 grid frame into 800 mm (31.5 in.) deep beams that span the
short dimension of the tank and terminate in notches in the exterior
walls. The roof deck comprises prestressed hollowcore slabs
(precast with a 40 mm [1.6 in.] thicker cover for corrosion
resistance) that span between the frames. The tank was backfilled
so that only 0.8 to 2.5 m (2.6 to 8.2 ft) of the structure could be
seen above the ground, and the exposed edges of the hollowcore
deck were concealed behind a masonry parapet. The admixture
was dosed into all reinforced concrete tank portions that were
placed on site, totaling 1500 m3 (1962 yd3) of concrete. The dosage
rate was 0.6 L/m3 (16 fl oz/yd3). There were no negative effects on
the setting time or other physical characteristics of the concrete.
Figure 2 shows construction progress.
MCI Technology
MCIs are organic blends of amines and salts of carboxylic
acids. Products containing these molecules can be applied to
concrete surfaces or directly added into mixing water at the
concrete batching plant. Regardless of how they are applied,
MCI molecules migrate through concrete pores until they reach
embedded reinforcement. This penetration occurs in two
ways—first as a liquid, then as a vapor through the pore structure
of the concrete. Governed by Fick’s law, the molecules travel
from high to low areas of concentration until equilibrium is
reached. Finally, they have an ionic attraction to metals when
they encounter them, creating a monomolecular barrier against
aggressive chlorides, carbonation, and other corrosive
contaminants. Independent testing has confirmed that this layer is
between 20 and 100 Å thick. Tests have also shown that the MCI
molecules are adsorbed 75 to 85 nm deep into the metal surface,
below the 60 nm penetration of chloride ions measured in the
same test series.3
Fig 2: Progress photos taken during construction of the reservoir (photos courtesy of CAT)
62 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
As an ambiodic inhibitor, MCI molecules protect
reinforcing bars from corrosion at both the anode and cathode,
reducing the corrosion current and rates.
Drinking Water Considerations
Although the high alkalinity of fresh concrete creates a
natural protective layer on reinforcing bars, the pH diminishes
over time as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with the
alkaline components of the cement paste. The lower pH
destroys the protective oxide layer, and the reinforcing bars in
the concrete are left to the attack of moisture, chlorides, and
various contaminants that can ingress and start a corrosion cell.
The reaction between CO2 gas and the cement paste takes
place in solution and is higher at high humidities, so
carbonation and subsequent corrosion was exactly the problem
that CAT had been experiencing with many of their previous
water structures. While they did not want it to happen in their
new project, they also had to be cautious about what product
was used to prevent carbonation corrosion because the reservoir
would contain drinking water for human ingestion. They
needed a product that would be both strong against carbonation
and corrosive elements (the water is treated with 0.2 to
1.2 mg/L of chlorine) in a moisture-ridden environment but
that would also be safe for potable water contact.
They were aware that they could not use admixtures that
rely on nitrites to inhibit corrosion because nitrites are
dangerous for human consumption and are very soluble in
water. Fortunately, MCIs are certified to meet ANSI/NSF
Standard 614 and are much less likely to leach out and
dissolve in water in the first place. They are also more
environmentally friendly because of their biobased content (in
the United States, the admixture qualifies as a USDA Certified
Biobased Product).
Admixture Effect
The project required concrete meeting the Instrucción de
hormigón structural (EHE 08) (Spanish Code on Structural
Concrete) HA30-B/25/IV/Qa classification.5 This calls for
 Products&PracticeSpotlight

reinforced concrete with a specified concrete would be in contact with control. By using the MCI admixture
characteristic strength of 30 MPa, 60 to drinking water heightened the need for recommended by Quimilock, CAT
90 mm slump, and 25 mm maximum size corrosion protection and also found an excellent, safe solution that
aggregate (roughly, 4000 psi, 2.5 to 3.5 in. narrowed their options for corrosion would help ensure a long life span for
slump, and 1 in. aggregate) to be designed
for noninsulated installations in contact
with chlorides. That generally requires
ordinary portland cement, a maximum
water-cement ratio of 0.50, and a Formwork for
Concrete 8th Edition
minimum cement content of 350 kg/m3
(590 lb/yd3).
When MCI was added directly to the
concrete, it did not interfere with the
concrete’s physical properties. This is an
important factor for construction. Even if
nitrite-based inhibitors had been an
option, they tend to shorten setting time Updated to
and increase shrinkage cracking in newly  current standards.
placed concrete. MCI series admixtures
do neither. They meet ASTM C1582/
C1582M6 requirements for all physical Allowable strength
properties—compressive strength,
flexural strength, setting time, shrinkage,
 design, load, and
resistance factor
and resistance to freezing and thawing. design examples.
In the future, if the reservoir begins
to crack, MCIs will provide continued
protection to the steel reinforcement, Chapter problems
whereas other treatments that rely
primarily on pore blockers would have
 for classroom
study.
no way to stop the ingress of chlorides
and other contaminants once a breach
is made. Under past modified ASTM
G1097 testing (cracked beam) that available at
analyzes corrosion protection
capabilities in damaged concrete,
concrete.org
corrosion measurements hovered around
Member Price: $149.00
Regular Price: $249.50
100 coulombs for MCI-treated concrete
after 20 cycles of testing (a 1-week
cycle equals 96 hours of 6% chloride
solution ponding and 72 hours of air
drying). In contrast, measurements for
the control concrete steadily climbed to
700 coulombs by 20 weeks.
Measurements for concrete mixtures
treated with calcium nitrite (CNI) and
amine esters climbed to about 500
coulombs over the same period,8 as
shown in Fig. 3.
CAT needed a very unique product
for its water reservoir. The fact that the

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 63

Products&PracticeSpotlight

Selected for reader interest by the editors.

ACI member Jessi Meyer received her

BS in chemistry and business from the
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau
Claire, WI, and has over 15 years of
experience in the construction and
corrosion industries. During that time,
she has held positions in technical
service, sales, and is currently a Vice
President of Sales at Cortec Corporation.
Meyer holds six patents in the field of corrosion inhibitors used
in the concrete/construction market. She has authored several
technical papers through NACE International and other technical
forums. She is also an active member of the International
Fig. 3: Results from past modified ASTM G109 testing of concrete
Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI).
specimens with no inhibitor (control), MCI admixture, and other
corrosion inhibitor chemistries (Note: 1 pint/yd3 = 0.62 L/m3; 1 gal./yd3 =
4.95 L/m3) (illustration courtesy of Jessi Meyer) Jesús Orte Crespo is the Technical
Director, Quimilock S.A. He studied
chemical engineering at UCM,
an important structure directly affecting the health and Madrid, Spain, and began his career
well-being of the local population. working in an anticorrosion water
treatment company. He has worked at
References Quimilock since 1999. He is a member
1. “Case History 496: Restoration and Protection of Concrete of ACHE, (Technical Association of
Concrete), ATC (Technical Association
Pipelines,” Cortec Case Histories, Cortec Corporation, Jan. 2016, www.
of Roads), and AENOR CTN-83 SC10 (Technical Committee of
corteccasehistories.com. (last accessed July 14, 2016)
Normative, Durability of Concrete Subcommittee 10).
2. Miksic, B.A., Improving Durability of Infrastructure with
Migratory Corrosion Inhibitors (MCI®) Handbook, Cortec Corporation,
Josep Xavier Pujol joined CAT in June
Saint Paul, MN, July 2014, p. 10.
1998 as a Technical Assistant and has
3. Bavarian, B., and Reiner, L., “The Efficacy of Using Migrating
been the Director of Infrastructure and
Corrosion Inhibitors (MCI 2020 & MCI 2020M) for Reinforced Concrete,” Production since 2003. He is currently
California State University, Northridge, CA, Mar. 2004, 17 pp. the Managing Director of CAT. Pujol
4. “Online Certifications Directory,” UL, LLC, 2016, http://data- studied engineering of canals, roads,
base.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage. and ports at ETSECC at BarcelonaTech,
html?name=FDNP.MH25692&ccnshorttitle=Drinking+Water+System+C Barcelona, Spain, with postgraduate
omponents&objid=1074261605&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionle studies in municipal engineering. He also
ss&parent_id=1073986524&sequence=1. (last accessed July 27, 2016) received a master’s degree in infrastructure management.
5. “EHE 08: Code on Structural Concrete,” Ministry of Public Works
and Transport, Spain, 2010, 520 pp. Julie Holmquist is Content Writer at Cortec
6. ASTM C1582/C1582M, “Standard Specification for Admixtures Corporation, where she studies and
to Inhibit Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete,” writes about corrosion-inhibiting technology
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. and its applications in industry. Her work
7. ASTM G109, “Standard Test Method for Determining Effects of has been published in a number of industry
Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in magazines since joining Cortec in 2015.
Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments,” ASTM International, West Prior to that, she did freelance and
Conshohocken, PA. educational writing on a variety of topics
8. “Report of Concrete Corrosion Inhibitor Testing,” American for print and online publications.
Engineering Testing, Inc., Aug. 13, 2003, 10 pp.

64 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

Products &
Practice
PRECON
W. R. MEADOWS’ PRECON is
used as a blindside membrane for use in
vertical applications where access to the
positive pressure side is limited. The
membrane can also be used for
underslab dampproofing and
vaporproofing. PRECON is a composite
of a nonwoven fabric, an elastomeric
membrane, and W. R. MEADOWS’
patented plasmatic core—a tough,
seven-layer matrix designed to provide
low water vapor transmission.
PRECON’s nonwoven fabric facing
bonds to placed concrete walls, creating
solid dampproofing protection.
—W. R. MEADOWS,
www.wrmeadows.com

POLYFLEX-ADVANCED PU
Mageba’s flexible plug expansion joint system, POLYFLEX-ADVANCED PU, can be cast into nearly any joint shape (for
example, upstands, skewed angles, and T or X joints). The system comprises a durable, fully elastic material. While it has a
very high tear resistance, it also produces very low reaction forces. Plug expansion joints are suitable for use in bridges as well
as architectural and industrial structures. The POLYFLEX-ADVANCED PU joint system ensures driving comfort, nearly zero
noise emission, and 100% water tightness. The joints are also suitable for use in pharmaceutical facilities and hospitals, where
sterile joints and crossings are required.
—mageba, www.mageba-group.com

AML PRO and AML+

SubSurface Instruments, Inc.’s AML PRO™ and AML+™ Series “All Material Locators” are instruments that use modulated,
ultra-high radio frequencies to find differences in subsurface densities. Users can locate PVC and PE pipes and other subsurface
objects that have edges. The AML will work in clay, wet soil, snow, or standing water.
—SubSurface Instruments, Inc., www.ssilocators.com

Clean Mat
Surface Shields’ Clean Mat is a polyethylene film mat with a tacky surface that prevents dust and dirt from spreading. Each
mat contains 30 sheets—each tabbed for easy removal to expose a fresh layer. Clean Mats are commonly placed outside of
dust or lead containment areas, but they can also be used as door mats at building entrances. The product does not adhere to
carpeted surfaces.
—Surface Shields, www.surfaceshields.com

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 65

Products & Practice

CompactPRO
Seek Thermal™ CompactPRO is a high-performance, infrared camera for
experts in the industrial and commercial building trades. The Seek
CompactPRO plugs directly into an iOS or Android smartphone device. The
CompactPRO thermal imaging camera features a thermal sensor array of 320
x 240 and can measure surface temperatures from −40 to 626°F (−40 to
330°C), with sensitivity levels less than 70 mK. The camera stores and
transfers data into a file format suitable for documenting, cataloging, and
post-capture analysis.
—Seek Thermal, www.thermal.com

MEDUSAW
SKILSAW Power Tools, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Robert Bosch Tool Corporation, introduced MEDUSAW™, a
worm drive concrete saw that delivers a complete concrete cutting system. The saw is engineered with an integrated wet/dry
dust management system to control dust, and it has GFCI protection. MEDUSAW features a Cut-Ready™ adjustable plunge
lock that allows users to quickly and accurately set and make
consistent plunge cuts. The saw has an integrated rolling foot
plate with rubber wheels that help users move it smoothly
across hard surfaces, and it includes a retractable front pointer
that guides the saw along the cut line. MEDUSAW comes
equipped with an onboard multi-function wrench, making it
easy for users to change the tool’s blades, oil, brushes, water
feed attachment, and wheels.
—SKILSAW, www.skilsaw.com

Watco Powerfloat Sealer

Watco Powerfloat Sealer can be applied over a newly floated floor without the need for abrading or grinding. It completely
seals and dustproofs the surface while leaving a shiny finish. A concrete surface coated with Powerfloat Sealer will exhibit
reduced staining, and it will be protected from the elements.
—Watco, www.watcofloors.com

Ape Arms
Inspired Construction Products’ Ape Arms® is a tool that enables workers to manually screed concrete efficiently and easily
while standing, without needing to bend. The tool’s lightweight, adjustable, and ergonomic telescopic arms help to reduce
fatigue and minimize injury.
—Inspired Construction Products, www.icppro.com

66 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

 Products & Practice

Web Notes

Mortar Net Solutions Launches New Website

Mortar Net Solutions™, supplier of moisture management
solutions for masonry walls, introduced its redesigned
website. The new website is divided into three targeted
subsites. One subsite is for architects, designers, engineers,
and building envelope consultants. Another subsite is for
contractors and masons, and the third subsite is for
distributors and sales representatives. Users can request
product samples, download key product information, and
access videos and literature using tabs positioned at the top of
each page. Product menus are arranged alphabetically, and
drop-down menus require only one click.
—Mortar Net Solutions, www.mortarnet.com

Book Notes
Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, Third Edition
Edited by Paul Levin
Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution is for those involved in the prevention, preparation,
management, and resolution of claims and change orders on construction projects. Engineers, contractors, owners, and
construction managers have turned to the solutions in this practical guide for more than 40 years. Thoroughly revised and
completely updated, this third edition adds the expertise of more than 30 attorneys and construction consultants who are
recognized authorities in the field. Their contributions merge principles of construction law with practical advice. Topics
include: identification and notification; differing site conditions; interpretation and requirements of contract specifications;
records and documentation; project schedules and the critical path method; subcontractors and suppliers; pricing; negotiations;
dispute avoidance, resolution, and alternative dispute resolution; and termination. Discussion of delays, time extensions,
acceleration, and mitigation of project delays has been expanded to two chapters. New topics in this edition include impacts on
labor productivity; bonds and liens; insurance issues, and alternative project delivery.
—American Society of Civil Engineers/ASCE Press, www.asce.org/pubs
Price: $100; 512 pp.; ISBN: 978-0-7844-1429-3

Products&Service
Literature&Videos
Design Guide for Cantilevered Retaining Walls, First Edition
This design guide presents thorough coverage of cantilevered retaining walls. It includes
tabulated designs for various soil characteristics, sites with level and sloping backfill, and walls
3 to 22 ft (1 to 7 m) high. Also included are two worked-out examples to show how the tabulated
values were determined.
—Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, www.crsi.org

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 67

Product
Showcase
Anchorage Systems
Sure Anchor J50
Dayton Superior’s Sure Anchor™ J50 is a two-component, 100% solids, moisture-tolerant, high-modulus epoxy gel
adhesive. This material meets the non-sagging requirements of ASTM C881/C881M and AASHTO M 235M/M 235. Sure
Anchor J50 is ideal for anchoring bolts, dowels, and reinforcing bars in concrete. It can also be used for vertical and
horizontal structural bonding and patching. Further, Sure Anchor J50 may be used to seal cracks and set injection ports prior
to injection grouting.
—Dayton Superior, http://daytonsuperior.com

DEWALT Anchoring Solutions

DEWALT’s® range of anchoring and fastening solutions are designed for
performance and productivity. The new range of DEWALT anchors was launched in
2016, and the existing Powers range of anchors and fasteners will transition to the
DEWALT brand over a period of time. Powers Anchors and Fasteners became part
of the DEWALT family in 2012. DEWALT Cast-In-Place Anchors include the
Woodknocker® II for use in wood concrete form applications; Bang-It® for use in
metal deck applications; and the Deck Insert™, allowing a cast-in-place insert to be
placed on any surface of the deck. DEWALT Post-Installation Anchors include the
Screw-Bolt+™ for users installing structural components such as columns or beams
as well as windows, warehouse racking, or railing; and Hangermate®+ for
contractors hanging pipe, cable trays, and other components to ceilings. Adhesive
Anchoring Solutions include the FLEXVOLT™ SDS Max Rotary Hammer with the performance to drill deep holes, a hollow
drill bit range to clean the holes while drilling, and acrylic and epoxy adhesives powered by a 20V MAX* dispenser.
—DEWALT, www.dewalt.com

Planibond AE
MAPEI’s Planibond AE, a two-part epoxy anchoring gel, is designed for a wide variety of bonding and repair
applications. With VOC compliance and low odor, Planibond AE meets ASTM C881/C881M requirements for Types I, II,
IV, and V; Grade 3, Classes B and C; as well as USDA specifications for food-processing areas. This non-sagging gel is
moisture-tolerant and may be extended with graded sands. Planibond AE comes in a dual cartridge for easy use. It can be
used in severe freezing-and-thawing climates and in environments subject to seismic activity.
—MAPEI, www.mapei.com

Cintec America Provides Anchoring Systems for NYC MTA Subway Station Retrofit Project
On August 16, 2009, a large section of the arched brick ceiling at the 181st Street Station on the IRT Line at the New York
Subway fell onto the platforms and tracks. No one was injured by the falling
bricks, and subway service to the station was immediately suspended. A custom
anchoring solution was selected to hold up the new glass fiber-reinforced concrete
panels over the train station, which is 120 ft (37 m) below ground. Cintec anchors
were also selected to retain the existing bricks lining the walls. The overhead
panels were raised to the ceiling with a custom designed crane. The panels were
then attached to a mounting clip system held in place by the Cintec anchors. All
the construction was done on a raised platform above the train station and the tracks.
—Cintec America, www.cintec.com

68 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

 Product Showcase

Simpson Strong-Tie Drop-In Anchor

Simpson Strong-Tie’s (SST) redesigned Drop-In
Anchor (DIAB) provides easier installation into base
materials. Improved geometry in the preassembled
expansion plug allows DIAB installation using 40%
fewer hammer strikes than previous versions. These
deformation-controlled expansion anchors are easily set
by driving the plug toward the bottom of the anchor
using SST hand- or power-setting tools. When
preparing the anchor site, an SST fixed-depth stop bit
can be used to ensure drilling to the correct depth. The
fluted design of the tip draws debris away from the hole
during drilling, allowing for a cleaner installation.
DIABs feature a positive-set marking system to indicate
when the anchor is properly set and a lipped drop-in
version that keeps the top of the anchor flush with the
concrete surface.
—Simpson Strong-Tie, www.strongtie.com

How to Become 

ACI CERTIFIED
TESTING/TRAINING CENTER
Located across the globe, ACI has
partnered with these groups to
administer written and performance
exams throughout the year


PROMETRIC TESTING CENTERS
Set your date and time for convenience
when taking written exams

If you’re a craftsman, technician, or inspector, earning an ACI Certification

provides you with the credentials to build the best concrete structures in
the world. If you’re a specifier or owner, you know many codes require
ACI-certified personnel on the jobsite. Visit concrete.org/certification.
CCRL TOURS
Performance exams can be
administered at the same time the
CCRL is evaluating your lab

www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 69

Industry
Focus
Solidia Technologies Named in the 2016
Sustainia100
Solidia Technologies®, a cement and concrete technology
startup, was named in the Sustainia100 for its systems that
reduce the carbon footprint of cement and concrete. It was
selected from nearly 6000 nominated companies from 60
countries. Solidia Technologies’ patented technology starts
with a sustainable cement, cures concrete with CO2 instead
of water, reduces carbon emissions up to 70%, and recycles
60 to 100% of the water used in production. Featuring the
theme “systemic opportunity,” this year’s Sustainia100,
an annual publication that presents the most innovative,
available, scalable, and sustainable solutions to the world’s
most pressing challenges, sets out 100 solutions that respond
to the interconnected global challenges addressed through the
Sustainable Development Goals—from health solutions that
tackle climate change, to renewable energy products that
alleviate gender inequality.
Spancrete Celebrates 70th Anniversary
Spancrete celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2016. Founded
in 1946 by Henry Nagy, Spancrete started when Nagy bought
a hollowcore slipformer on a trip to Germany, bringing it back
to Wisconsin. Years of innovation, patents, and hard work
developed Spancrete into the company it is today—creating
precast building solutions for commercial, residential,
education, industrial, and retail clients around the globe. Now
in its third generation of family leadership, Henry’s grandson,
John Nagy, is the CEO of the company.
LafargeHolcim and HercuTech Sign
Agreement to Market High-Performance
Insulated Concrete Wall System in
North America
LafargeHolcim, supplier of construction materials in
North America, and HercuTech Inc., manufacturer of high-
performance, pre-engineered building components for the
construction industry, signed an agreement for marketing
HercuWall®, a high-performance insulated concrete wall
system. The strategic alliance is expected to make this new
product offering available for residential construction projects
throughout North America. HercuWall is a panelized system
that is produced in a factory and quickly assembled on the
jobsite. This patented green technology contributes to high
LEED® ratings and net-zero energy goals.
Tyman PLC/AmesburyTruth Acquires BILCO
Tyman PLC, parent company of AmesburyTruth™, a
manufacturer of window and door components for
70 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
residential and commercial applications, has entered into
a definitive agreement to acquire The BILCO Company.
The acquisition will enable AmesburyTruth to broaden
its commercial product portfolio and further penetrate
the commercial market segment. BILCO is a supplier
of specialty access products for both residential and
commercial markets. BILCO will continue to manufacture
commercial and residential access products from its
existing facilities.
PERI Establishes Subsidiary in Africa
Formwork and scaffolding supplier PERI established a
subsidiary in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Africa. With a focus
on growth and development in emerging markets, establishing
PERI Formwork and Scaffolding Ltd. in Dar es Salaam is
further evidence of the international ambitions of PERI’s
growth strategy. PERI Tanzania hosted a launch event at their
new premises in 2016. This event at the new office and supply
facility was attended by guests from the local area and some
from neighboring countries, as well as local and international
institutions of the construction industry. The new location is
the logistics and operations center for the East Africa region,
providing localized support to customers on market-specific
project matters.
Excellence in Structural Engineering
Awards Winners
Winners of the Structural Engineers Association of
Illinois (SEAOI) 2016 Excellence in Structural Engineering
Awards were announced at the 2016 Awards Dinner, in
Chicago, IL. This design competition takes place each year
to recognize excellence in structural engineering. Awards
were presented as follows: Jurors’ Favorite/Most Innovative,
150 North Riverside, Magnusson Klemencic Associates;
Best Renovation/Retrofit Project, LondonHouse Hotel,
TGRWA, LLC; Best Bridge/Transportation Project, 130th
and Torrence Avenue Grade Separation, Alfred Benesch & 
Company; Best Project – >$150 Million, Tanana River
Bridge, Hanson Professional Services Inc.; Best Project –
$50 Million to $150 Million, Northwestern University,
Ryan Center for the Musical Arts, Thornton Tomasetti; Best
Project – $5 Million to $50 Million, NEIU EL Centro,
Forefront Structural Engineers; Best Project – $1 Million to
$5 Million, Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African
American Art, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger; and William
and Alys Lavicka Award, New Splayed Steel Frame Glass
Canopy, Probe Consulting Engineers, Inc. For more
information about the Excellence in Structural Engineering
Awards, visit www.seaoi.org.
Calls for
Papers
The Influence of Early-Age Properties’
Development on Bridge Deck and Pavement
Cracking and Long-Term Durability
Meeting: Technical session on “The Influence of Early-
Age Properties’ Development on Bridge Deck and Pavement
Cracking and Long-Term Durability” at The ACI Concrete
Convention and Exposition – Fall 2017, October 15-19, 2017,
in Anaheim, CA; cosponsored by ACI Committee 231,
Properties of Concrete at Early Ages, and several other
ACI committees.
Solicited: Presentations are invited on the causes for
bridge deck and/or concrete pavement cracking and how they
are related to the development of early-age properties. Topics
include effect of mixture design (including materials used and
proportion of materials); influence of construction practices;
impact of specifications; relation between bridge deck and/or
concrete pavement cracking caused by early-age properties
development and reduction of long-term durability; early-age
measurement techniques that can evaluate early-age properties
and are most related to bridge deck and/or concrete pavement
cracking; quality assurance practices to prevent cracking; and
case studies.
Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), title, organization, and contact information; and 3) an
abstract of up to 250 words.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by February 28, 2017.
Send to: Jussara Tanesi, SES Group and Associates,
jussara.tanesi.ctr@dot.gov; and Benjamin Byard, TVA,
bebyard@tva.gov.
Creating Aesthetic Concrete in Southern
California
Meeting: Technical session on “Creating Aesthetic
Concrete in Southern California” at The ACI Concrete
Convention and Exposition – Fall 2017, October 15-19, 2017,
in Anaheim, CA; sponsored by ACI Committees 124,
Concrete Aesthetics, and 310, Decorative Concrete.
Solicited: This session will highlight the use of decorative
and architectural concrete in the Anaheim/Southern California
area. Of interest are submissions for papers that discuss
historic, newly constructed or proposed concrete structures or
features that incorporate the use of concrete in innovative and
Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines
Calls for papers should be submitted no later than 3 months prior to the
deadline for abstracts. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations
being solicited, abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact
information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International,
38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; e-mail: keith.tosolt@
concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.
72 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
visually appealing ways. Presentations on the construction
process for aesthetic concrete installations are also of interest.
Anticipated topics include: innovative uses of aesthetic/
decorative concrete, descriptions of completed or planned
aesthetic/decorative concrete structures or facilities projects,
construction best practices for creating aesthetic concrete, and
historic aesthetic concrete buildings or structures.
Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s) and nickname(s), title, organization, and contact
information; and 3) an abstract of 100 words.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by February 28, 2017.
Send to: Anne Werner, SIUE, e-mail: awerner@siue.edu;
and Larry Rowland, Lehigh White Cement Company, e-mail:
lrowland@lehighcement.com.
Cracking and Durability in Sustainable Concretes
Meeting: Technical session on “Cracking and Durability in
Sustainable Concretes” at The ACI Concrete Convention and
Exposition – Fall 2017, October 15-19, 2017, in Anaheim, CA;
cosponsored by ACI Committees 130, Sustainability, and
224, Cracking.
Solicited: As the sustainability of concrete is improved
through the use of innovative mixture designs incorporating
sustainable admixtures and supplemental cementitious
materials, the effect of these sustainable technologies on the
cracking performance and durability of these concretes is of
interest. Presentations on cracking behavior in sustainable
concretes or practices for mitigation of cracking in sustainable
concretes are invited. Case studies that provide valuable
information and lessons on the application of these
technologies are encouraged.
Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s) and nickname(s), title, organization, and contact
information; and 3) an abstract of up to 250 words.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by March 1, 2017. Final
papers are due by September 1, 2017.
Send to: Ralf Leistikow, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.,
rleistikow@wje.com, and Kimberly Kramer, Kansas State
University, kramer@ksu.edu.
Different Perspectives on Service Life Modeling
Meeting: Technical session on “Different Perspectives on
Service Life Modeling” at The ACI Concrete Convention and
Exposition – Fall 2017, October 15-19, 2017, in Anaheim, CA;
sponsored by ACI Committee 365, Service Life Prediction.
Solicited: ACI Committee 365 is requesting presentations
on different perspectives on service life modeling from
academics, scientists, client organizations, contractors,
consulting engineers, suppliers, and students. The objective of
the session is to explore the hot topic of designing structures

to last 100 years or longer from different perspectives.
Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), title, organization, and contact information; and 3) an
abstract of up to 250 words.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by March 15, 2017; final
papers are due by October 9, 2017.
Send to: Bruce Smith, SANDAG, bgjmsmith@yahoo.com;
and Mohamad Nagi, American University of Dubai, mnagi@
aud.edu.
James D. Cooper Student Paper Competition
Event: James D. Cooper Student Paper Competition of the
International Bridge Conference (IBC), June 4-8, 2017, in
National Harbor, MD; sponsored by the Engineers’ Society of
Western Pennsylvania.
Solicited: James D. Cooper Student Paper Competition is
open to college and university engineering students
worldwide. The winning paper will receive a $1000
Fellowship, complimentary conference registration, and hotel
and travel allowances to attend the 34th IBC. Additionally, the
winning paper will be considered for inclusion in the
published proceedings and for presentation at the conference.
Requirements: Student competition papers should fall
within one of the IBC technical session topics. Papers
prepared for other purposes, such as thesis and projects, are
acceptable although previously published work cannot be
accepted. Manuscripts are limited to 10 pages single spaced
12 point text (no exceptions). Papers must be authored by
students; faculty advisors can only be a co-author.
Specifically, the first author of the paper must be a student.
Deadlines: Student competition papers must be submitted
no later than March 31, 2017. Winning entries will be notified
in April/May 2017. Invitations to present or submit for
proceedings will also be made at this time.
Send to: Upload papers at https://eswp.com/bridge/awards/
student-paper-competition/.
Contact: Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania,
e-mail: eswp@eswp.com.
Masonry 2018 Symposium
Meeting: Masonry 2018 Symposium on Innovations in
Collaborative Research, Development and Applications. June 26,
2018, at the Sheraton San Diego Hotel & Marina, San Diego,
CA. The symposium is cosponsored by ASTM International
Committees C01, Cement; C07, Lime; C12, Mortars and Grouts
for Unit Masonry; and C15, Manufactured Masonry Units.
Solicited: The symposium will also focus on innovations
in masonry materials, design, specification, construction,
maintenance, and rehabilitation. Papers are invited on a variety
of topics, including anchors and ties, materials testing, ASTM
Calls for Papers
standards, moisture management, building codes, masonry and
mortar cement, and performance-based design and specification.
Requirements: To present at the symposium, authors must
submit an Abstract Submittal Form online, attaching a 250- to
300-word preliminary abstract. The abstract must include a
clear definition of the objective and approach of the work
discussed, pointing out material that is new, and present
sufficient details regarding results. The presentation and
manuscript must not be of a commercial nature nor can it have
been previously published. Visit www.astm.org/C07CFP062018
for abstract submittal, additional paper topics, and any
further information.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by April 22, 2017; acceptance
notification by June 30, 2017.
Contact: Additional technical information is available
from Symposium Chair Norbert Krogstad, Wiss, Janney,
Elstner Associates, Inc., Northbrook, IL, phone:
+1.847.753.6407; e-mail: nkrogstad@wje.com.
Advances in Concrete Bridges: Design,
Construction, and Rehabilitation
Meeting: Technical sessions on “Advances in Concrete
Bridges: Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation in Memory
of Dr. Dennis Mertz” at The ACI Concrete Convention and
Exposition – Spring 2018, March 25-29, 2018, in Salt Lake
City, UT; cosponsored by ACI Committees 342, Evaluation of
Concrete Bridges and Bridge Elements; 345, Concrete Bridge
Construction, Maintenance, and Repair; and Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 343, Concrete Bridge Design.
Solicited: The special sessions will emphasize recent
advances in concrete bridges, including design, construction,
and rehabilitation. Presentations will encompass a variety of
technical aspects such as the innovative design methods of
bridge structures, accelerated bridge construction, damage
detection and assessment techniques, and strengthening of
deteriorated bridge members. Both experimental and
analytical investigations are of interest. The sessions will
bring to light recent research findings and provide an
opportunity to discuss present challenges and technical
demands. Critical information will be provided to those who
lead tomorrow’s bridge design and construction, including
practicing engineers, government officials, and academics. An
ACI Special Publication will be published.
Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), title, organization, and contact information; and 3) an
abstract of up to 250 words.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by April 30, 2017; final
papers are due by August 31, 2017.
Send to: Yail Jimmy Kim, University of Colorado-Denver,
jimmy.kim@ucdenver.edu.
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 73
What’s
New from
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
Guide to Durable Concrete—ACI 201.2R-16
This guide describes specific types of concrete deterioration.
Each chapter contains a discussion of the mechanisms
involved and the recommended requirements for individual
components of concrete, quality considerations for concrete
mixtures, construction procedures, and influences of the
exposure environment, which are all important considerations
to ensure concrete durability.
Concrete Fundamentals – Spanish Language
Version—CCS-0S(16)
This book is intended for anyone who wants an
introduction to concrete and concrete construction. Craftsmen
in the concrete field may find it particularly useful as a guide
for good practice.
Technician Workbook for ACI Certification of
Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I—
CP-1(17)
A study guide for the examinee, this workbook provides
information and instructional material on the required ASTM
testing procedures.
ACI UNIVERSITY ONLINE COURSES
On-Demand Course: Proportioning with
Ground Limestone and Mineral Filler
Learning objectives:
1. Explain sustainability opportunities by replacing portions of
portland cement with ground limestone and mineral filler in
concrete mixtures.
2. Describe properties of concrete produced with ground
limestone, mineral filler, when added to blended portland
cement with supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly
ash, slag, metakaolin, and silica fume.
3. Develop and evaluate mixture proportions incorporating
ground limestone or mineral filler materials to achieve usable
concrete strength.
4. Describe the durability properties with regards to sulfate
attack and thaumasite sulfate attack on concrete produced
with ground limestone or mineral filler added to either
portland cement or blended portland cement with an SCM.
Continuing Education Credit: 0.1 CEU (1 PDH)

TMS 402/602 Building Code Requirements

and Specifications for Masonry Structures,
2016 (Formerly ACI 530)
The Code (TMS 402) covers the design and construction of
masonry structures while the Specification (TMS 602) is
concerned with minimum construction requirements for
masonry in structures. The commentaries present background
details, Committee considerations, and research data used to
develop the standards.

VISIT THE
ACI Store Visit today at www.concrete.org

The ACI Store has over 400 standards, technical reports, special publications,
and webinars, many ready to download straight to your mobile device.

74 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

Sinopsis en español
Foro IX de la sustentabilidad del concreto del ACI
Sakai, K., y Buffenbarger, J.K., Concrete International,
V. 39, No. 2, febrero de 2017, págs. 27-31
El foro IX de la sustentabilidad del concreto del ACI
ocurrió en octubre de 2016 en la Convención y Exposición
del Concreto del ACI. El foro ofreció presentaciones de
siete expertos en diseño de la sustentabilidad, sistemas
de evaluación de la sustentabilidad y nuevas tecnologías
materiales para los edificios sostenibles y las estructuras de
ingeniería civil.
Guía para concreto lanzado
Balck, L., Concrete International, V. 39, No. 2, febrero de
2017, págs. 35-37
Este artículo es una reimpresión de un papel que apareció
originalmente en el número de verano 2016 de Shotcrete.
Analiza actualizaciones para la “Guía para el concreto lanzado
(ACI 506R-16)”, e incluye secciones nuevas y ampliadas.
Concreto de ceniza volante nanomodificado
Ghazy, A.A.; Bassuoni, M.T.; Shalaby, A.; y Hamilton,
R., Concrete International, V. 39, No. 2, febrero de 2017,
págs. 38-44
El concreto de ceniza volante nanomodificado se utilizó
recientemente para la reparación de juntas transversales de
espesor parcial situadas en una carretera principal urbana
importante en Winnipeg, Canadá. El proyecto fue el primer
ensayo de campo del material, y demostró con éxito los
procedimientos de mezcla, colocación y ensayos e indicó un
potencial para el desempeño a largo plazo.
Anclajes embebidos bajos
Fuchs, W., y Hofmann, J., Concrete International, V. 39,
No. 2, febrero de 2017, págs. 45-53
Aunque ACI 318-14 proporciona requisitos de diseño
para los anclajes en concreto, no se aplica a los insertos
de especialidad utilizados en anclajes de elementos no
estructurales. Se proporciona información de respaldo sobre
el procedimiento de diseño ACI 318, se analizan los anclajes
bajos y los parámetros relacionados y se proponen factores de
modificación para los valores del diseño ACI 318.
Tablero de puente de concreto y caucho residual
Zhu, H., Concrete International, V. 39, No. 2, febrero de
2017, págs. 54-55
En 2006, se construyó en China un tablero de puente a partir
de una mezcla de concreto de cemento de Portland y caucho
residual. Aunque cerca el 5 por ciento de la superficie del
tablero desarrolló grietas poco profundas por contracción
poco después de la colocación, el resto de la cubierta quedó
libre de grietas. Se postula que el caucho residual crea juntas
elásticas que reducen las concentraciones de esfuerzo cerca de
las puntas de las microgrietas.
Tecnología de presa francesa aprueba el ensayo
Drown, P., y Sanna, A., Concrete International, V. 39, No. 2,
febrero de 2017, págs. 57-60
La “presa francesa” es una nueva tecnología para la
construcción de sistemas de control hidroeléctricos y de agua
de tamaño pequeño y mediano. Compuesto por segmentos
modulares fabricados fuera del emplazamiento en un ambiente
controlado, el sistema está diseñado para proyectos nuevos o
de modificación. Se describen los procesos de corte y doblado
del acero de refuerzo, instalación y ensayos.
Una solución segura para la corrosión en los depósitos de
agua potable
Meyer, J.; Crespo, J.O.; Pujol, J.X.; y Holmquist, J.,
Concrete International, V. 39, No. 2, febrero de 2017,
págs. 61-64
Se construyó un nuevo depósito de agua potable en Tarragona,
España. Basado en experiencias previas, se seleccionaron
inhibidores de la corrosión migratoria para proporcionar
una protección a largo plazo contra la corrosión y ayudar
a cumplir una vida útil de diseño de 50 años. Los aditivos
no tuvieron efectos negativos aparentes sobre el tiempo del
fraguado o las propiedades físicas del concreto. 
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | FEBRUARY 2017 75
 Membership Matters
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2017 ACI Membership Application
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Meetings
FEBRUARY
14-17 - 2017 ICPI Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ
www.icpi.org/2017AnnualMeeting
18-19 - 2017 ICON-Xchange, Phoenix, AZ
http://iconxchange.org/2017
20-22 - NCMA Annual Convention, Phoenix, AZ
http://iconxchange.org/2017/annual-convention
23-24 - SDC Technology Forum #41, Dallas, TX
http://concretesdc.org/meetings/session41/SDC41_
generalinfo.htm
FEBRUARY/MARCH
28-4 - 2017 PCI Convention & National Bridge
Conference, Cleveland, OH
www.pci.org/convention
MARCH
2-4 - The Precast Show 2017, Cleveland, OH
http://precast.org/theprecastshow
4-6 - NRMCA’s Annual Convention, Las Vegas, NV
www.nrmca.org/Conferences_Events/AnnualConvention/2017/
index.html
THE CONCRETE CONVENTION AND
EXPOSITION: FUTURE DATES
2017 — March 26-30, Detroit Marriott at the
Renaissance Center, Detroit, MI
2017 — October 15-19, Disneyland Hotel,
Anaheim, CA
2018 — M
 arch 25-29, Grand America & Little
America, Salt Lake City, UT
2018 — O
 ctober 14-18, Rio All-Suites Hotel &
Casino, Las Vegas, NV
For additional information, contact:
Event Services, ACI, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Telephone: +1.248.848.3795
www.concrete.org/events/conventions.aspx
78 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
6-8 - Eleventh High-Performance Concrete (11th HPC)
and the Second Concrete Innovation Conference (2nd
CIC), Tromsø, Norway
www.tekna.no/en/events/hpccic-tromso-2017-32076
7-11 - CONEXPO-CON/AGG 2017, Las Vegas, NV
www.conexpoconagg.com
12-15 - Geotechnical Frontiers 2017, Orlando, FL
http://geotechnicalfrontiers.com
14-18 - 45th CSDA Annual Convention & Tech Fair,
Rio Grande, Puerto Rico
www.csda.org/?page=Convention2017
15-16 - New York Build 2017, New York, NY
http://newyorkbuildexpo.com
15-17 - ICRI 2017 Spring Convention, Montreal,
QC, Canada
www.icri.org/event/2017_SpringConvention
27-29 - Design-Build in Transportation Conference,
Minneapolis, MN
www.dbia.org/conferences/transportation/pages/default.aspx
MARCH/APRIL
29-1 - 13th International Workshop on Micropiles,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
www.ismicropiles.org
APRIL
6-7 - Northeast Hardscape Expo, Providence, RI
www.nehexpo.com
24-26 - JCI-RILEM International Workshop on
“Control of Cracking of Mass Concrete and Related Issues
Concerning Early Age Cracking of Concrete Structures,”
Tokyo, Japan
www.jci-net.or.jp/~concrack5/conference_info.html
ACI Industry Events Calendar:
For more information and a listing of additional upcoming events, visit
www.concrete.org/events/eventscalendar.aspx. To submit meeting
information, e-mail Lacey Stachel, Editorial Coordinator, Concrete
International, at lacey.stachel@concrete.org.
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Concrete
Q&A
ACI 318M-14 versus ACI 318-14—
Eq. (18.10.4.1) and Fig. R18.7.5.2
Q.
Equation (18.10.4.1) of ACI 318M-141 looks the
same as Eq. (18.10.4.1) in ACI 318-14.2 Why do
the values assigned to the coefficient αc vary by a
factor of 12 between the two versions of the code?

A.
Your observations are correct. Equation
(18.10.4.1) does have the same form in both
versions of ACI 318: .
However, αc, a coefficient that varies with the ratio of the clear
height hw and length ℓw of a vertical wall segment, is different
in the two versions:
•• In ACI 318M-14, αc varies linearly from 0.25 to 0.17 for
hw/ℓw between 1.5 and 2.0; and
•• In ACI 318-14, αc varies linearly from 3.0 to 2.0 for hw/ℓw
between 1.5 and 2.0.
Note that a conversion is required to account for the units on Fig. 1: Example of transverse reinforcement in columns (Fig. R18.7.5.2
f c′ . Because 1 psi 0.00689 MPa, . in ACI 318M-14). Dimensions bc1 and bc2 should be marked as
out-to-out of the hoop, not center-to-center of the longitudinal bars
Therefore, .

Q.
Dimensions bc1 and bc2 in Fig. R18.7.5.2 of ACI
318M-14 are marked as center-to-center of the
longitudinal reinforcing bars while the same
dimensions in Fig. R18.7.5.2 of ACI 318-14 are marked as
out-to-out of the hoop. Which one is correct?

A.
The dimensions bc1 and bc2 shown in Fig.
R18.7.5.2 of ACI 318M-14, (see Fig. 1), are
marked incorrectly. They should be marked as
out-to-out of the hoop, as in Fig. R18.7.3.2 of ACI 318-14
(see Fig. 2). Although the figure has been corrected in ACI
318-14, an erratum is required for the figure in ACI 318M-14.
Current errata to ACI documents are available on the
ACI website at www.concrete.org/publications/
documenterrata.aspx.
Fig. 2: Example of transverse reinforcement in columns (Fig. R18.7.5.2
References in ACI 318-14). Dimensions bc1 and bc2 are correctly marked as
1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural out-to-out of the hoop
Concrete (ACI 318M-14) and Commentary (ACI 318RM-14),” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp. Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents and have
2. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members of ACI technical
committees. The answers do not represent the official position of an ACI
Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American committee. Comments should be sent to rex.donahey@concrete.org.
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.

80 FEBRUARY 2017 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

 ACI’s 2017
Manual of Concrete Practice
contains 250+ ACI committee standards and reports.

ACI’s 2017 Manual of Concrete Practice is

the most comprehensive concrete reference
set available. It contains all of the widely
used ACI concrete and masonry code
require­ments, specifications, guides, and
reports. Additionally, it includes information
about code require­ments, deflection,
cracking, durability problems, temperature
control, nondes­tructive testing, and
hundreds of other topics.

The 2017 Manual of Concrete Practice is

conveniently available as a seven-volume
set with separate index, a USB drive, and a
newly updated 1-year online subscription.
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MCP 2017 Part 1, 2017, 1284 pp.

Compilation of 38 ACI documents — ACI 117-10(15) to ACI 224.2R-92(04)
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