ETABS TUTORIAL BY ENG.

BILAL ALMOHTASIB 1

#WEEK 3:
1) Introduction of Earthquake loads:
Earthquake engineering is the science that studies the behavior of structures under earthquake excitation and
provides the rules on how to design structures to survive seismic shocks. Earthquakes are wild and violent
events that can have dramatic effects on structures. In fact, many structures have collapsed during earthquakes
because earthquake-induced forces or displacements exceeded the ultimate capacity of the structures.
Therefore, the study of structural behavior at full capacity is a necessary element of earthquake engineering, and
in addition to life safety, damage control is an important design consideration for structures deemed vital to
post earthquake functions.

In general, most earthquake code provisions implicity require that structures be able to resist:

1- Minor earthquakes without any damage.

2- Moderate earthquakes with negligible structural damage and some nonstructural damage.
3- Major earthquakes with some structural and nonstructural damage but without collapse. The structure
is expected to undergo fairly large deformations by yielding in some structural members.

2) SEISMIC DESIGN CONCEPT:

An effective seismic design generally includes:

1- Selecting an overall structural concept including layout of a lateral-force-resisting system that is

appropriate to the anticipated level of ground shaking. This includes providing a redundant and
continuous load path to ensure that a building responds as a unit when subjected to ground motion.

2- Determining code-prescribed forces and deformations generated by the ground motion, and
distributing the forces vertically to the lateral-force-resisting system. The structural system,
configuration, and site characteristics are all considered when determining these forces.

3- Analysis of the building for the combined effects of gravity and seismic loads to verify that adequate
vertical and lateral strength and stiffness are achieved to satisfy the structural performance and
acceptable deformation levels pre-scribed in the governing building code.

4- Providing details to assure that the structure has sufficient inelastic deform-ability to undergo fairly
large deformations when subjected to a major earth-quake. Appropriately detailed members
possess the necessary characteristics to dissipate energy by inelastic deformations.

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3) General definitions:

1- Strength reduction factor (R):

Numerical coefficient representative of the inherent. Over strength and global ductility
capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems, as set forth in Table 16-N or 16-P UBC-CODE 97.
Depending on resisting structural system type.

2- Seismic Zone factor (Z):

Seismic zone factor depending on site of Building and it’s related to effect of earthquake
In that site, the classification obtained from geological maps for each place, seismic zone
factor as given in Table 16-I UBC-CODE 97.

3- Importance factor ( I ) :

Importance factor depending on Risk category of Building given in Table 16-K UBC-CODE 97.

4- Seismic coefficients (Ca,Cv):

Ca = Seismic Coefficient (Acceleration)

Cv = Seismic Coefficient (Velocity)
Both (Ca & Cv) depending on type of soil & zone factor.

5- Soil profile types:

SA= Hard Rock

SB= Rock
SC= Very Dense Soil and Soft Rock
SD= Stiff Soil profile
SE= Soft Soil profile
SF= Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See Section 1629.3.1. UBC CODE.

6- Base shear (V):

Is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure

7- Drift ratio:

STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.

8- Displacement –∆:
It’s the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.

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9- Floor forces (𝑓𝑖):

Vertical Distribution of Force. The total force shall be distributed over the height of the
structure in conformance with Formulas CH 16 (30-13), (30-14) and (30-15) in the absence
of a more rigorous procedure.

10- Diaphragms:

It’s a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems.

11- Shear walls:

Shear wall is a vertical structural element used to resist the horizontal forces such as wind
force, seismic force. These forces acts parallel to the plane of the wall. Shear walls are
generally used in high rise buildings where effect of wind forces and seismic forces is more.

12- Center of Mass (CM):

CM= center of mass is the center of mass is the point at which the mass of an object is
concentrated.

13- Center of Rigidity (CR):

CR = Center of rigidity is the stiffness centroid within a floor-diaphragm plan.

14- P-∆ EFFECT

Is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members induced by
the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building system.

15- Stability index (Q):

The stability index can be used to determine if a particular story in a frame structure should
be called braced or unbraced.

16- Ductility: is the capacity of building materials, systems, or structures to absorb energy by
deforming into the inelastic range. The capability of a structure to absorb energy, with
acceptable deformations and without failure.

17- Time period (T):

The time taken by the wave to complete one cycle of motion is called period.

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4) How to Assign Seismic loads in ETABS according to UBC 97 “STATIC EQUIVALENT METHOD”:

1- Locate the city of construction and obtain (Z) value:

TABLE 16-I—SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z

ZONE 1 2A 2B 3 4

Z 0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40

NOTE: The zone shall be determined from the seismic zone map in Figure 16-2.

2- Obtain Soil profile type from Soil report and find Ca,Cv:

TABLE 16-Q—SEISMIC COEFFICIENT Ca

SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z

SOIL PROFILE TYPE Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na
SF See Footnote 1
1Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil Profile Type SF.

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TABLE 16-R—SEISMIC COEFFICIENT Cv

SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z

SOIL PROFILE TYPE Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Nv
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Nv
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Nv
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Nv
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1
1Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil Profile Type SF.

3- Obtain Importance factor:

TABLE 16-K—OCCUPANCY CATEGORY

SEISMIC SEISMIC WIND
IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE1 IMPORTANCE
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURE FACTOR, I FACTOR, Ip FACTOR, Iw
1. Essential Group I, Division 1 Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment 1.25 1.50 1.15
facilities2 areas
Fire and police stations
Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft
Structures and shelters in emergency-preparedness centers
Aviation control towers
Structures and equipment in government communication centers and other
facilities required for emergency response
Standby power-generating equipment for Category 1 facilities
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other
fire-suppression material or equipment required for the protection of Category
1, 2 or 3 structures
2. Hazardous Group H, Divisions 1, 2, 6 and 7 Occupancies and structures therein housing or 1.25 1.50 1.15
facilities supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances
Nonbuilding structures housing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or
explosive substances that, if contained within a building, would cause that
building to be classified as a Group H, Division 1, 2 or 7 Occupancy
3. Special Group A, Divisions 1, 2 and 2.1 Occupancies 1.00 1.00 1.00
occupancy Buildings housing Group E, Divisions 1 and 3 Occupancies with a capacity
structures3 greater than 300 students
Buildings housing Group B Occupancies used for college or adult education
with a capacity greater than 500 students
Group I, Divisions 1 and 2 Occupancies with 50 or more resident incapacitated
patients, but not included in Category 1
Group I, Division 3 Occupancies
All structures with an occupancy greater than 5,000 persons
Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and other public utility
facilities not included in Category 1 or Category 2 above, and required for
continued operation
4. Standard All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in Category 1.00 1.00 1.00
occupancy 1, 2 or 3 and Group U Occupancy towers
structures 3

5. Miscellaneous Group U Occupancies except for towers 1.00 1.00 1.00

structures
4- 1The limitation of Ip for panel connections in Section 1633.2.4 shall be 1.0 for the entire connector.
5- 2Structural observation requirements are given in Section 1702.
6- 3For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the value of Ip shall be taken as 1.5.

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4- Obtain “R” value:

TABLE 16-N—STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS1

HEIGHT LIMIT FOR

LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION R ·o SEISMIC ZONES 3
BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM2 AND 4 (feet)
x 304.8 for mm
1. Bearing wall system 1. Light-framed walls with shear panels
a. Wood structural panel walls for structures three stories or less 5.5 2.8 65
b. All other light-framed walls 4.5 2.8 65
2. Shear walls
a. Concrete 4.5 2.8 160
b. Masonry 4.5 2.8 160
3. Light steel-framed bearing walls with tension-only bracing 2.8 2.2 65
4. Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load
a. Steel 4.4 2.2 160
b. Concrete3 2.8 2.2 —
c. Heavy timber 2.8 2.2 65
2. Building frame system 1. Steel eccentrically braced frame (EBF) 7.0 2.8 240
2. Light-framed walls with shear panels
a. Wood structural panel walls for structures three stories or less 6.5 2.8 65
b. All other light-framed walls 5.0 2.8 65
3. Shear walls
a. Concrete 5.5 2.8 240
b. Masonry 5.5 2.8 160
4. Ordinary braced frames
a. Steel 5.6 2.2 160
b. Concrete3 5.6 2.2 —
c. Heavy timber 5.6 2.2 65
5. Special concentrically braced frames
a. Steel 6.4 2.2 240
3. Moment-resisting frame 1. Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF)
system a. Steel 8.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Concrete4 8.5 2.8 N.L.
2. Masonry moment-resisting wall frame (MMRWF) 6.5 2.8 160
3. Concrete intermediate moment-resisting frame (IMRF)5 5.5 2.8 —
4. Ordinary moment-resisting frame (OMRF)
a. Steel6 4.5 2.8 160
b. Concrete7 3.5 2.8 —
5. Special truss moment frames of steel (STMF) 6.5 2.8 240
4. Dual systems 1. Shear walls
a. Concrete with SMRF 8.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Concrete with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
c. Concrete with concrete IMRF5 6.5 2.8 160
d. Masonry with SMRF 5.5 2.8 160
e. Masonry with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
f. Masonry with concrete IMRF3 4.2 2.8 —
g. Masonry with masonry MMRWF 6.0 2.8 160
2. Steel EBF
a. With steel SMRF 8.5 2.8 N.L.
b. With steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
3. Ordinary braced frames
a. Steel with steel SMRF 6.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Steel with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
c. Concrete with concrete SMRF3 6.5 2.8 —
d. Concrete with concrete IMRF3 4.2 2.8 —
4. Special concentrically braced frames
a. Steel with steel SMRF 7.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Steel with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
5. Cantilevered column building 1. Cantilevered column elements 2.2 2.0 357
systems
6. Shear wall-frame interaction 1. Concrete8 5.5 2.8 160
systems
7. Undefined systems See Sections 1629.6.7 and 1629.9.2 — — —
N.L.—no limit
1See Section 1630.4 for combination of structural
systems. 2Basic structural systems are defined in
Section 1629.6. 3Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 and
4.
4Includes precast concrete conforming to Section 1921.2.7.
5Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, except as permitted in Section 1634.2.
6Ordinary moment-resisting frames in Seismic Zone 1 meeting the requirements of Section 2211.6 may use a R value of 8.

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5- Open Load Pattern in ETAB & Assign EQ in X and EQ in Y directions.

6- Modify Lateral Load according to previous obtained data.
7- Define Mass Source to make sure the weight of structure will be calculated correctly but check
first the Base shear Value.

# How to define Mass Source:

1- (Define>>Mass Source>>Click on Modify/show mass source)

2- Use following input

Where: Remember (Force = Mass * Acceleration)

Element self-mass = ‫تجميع االحمال فقط من الوزن الذاتي‬

Additional mass =‫الخ‬...‫ قطاعات جدران‬,‫ قصارة‬,‫الكتل المضافه كالحجر‬
Specified Load Patterns = ‫نفعّل الخيار ونغلق أول خيارين بحيث يكون حساب الحمولة الميتة من معرفات‬
.‫االحمال التي تم تعريفها في البداية‬

Adjust Diaphragm…. = ‫ال يتم تفعيل هذا الخيار ألنه يغير في حساب الحموالت حول مركز الكتلة بإزاحة معينة‬
Include Lateral Mass = ‫عند تفعيل هذا الخيار يأخذ تأثير القوة الجانبية في حساب كتلة المنشأ‬
ّ ‫ ولكنّها‬,‫عند تفعيل هذا الخيار يتم أخذ تأثير األحمال الرأسية التي تم ادخالها‬
Include Vertical Mass = ‫معرفة‬
.‫مسبقا‬
Lump Lateral Mass at Story level = ‫هنا يتم تجميع تأثيرات األحمال األفقية في حساب الكتلة للعناصر‬
‫كاملة في مستوى الطابق الواحد‬
Note that:

When specified the mass from load patterns as above you should take a percent of live load as
permanent load.

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Important checks before Define Combinations & Design:

1- Check Base shear Values:

- From tables show Base Reactions

- Export to Excel , then find ∑ 𝐷𝐿 + %𝐿𝐿 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑧 and check Base shear from
following equations :

- After check go back to Model and reset Mass source to Obtain new Base shear, if OK then
continue to next step, if not check model again.

2- Check Time period as per UBC 97 Limits:

- From Model Results in tables export Model Period to Excel

- Find time period T (Method “A” UBC code ) which equal to = 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 ∗ ℎ𝑛3/4
WHERE:
Ct = 0.035 (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames.
Ct = 0.030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically
braced frames.
Ct = 0.020 (0.0488) for all other buildings.
- If time period in ETABS > 1.3*T (Method “A”), then the structure is soft in that direction.
And must be stiffened to resist EQ loads.

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3- Check Stability index “Q” after check 1 & 2 and defining load combinations:

∑ 𝑃𝑢 ∗ ∆
Q=
𝑉𝑢𝑠 ∗ 𝑙𝑐

Where:

∑ 𝑃𝑢 = Total factored vertical load for all of the columns on the story.
∆=The elastically determined first-order lateral displacement due to 𝑉𝑢𝑠 at the top of the story.
𝑉𝑢𝑠= The total factored horizontal shear for the story.
𝑙𝑐 =The height of a compression member in a frame measured from center to center of the frame
joints.

Note that:
“Q” must be calculated for each story once in X-direction and once in Y-direction.

# Steps to calculate “Q” by ETABS:

- After analyze the model go to tables

∆
- Find from (Analysis>> Results>>Displacements>>Story drift) then choose direction to
𝒍𝒄
check and export to Excel, then use (MAX function) to obtain max drift ratio due to specific
load combination.

- Find ∑ 𝑷𝒖 for Columns from (Analysis>>Results>>Frame results>>Column forces) then choose

the ULT load combination that introduced maximum drift ratio from previous step and
export to Excel, after export use AutoSum button in Excel and obtain value of ∑ 𝑷𝒖.

- Find ∑ 𝑷𝒖 for Walls from (Analysis>>Results>>Shell results>>Shell forces) then choose the
ULT load combination & Design type that introduced maximum drift ratio and export to
Excel, after export use AutoSum button in Excel and obtain value of ∑ 𝑷𝒖.

- ∑ 𝑷𝒖 = ∑ 𝑷𝒖 (𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏𝒔) + ∑ 𝑷𝒖 (𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔)

- Find 𝑉𝑢𝑠 from (Analysis>>Results>>Structure results>>Story forces) then choose the Bottom
location & Specific ULT combination from previous.

- If “Q≤ 0.05” – That’s means the story is braced about direction of calculations.
- If “Q≥ 0.05” – That’s means the story is Sway about direction of calculations.
- If the story Sway it must to using second order analysis (P-∆ EFFECT)

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P-∆ Option (from CSI Company):

Click the Define menu > P-Delta Options command to access the Preset P-Delta Options form. Use the form
to apply the options to all linear load cases.

- None option. Use this option to not consider P-Delta effects, including removing previously
considered effects.
- Non-Iterative -- Based on Mass option. The load is computed automatically from the mass at each
level as a story-by-story load upon the structure.
- Iterative -- Based on Loads option. The load case is computed from a specified combination of
static load patterns.

‫ي على الكتل فقط أما‬

ّ ‫في حالة كان المنشأ من النوع الغير مقيد حسب ما ذكر سابقا يمكن إستعمال التحليل من الدرجة الثانية ولكن من النوع الغير تكراري المبن‬
‫في حالة كان المنشأ من النوع الغير المقيد يجب تعيين خيار التحليل من الدرجة الثانية من النوع التكراري حسب تراكيب األحمال بحيث تؤخذ قيمة ال‬

Dead >> 1.2

Live >> 0.5

Comment from CSI Company:

For this case, the P-Delta effect associated with the overall sway of the structure can usually be accounted for,
conservatively, by specifying the P-Delta load case to be 1.2 times dead load plus 0.5 times live load.

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5) How to Assign load combinations:

1- From load combo > Add default Load comb. & make it Editable
2- From following load combinations we need Just combinations that includes “E”

3- Find the value of “E” as following and then modify load combinations accordingly
with the value of “E”.

E = 𝜌Eh + Ev

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For simplicity the code estate that If:

Z ≤ 0.2, 𝜌 = 1
Z > 0.2, 𝜌 = 1.25 SMF.
𝜌 = 1.5 Others.

6) Final check before begin Design “ Drift Check”:

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 ‫‪ETABS TUTORIAL BY ENG.BILAL ALMOHTASIB‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬

‫‪7) Design process:‬‬

‫في خطوة التصميم الزلزالي يجب أوال مراعاة نوع النظام اإلنشائي الذي سيقوم بمقاومة القوى الزلزالية حيث أنه اذا كانت‬
‫جملة العناصر المقاومة للزالزل تتكون من جدران قص فيسمح البرنامج بهذه الحالة ‪ 3‬طرق رئيسية‬

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