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Professor: s.l. dr. ing. C. Teleman
Student: Gafita Constantin‐Flavian
EFFECTIVE AREA OF LA LIPPED CHANNEL SECTION MEMBER
SUBJECTED TO BENDING MOMENT ON THE MAJOR AXIS
C220/80/25/1.5
fy=250
1. Section Characterstics
N
fy 250
2
mm
5 N
E 2.1 10
2
mm
L 3 m
r 5 mm t 1.5 mm
r < 5t --> 5 t 7.5 ok!!
b 80 mm
bp b t 78.5 mm
r
r/bp <0.15 --> 0.064 ok!!
bp
The rounded corners are ignored!
h 220 mm
hp h t 218.5 mm
c 25 mm
t
cp c 24.25 mm
2
2
Ag t [ hp 2 ( bp cp) ] 636 mm
Ix
ix 26.264 mm
Ag
2. Determination of the effective function characteristics
cp 24.25 mm
cp > 0.2bp --> 0.2 bp 15.7 mm ok!!
a) Flange
kσ 4
bp fy
λpbar 1.052 0.95 --> λpbar 0.673 ok!!
t E kσ
ρ 1
0.22 1
0.809
λpbar λpbar
beff ρ bp 63.506 mm
beff
beff1 31.753 mm
2
beff2 beff1 31.753 mm
cp
0.309 --> kσ 0.5
bp
b) Stiffener
3
2
cp
0.309 (0.35<cp/bp<0.6) --> kσ 0.5 0.83 cp 0.35
bp bp
cp fy
λpbar 1.052 0.758 --> λpbar 0.673 ok!!
t E kσ
ρ 1 1 0.936
0.22
λpbar λpbar
beff ρ bp 73.487 mm
beff
beff1 36.743 mm
2
beff2 beff1 36.743 mm
ceff ρ cp 22.701 mm
2
Ar ( beff2 ceff ) t 89.167 mm
ceff
t beff1 t ceff 0
2
dg 4.336 mm
t beff t ceff
ceff t
zg dg 7.765 mm
2 2
3 3 2
ceff 2 1 zg 6.278 10 mm
beff1 t 2 2 ceff ceff 3 4
Ira beff1 2 ( zg 1 )
12 12 2
3. The stiffner is considered a beam on elastic supports. The evaluation of the stiffner is
similar to the situation of centric compression
ν 0.3
φ
6 hp 1 ν bp
2 0.132
3
E t
fr bp φ
3
4 bp 1 ν 2 12.857
3
E t
1
Cr 0.078
fr
The critical buckling bifurcation stress of the edge stiffener with an area Ar:
2 Cr E Ira N
σcrr 227.129
Ar 2
mm
fy
λrbar 1.049
σcrr
α 0.13
N
σcr χ fy 171.922
2
mm
5. The effective stress level is raised by reducing pressure
teffr χ t 1.032 mm
ceffr ρ cp 22.701 mm
Aref χ Ar 61.319
I. Iterration
bp σcr
λpbar 1.052 2.036
t E kσ
ρ 1 1 0.438
0.22
λpbar λpbar
bp
beffr ρ 17.198 mm
2
cp σcr
λpbar 1.052 0.629 0.581 < 0.673 --> ρ 1
t E kσ
ceffr ρ cp 24.25 mm
2
Arr ( beffr ceffr) teffr 42.754 mm
ceffr
t beffr teffr ceffr 0
2
dg 7.316 mm
teffr beffr teffr ceffr
ceffr teffr
zg dg 5.325 mm
2 2
3 3 2
ceffr 2 1 zg 5.972 10
beffr teffr 2 2 ceffr ceffr 3 4
Ira beffr 2 ( zg 1 ) mm
12 12 2
fy
λrbar 1.206
σcr
1
χ 0.569
2 2
ϕ ϕ λrbar
N
σcr1 χ fy 142.245
2
mm
II. Iterration
bp σcr1
λpbar 1.052 1.852
t E kσ
ρ 1 1 0.476
0.22
λpbar λpbar
bp
beffr ρ 18.679 mm
2
cp σcr1
λpbar 1.052 0.572 0.581 < 0.673 --> ρ 1
t E kσ
ceffr ρ cp 24.25 mm
2
Arr ( beffr ceffr) teffr 44.283 mm
ceffr
t beffr teffr ceffr 0
2
dg 7.672 mm
teffr beffr teffr ceffr
ceffr teffr
zg dg 4.969 mm
2 2
3 3 2
ceffr 2 1 zg 6.193 10
beffr teffr 2 2 ceffr ceffr 3 4
Ira beffr 2 ( zg 1 ) mm
12 12 2
fy
λrbar 1.326
σcr1
1
χ 0.489
2 2
ϕ ϕ λrbar
N
σcr1 χ fy 122.306
2
mm
7. EFFECTIVE AREAS
Aeff χ Arr
Areff Aeff t beffr 49.683
8. EFFECTIVE AREAS
hp fy
λpbar 1.052 2.644
t E kσ
λpbar 0.673 1
ρ 1
0.22 1
0.347
λpbar λpbar
heff ρ hp 75.772 mm
C220/80/25/1.5
fy=250
Axial Compression Test Results:
Specimen C220/80/25/1.5
Actual Member Length: 2279 mm
Experimental Ultimate Load Nu,exp=138 kN Nuexp 138 kN
Nu,exp/Ny=0.48
Failure Type (experimental): F
1. Section Characterstics
N
fy 250
2
mm
5 N
E 2.1 10
2
mm
L 3 m
r 5 mm t 1.5 mm
r < 5t --> 5 t 7.5 ok!!
b 80 mm
bp b t 78.5 mm
r
r/bp <0.15 --> 0.064 ok!!
bp
The rounded corners are ignored!
h 220 mm
hp h t 218.5 mm
c 25 mm
t
cp c 24.25 mm
2
3 2
Ag 2t [ hp 2 ( bp cp) ] 1.272 10 mm
Ix
ix 18.571 mm
Ag
2. Determination of the effective function characteristics
cp 24.25 mm
cp > 0.2bp --> 0.2 bp 15.7 mm ok!!
a) Flange
kσ 4
bp fy
λpbar 1.052 0.95 --> λpbar 0.673 ok!!
t E kσ
ρ 1
0.22 1
0.809
λpbar λpbar
beff ρ bp 63.506 mm
beff
beff1 31.753 mm
2
beff2 beff1 31.753 mm
cp
0.309 --> kσ 0.5
bp
b) Stiffener
3
2
cp
0.309 (0.35<cp/bp<0.6 --> kσ 0.5 0.83 cp 0.35
bp bp
cp fy
λpbar 1.052 0.758 --> λpbar 0.673 ok!!
t E kσ
ρ 1 1 0.936
0.22
λpbar λpbar
beff ρ bp 73.487 mm
beff
beff1 36.743 mm
2
beff2 beff1 36.743 mm
ceff ρ cp 22.701 mm
2
Ar ( beff2 ceff ) t 89.167 mm
ceff
t beff1 t ceff 0
2
dg 4.336 mm
t beff t ceff
ceff t
zg dg 7.765 mm
2 2
3 3 2
ceff 2 1 zg 6.278 10 mm
beff1 t 2 2 ceff ceff 3 4
Ira beff1 2 ( zg 1 )
12 12 2
3. The stiffner is considered a beam on elastic supports. The evaluation of the stiffner is
similar to the situation of centric compression
ν 0.3
φ
6 hp 1 ν bp
2
0.132
3
E t
fr bp φ
3
4 bp 1 ν 2 12.857
3
E t
1
Cr 0.078
fr
The critical buckling bifurcation stress of the edge stiffener with an area Ar:
2 Cr E Ira N
σcrr 227.129
Ar 2
mm
fy
λrbar 1.049
σcrr
α 0.13
N
σcr χ fy 171.922
2
mm
5. The effective stress level is raised by reducing pressure
teffr χ t 1.032 mm
ceffr ρ cp 22.701 mm
Aref χ Ar 61.319
I. Iterration
bp σcr
λpbar 1.052 2.036
t E kσ
ρ 1 1 0.438
0.22
λpbar λpbar
bp
beffr ρ 17.198 mm
2
cp σcr
λpbar 1.052 0.629 0.581 < 0.673 --> ρ 1
t E kσ
ceffr ρ cp 24.25 mm
2
Arr ( beffr ceffr) teffr 42.754 mm
ceffr
t beffr teffr ceffr 0
2
dg 7.316 mm
teffr beffr teffr ceffr
ceffr teffr
zg dg 5.325 mm
2 2
3 3 2
ceffr 2 1 zg 5.972 10
beffr teffr 2 2 ceffr ceffr 3 4
Ira beffr 2 ( zg 1 ) mm
12 12 2
fy
λrbar 1.206
σcr
1
χ 0.569
2 2
ϕ ϕ λrbar
N
σcr1 χ fy 142.245
2
mm
II. Iterration
bp σcr1
λpbar 1.052 1.852
t E kσ
ρ 1 1 0.476
0.22
λpbar λpbar
bp
beffr ρ 18.679 mm
2
cp σcr1
λpbar 1.052 0.572 0.581 < 0.673 --> ρ 1
t E kσ
ceffr ρ cp 24.25 mm
2
Arr ( beffr ceffr) t 64.393 mm
ceffr
t beffr teffr ceffr 0
2
dg 7.672 mm
teffr beffr teffr ceffr
ceffr teffr
zg dg 4.969 mm
2 2
3 3 2
ceffr 2 1 zg 6.193 10
beffr teffr 2 2 ceffr ceffr 3 4
Ira beffr 2 ( zg 1 ) mm
12 12 2
fy
λrbar 1.326
σcr1
1
χ 0.489
2 2
ϕ ϕ λrbar
N
σcr1 χ fy 122.306
2
mm
7. EFFECTIVE AREAS
a) Effective Area of the Edge Stiffner:
2
Aeffs ceffr teffr 25.015 mm
hp fy
λpbar 1.052 2.644
t E kσ
λpbar 0.673 1
ρ 1
0.22 1
0.347
λpbar λpbar
heff ρ hp 75.772 mm
1
heff1 heff 37.886 mm
2
2
Aeffw heff1 t 56.829 mm
8. Loading bearing capacity of the lipped channel section member, subject to concentric
compression:
γM1 1.1
ig min( ix iy) 18.571 mm
l 2279 mm (member buckling length for flexural buckling, conservatively taken in account
for the actual length of the member L=3 m)
l
λ 122.717
ig
E
λ1 π 91.052
fy
Aeff
βA 0.246
Ag
λ
λbar βA 0.331
λ1
α 0.34
χ11
fy 4
NbFRd χ Aeff 6.765 10 N
γM1
9. Loading bearing capacity against flexural - torsional buckling:
32
Ag 1.272 mm
10
2 2 2 2
i0 ix iy ( yc yg) 111.628 mm
9 6
Cw 5.591 10 mm
4
J It 477 mm
5 N
G 0.81 10
2
mm
3
Let 0.5 l 1.139 10 mm
π E Cw
2
σt
1
G J 565.453
N
2 2 2
Ag i0 Let mm
3
Ley l 2.279 10 mm
2
π E 3 N
σEy 1.309 10
2 2
Ley mm
iy
2
β 1
yc yg
0.291
i0
σFT
1
( σEy σt)
2
( σEy σt) 4 σEy σt 1.944 10
3 N
2 β 2
mm
N
σk min( σt σFT) 565.453
2
mm
fy
λbar 0.665
σk
ϕ 0.5 1 α ( λbar 0.2) λbar
2
0.8
ϕ11
fy 4
NbFTRd χ Aeff 6.765 10 N
γM1
3
NbRd min( NbFRd NbFTRd ) 10 67.646 kN
Nuexp Nuexp
2.04 11
NbRd NbRd
Concluding Remarks:
1. The effective area of a member cross-section, used to evaluate in load bearing capacity in
axial compression, was evaluated via complete itterative procedure.
2. As the initial condition for its application was satisfied, the simplified method prescribed by
[1] to calculate effective areas near edge stiffeners was also applied. As expected, the use of
the simplified method has yielded a conservative result compared to the complete itterative
procedure.
3. Though also estimated, the shift of effectiven section neutral axis was judged to be
neglectable for practical design, so that member strength was calculated against axial
compression only.
4. The theoretical prediction for member strength was compared with experimental ultimate
load obtained by Batista for the same member [2]. As their ratio results greater then unity, the
theoretical prediction obtained by EC3 - 1.3 procedure in the safe side.
5. Theoretically predicted and experimentally resulted failure modes of the member are
identical in this case.
Design of trapezoidal sheeting
LVP 45, t=0.7 mm
Problem: To design the roof checking under snow load and wind suction loading repectively
for a multi-span checking on purlins at 1.67 m centres.
1. Calculation procedure:
Step 1: Check the limit of geometrical properties
Inclination of the web
φ atan2 0.994
h
rad
( bb bu b0)
180
φ φ 56.929 φ > 50 deg
π
Lenght of the web:
π
φ φ 0.994 rad
180
h
sw 51.313 mm
sin( φ)
b0
110 mm < 500 mm
t
sw
73.304 mm < 500 mm
t
Step 2: Check the rounding of corners
r
4.286 < 5
t
r
0.064 < 0.15
bu
1 0.22
ρ
λpbar
0.446
λpbar
bef ρ b0 34.32 mm
h bu
sw h
2 2 h
ec 22.982 mm < 21.5
bef bu 2
sw
2 2
New position of neutral axis
O fy t
bef ( h 2 ec ) bu
490.505
2 sin( φ ) 2
E
sef1 0.76 t 15.419 mm
fy
bu fy
λpbar 1.052 1.219
t E kσ
1 0.22
ρ
λpbar
0.672
λpbar
bef ρ bu 31.607 mm
h b0
sw h
2 2 h
ec 26.12 mm < 21.5 mm
bef b0 2
sw
2 2
Effective width of the web:
E
sef1 0.76 t 15.419 mm
fy
Section modulus:
2 2
sw ec
b0 2 h h
bef 2 4 3
Iefy ( h ec ) sw ec 3.075 10 mm
2 12 2 2
3
t cm
Wefy 2 Iefy 9.157
ec bb m
Compression stress
fy N
σc 166.667
1.5 2
mm
Effective width and the neutral position of neutral axis
b0 σc
λpd 1.052 1.63
t E kσ
1 0.22
ρ
λpd
0.531
λpd
befd ρ b0 40.863 mm
h bu
sw h
2 2 h
ec 22.193 mm < 21.5 mm
befd bu 2
sw
2 2
Tension stress
h ec N
σt σc 156.263
ec 2
mm
befd ec2 2 2
2 10
4 4
sw ec
h h bu cm
Idef 2 t sw ( h ec ) 26.29
2 12 2 2 0.15 m
3. Shear resistance
Related slenderness
sw fy
λw 0.346 0.875
t E
t 3
vsp τsp sw 4.735 10 N/web
γM
sin( φ) 4 N
Vd 2 vsp 5.29 10
0.15 m
lα 10 mm
φ 10 3 6.991
2
2 r lα kN
Rd t fy E 1 0.1 0.5 0.02 2.4
t t 90 web
End support:
2 kN
RdA αtA Rd 6.991
αtB m
2 kN
RdB αtB Rd 13.981
αtB m
5. Design:
kN
q γg g γp s 1.462
2
m
3
l l 10 1.67 m
kN
RA 0.4 q l 0.977
m
kN
RB 1.1 q l 2.687
m
2 kNm
M1 0.08 q l 0.326
m
2 kNm
MB 0.1 q l 0.408
m
Safety Requirments:
- support Reactions:
RA
0.14 < 1.00
RdA
RB
0.192 < 1.00
RdB
- bending moments:
M1
0.186 < 1.00
Md1
MB
0.196 < 1.00
Md2
MB RB
0.388 < 1.25
Md2 RdB
4. Serviceability:
J 9.21
2
6 kN cm
E J 1.934 10
m
l l 100 167 cm
δ 3 l
1.654 10 < 0.278
l 600
γc 1.5
Steel Reinforcement Characteristics:
type of reinforcement: reinforcement net STNB
N
fsk 450
2
mm
γs 1.15
LOADS:
kN
Gd 5.5
m
kN
Qd 5.25
m
VApr
d 0.906 m
( Gd Qd)
2
d kNm
Md VApr d ( Gd Qd) 4.417
2 m
2. Verification of ULS:
a) The Carring Bending Moments:
Characteristic data of the sheeting
b0 77 mm bb 180 mm
t 0.7 mm
lob 49
tef 0.65
l 1670 mm
bu 47 mm
b 1000 mm
h 43 mm
r 3 mm
2 lob tef
bu tef 0 b0 tef ( h tef ) h tef
xg
2 2 2 2 24.036 mm
bu tef b0 tef 2 lob tef
2
A bu tef b0 tef 2 lob tef 144.3 mm
b 2
Ap A 801.667 mm
bb
Ap fy
γap
xc 10.717 mm fy 250
fck
b 0.85 Ap 801.667
γc
dp hs xg 98.964 mm
Ap fy dp
xc 3
10
MpRdplus
2 1.251 10
4 Nmm
γp m
3 3 Nmm
Msdplus 10 5.556 10 ok!!
m
2
mm
As 246
m
fsk
As
γs
b00 528.334 mm
0.85 fck xc
γc
fsk
As
γs
xs 1.929 mm
b fck
0.85 b00
bb γc
xs
z hs ( s) 102.035 mm
2
Ap 3
ρ 2.76 10 < 0.2 ok!!
b
b00 dp
bb
b 0.25 2 3 3 kN Vsdi kN
VvRd b00 dp 1.2 10 174.286 > 17.13 ok!!
bb 1.5 2 m 2 m
b 0.25 2 L 3
VvRd b00 dp ( 1.2 40 ρ) 10 158.599
bb 1.5 2
Vsde 9.745 ok !!
m 170 k 0.04
Lpr
Ls
4
3 3 N
Vsde 10 9.745 10
m ok !!
3. Verification od SLS
a) Inertioa Moments
n 9.84
2
b00 h hs
hc h
b n Ap dp
xm
2 2
56.837
b hc b00 h n Ap
4 4
Ip 52.2 10 mm
2
b hc xm
hc
3 3 2
I1
b hc
2 b00 h b0 h h xm h 2
Ap ( dp xm) Ip
12 n n 12 n n 2
6 4
I1 9.361 10 mm
n Ap 1 2 b dp 32.405 mm
xc 1
b n Ap
2
b xc
xc
3
I2
b xc
2 Ap ( dp xc) 2 Ip 5.226 106 mm4
12 n n
I1 I2 6 2
Im 7.294 10 mm
2
b) Diflection calculus:
N 3 5
Gks 1000 L L 1000 2.5 10 mm E 2.1 10
2
m
kN
Qd 5.25
2
m
Qd 1000 3 kN
Qk 3.5 10
1.5 2
m
4 2
0.0047 L Gks 10
δ1 1.199 mm
E Im
4 2
0.0085 Qk L 10
δ2 7.587 mm
E Im
δ δ1 δ2 8.786 mm
L
δmax 12.5 mm
200
Act 2
As kc k fcteff 210.933 mm < 246 mm ^2
σs
4 2
Act 40 1000 4 10 mm
Act 2
As kc k fcteff 149.333 mm < 246 mm ^2
σs
Reinforcement Characteristics:
N
fyk 350
2
mm
5 N
E 2.1 10
2
mm
γst 1.15
Connectors Characteristics:
N
dc 19 mm fug 450
2
dce 30 mm mm
1. ULS Calculus:
b) Permanent Actions:
kN
Gk1 Gs 1.4
m
Gk2 B 3.64 10.92kN (the beam is part of a plate in a civil building - panel weight)
d) Design Values:
γG 1.35 γQ 1.5
kN
Gd γG Gk 20.48
m
kN
Qd γQ Qk 49.5
m
kN
Pd Gd Qd 69.98
m
e) Design of Internal Forces:
Pd L
Vsdmax 349.898 kN
2
2
Pd L
Msdmax 874.744 kNm
8
Fa
z 107.371 mm < tc 130 mm
fck
0.85 beff
γc
fck 3
Fc 0.85 beff z 3.803 10 kN
γc
I1 Ia A ( e2 e3)
2 1
n
Ieff Ac e3
2 1.461 109 4
mm
h) Elastic calculus is not needed because the sections is a class 1 section and it works in plastic
domain
Msdmax MplRd 1
Vsdmax VplRd 1
4
3
5 ( Gk1 Gk2 ) L 10
δ1pr 11.988 mm
384 E Iy
4
3
5 Gk3 L 10
δ1sec 1.209 mm
384 E I1
4
3
5 Qk L 10
δ2 δ2 14.001 mm
384 E I1
d) Maximum Deflection:
δmax δ1 δ2 27.198 mm
e) Deflection Verification:
3
L 10
δ2 1
300
3
L 10
δmax 1
250
3
Fef1 Fa 3.803 10 kN
3
Fef2 Fprc 5.417 10 kN
3
V1 min( Fa Fprc) 3.803 10 kN
α 1
3
2 10
Prd2 0.29 α dc fck Ecm 73.133 kN
γw
s 200 mm
6
fy 10
MaplRd Wply 687.055 kNm
γs
d) Transverse Reinforcement:
2
Aev 1 tc 130 mm
η 1
fctk005 N
τrd 0.25 0.3
γc 2
mm
2 2
π dref π dref
4 4
Ae
s
fyk N
VRd1 2.5 Aev η τrd Ae 587.303
γs mm
Aev η N
VRd2 0.2 fck 433.333
γc mm
3 kN
VRda min( VRd1 VRd2) 10 0.433
mm
Vsda VRda 1
dce
lbb 2 hcon sg 2 370 mm
2
2
Aev1 1 lbb 370 mm
fyk N
VRd11 2.5 Aev1 η τrd Ae 767.303
γs mm
Aev1 η 3 N
VRd22 0.2 fck 1.233 10
γc mm
3 kN
VRdb min( VRd11 VRd22 ) 10 0.767
mm
g) Reinforcement Resistance Verification:
Prd
Vsdb 2 0.731
s
Vsdb VRdb 1
4. Angle Rigid Connectors:
3 2
4 3 3
10 200 80 fck 10
Prdc 365.93 kN
γw
b) Number of Connectors:
V1
N 10.392 --> it results that we mount 11 connectors at a distance of 500 mm
Prdc
N 11 s1 500 mm
βw 0.8
γMw 1.25
fu
3 N
fvwd 207.846
βw γMw 2
mm
a 6 mm