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Mention any four differences between low frequency and high frequency microwave
circuits.
Low frequency circuits High frequency circuits
Circuit elements are lumped Circuit elements are distributed
Analysis based on Kirchoff’s and ohm’s law Analysis based on EMF theory
Power handling capacity is less Power handling capacity is high
Losses increases with frequency Losses depends on frequency and other
factors
5. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit of the resistor and Inductor.
1. Distinguish between conditional and unconditional stabilities of an amplifier.
Conditional stabilities unconditional stabilities
Conditional stabilities refers to a network Unconditional stabilities refers to a network
that is stable when its input and output see that can see any possible impedance on the
the intended characteristic impedance Zo smith chart from the center to the perimeter
at any phase angle. Gamma<1 means that the
real part of the impedance is positive
If there is a mismatch, there is a region of Note that any network can oscillate if it sees
either source or load impedances that will a real impedance that is negative, so if your
definitely cause it to oscillate. The term system goes outside the normal smith chart
potentially unstable refers to the same all bets on stability are off
condition
6. Give the expression that relates nodal quality factor (Qn) with loaded quality factor
(QL).
QL = Qn / 2
1. Compare PIN diode and PN junction diode.
3. Power at the port is 900 mw. If this power is incident on 20 dB coupler with directivity
40 dB, calculate the coupled power and transmitted power.
4. A helix travelling wave tube operates at 4 GHz, under a beam voltage of 10 kV and
beam current of 500mA. If the helix is 25 Ώ and interaction length is 20cm, find the
gain parameter.
1
𝐼𝑜 𝑍0 3
Gain parameter C = 𝐶 = ( 4𝑉 ) = 0.068
𝑜