BUNGALOW HOUSES

STRUCTURAL PROGRESS
REPORT
VDB4032Z Engineering Design I
CED Group 6
Sept 2018
PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER STRATA TITLE ACT (ACT 318)
CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING: -

1. DOUBLE STOREY BUNGALOW HOUSES

BUNGALOW HOUSES – 8 UNITS
2. GUARD HOUSE – 8 UNITS
3. 1 UNIT OF SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT
4. 1 UNIT OF ELEVATED WATER RESERVOIR

LOCATED AT LOT 11498, MUKIM SENGGANG, DAERAH KUALA KANGSAR,

PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN.

FOR CLIENT: UTP CED SDN. BHD.

Revision History

Rev Date Doc. No.

01 26 Nov 2018 181126-CT-CED-SPR-01

1
Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3

2.0 Codes of Practice ................................................................................................................. 3

3.0 Choice of Material ............................................................................................................... 4

4.0 Design Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 6

4.1 Design Structural Dead Load ........................................................................................... 7

4.2 Design Vertical Live Load and Superimposed Dead Load ............................................. 7

4.3 Design Lateral Loading.................................................................................................... 9

4.3.1 Lateral Wind Load .................................................................................................... 9

4.3.2 Seismic Analysis ....................................................................................................... 9

5.0 Structural System ............................................................................................................... 13

5.1 Slab ................................................................................................................................ 13

5.2 Beam .............................................................................................................................. 14

5.3 Shear Wall ...................................................................................................................... 14

5.4 Column........................................................................................................................... 15

6.0 Structural Member Preliminary Sizing .............................................................................. 16

7.0 Construction Methods ........................................................................................................ 17

8.0 Load Take-Off ................................................................................................................... 18

9.0 Structural Layout ............................................................................................................... 18

Appendix I Ground Types Classification ................................................................................ 19

Appendix II Load Take Down Calculation .............................................................................. 20

Appendix III Structural Layout ................................................................................................ 21

2
1.0 Introduction
This report has been produced by ConsulTech Group Sdn Bhd for progress report submission
for proposed residential development under Strata Title Act (Act 318) consists of following: -
I. Double Storey Bungalow Houses
Bungalow Houses– 8 units
II. Guard Houses – 8 units
Located at Lot 11498, Mukim Senggang, Daerah Kuala Kangsar, Perak Darul Ridzuan.

For client: UTP CED Sdn. Bhd.

This report describes the structural design criteria, design assumptions and
methodology for the proposed residential development carried out by ConsulTech Group Sdn
Bhd. The proposed buildings are designed to ensure that the functional framing, lateral stability,
structural integrity and serviceability considerations are fulfilled whilst satisfying the
requirements of durability, cost effectiveness and aesthetics. The design approach and
parameters have been established as being the most appropriate for the project, giving due
consideration to all the constraints associated with this project.
This report does not address geotechnical (foundations) nor civil (road and drainage,
sewerage, earthworks, water supply) design issues.

2.0 Codes of Practice

The following design codes of practice are adopted for the structural design and analysis.
Codes of Practice
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984
BS 6399-1:1996 Loading for Buildings – Part 1: Code of Practice of Dead Loads and
Imposed Loads
BS 8110-1:1997 Structure Use of Concrete – Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and
Construction
BS EN 1998-1:2004 Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part 1: General
rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings

3
3.0 Choice of Material
Reinforced Concrete Structure
The main material that will be used in the construction of two-storey bungalow is
reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite material in which concrete’s
relativity low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement
having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually steel reinforcing bars
(rebars) and embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing scheme
are generally designed to resist tensile stresses regions of the concrete that might cause
unacceptable cracking and structural failure. Reinforced concrete may also be permanently
stresses to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads.

RC structure Steel Structure

Cost Cheap Expensive
Strength Strong Extremely strong
Fire resistance Fire resistant Not fire resistant
Sustainability 100% recyclable 100% recyclable
Versatility Have limitation Flexible
Corrosion Water resistant and will not Corrodes faster. Have to add
corrode. water-resistant seals.
Labour Normal labour Skilled labour

4
Benefits of Using Reinforced Concrete in Construction

Reinforced concrete contains steel embedded in the concrete, so the two materials
complement each other to resist forces such as tensile, shear and compressive stress in the
concrete structure. Normal plain concrete can withstand compressive stress but does not do
well with tensile and stresses such as those caused by wind, earthquakes and vibrations. The
term reinforced is used because the steel reinforces the concrete and makes it an even stronger
construction material. Reinforced concrete is used in a variety of applications today.

Ability to resist high-stress environments

Concrete is one of the best construction materials widely known for its sturdiness and durability.
The material on its known has been known to fail in high-stress environments with natural
disasters such as earthquakes and tornadoes. The reinforcing value of the steel in concrete has
made reinforced concrete a highly sought-after material in natural disaster-prone areas.
Fire and weather resistance
Reinforced concrete also has great weather and fire resistance. The nature of concrete does not
allow it to catch fire or burn. The material is not affected by weather such as rainfall and snow.
Limitless range of shape
Reinforced concrete can be moulded into a limitless range of shapes. It is a great material for
construction of artistic architectural designs such as arcs and domes. The material is fluid in
the beginning while the steel frame structure is designed as a framework for the final design.
Once the fluid material sets around the steel frame, it creates wonderful variety of geometric
and abstract shapes.
Low maintenance costs
Due to the long-lasting nature of reinforced concrete, maintenance is often at a minimum. Once
the design takes form and the concrete cures, you can rely on reinforced concrete to diligently
stand the test of time.
Requires less labour
The construction of reinforced concrete requires less labour during the erection of these
structures. The steel framework can come constructed from the manufacturer. The fluid
concrete mix is applied over the steel framework by pouring or spraying into the mould. It also
makes construction faster and you can save on labour by time. Once the concrete is applied, it
is left to dry before it is ready. It may take half as much labour to construct a reinforced concrete
structure.

5
4.0 Design Criteria
Concrete grade and steel reinforcement properties to all structural member shall be generally
as follows:
Material Element Properties
Columns C30
Walls C30
Concrete
Beams C30
Slabs C30
Longitudinal Reinforcement T460
Steel Reinforcement
Shear Link Reinforcement T460

Nominal cover to all reinforcement shall be generally as follows:

Member Concrete Cover (mm)

Columns 25
Walls 25
Beams 25
Slabs 25

Design load combination adopted based on ultimate limit state (ULS) and serviceability limit
state (SLS) shall be generally as follows:
Limit State Load Case Description
ULS 1.4 DL + 1.4 SDL + 1.6 LL DL = Dead Load
SDL = Structural Dead Load
SLS 1.0 DL + 1.0 SDL + 1.0 LL
LL = Live Load

6
4.1 Design Structural Dead Load
The design dead load of structure is based on the sizing and density of structural
members from construction material. As specific from code of practice, density of material as
shown below:

Element Density
Reinforced Concrete 24 kN/m3
Brickwork 19 kN/m3

4.2 Design Vertical Live Load and Superimposed Dead Load

The following listed are design vertical live load and superimposed dead load unless
stated otherwise in drawings and report.

7
8
4.3 Design Lateral Loading
4.3.1 Lateral Wind Load
No specific provisions for the design of the building to resist wind forces are considered
due to the structure as a low-rise building not subjected to significant wind load.

4.3.2 Seismic Analysis

Performance Requirement and Criteria
Due to the building as a low-rise structure which is more prone to earthquake compare to
wind load, seismic analysis will be take into consideration. Based on EN 1998-1-2004,
structures in seismic regions shall be designed and constructed in such a way that the following
requirements are met, each with an adequate degree of reliability.
No- collapse requirement
The structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand the design seismic action without
local or global collapse, thus retaining its structural integrity and a residual load bearing
capacity after the seismic events.
Damage limitation requirement.
The structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand a seismic action having a larger
probability of occurrence than the design seismic action, without the occurrence of damage and
the associated limitations of use, the costs of which would be disproportionately high in
comparison with the costs of the structure itself. The seismic action to be considered for the
“damage limitation requirement” has a probability of exceedance, PDLR, in 10 years and a
return period, TDLR.
To satisfy the fundamental requirements, limit states shall be checked
Ultimate limit states;
Damage limitation states.
Ground Condition and Seismic Action

The construction site and the nature of the supporting ground should normally be free
from risks of ground rupture, slope instability and permanent settlements caused by
liquefaction or densification in the event of an earthquake. The possibility of occurrence of
such phenomena shall be investigated in accordance with EN 1998- 5:2004.

Depending on the importance class of the structure and the conditions of the project,
ground investigations and/or geological studies should be performed to determine the seismic
action as reference from EN 1998- 5:2004. Table 3.1 attached in Appendix I

9
Design of Buildings

As stated in EN 1998-1-2004, in seismic regions, the aspect of seismic hazard shall be

taken into consideration at the early stages of the conceptual design of a building, thus enabling
the achievement of a structural system which, within acceptable costs, satisfies the fundamental
requirements specified.

The guiding principles governing this conceptual design are:

Structural simplicity.

Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy.

Bi-directional resistance and stiffness.

Torsional resistance and stiffness.

Diaphragmatic behaviour at storey level.

Adequate foundation.

Buildings are classified in 4 importance classes, depending on the consequences of

collapse for human life, on their importance for public safety and civil protection in the
immediate post-earthquake period, and on the social and economic consequences of collapse.

10
Method of Analysis (Lateral Force Method)

According to EN 1998-1-2004, the requirement of this subclause is deemed to be

satisfied buildings which fulfil both of the two following conditions.

where;

𝑇1 = Periods of vibration.

𝑇𝑐 = Upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch.

𝑠= Soil factor.

4.1 Base Shear Force

The seismic base shear force Fb, for each horizontal direction in which the building is analysed,
shall be determined using the following expression:

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝜆

where;

𝐹𝑏 = Base shear force.

𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) = The ordinate of design spectrum at period 𝑇1

𝑇1 = The fundamental period of vibration of the building for lateral motion in the
direction considered.

𝑚 = Total mass of the building, above the foundation or above the top of a rigid
basement.

𝜆 = 0,85 if T1 < 2 TC and the building has more than two storeys;
λ = 1,0 otherwise. (Correction Factor)

11
According to EN 1998-1-2004, seismic analysis was conducted to analyses the base shear
distribution.

𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑡 (𝐻)3/4
Where;
𝑇1 = The fundamental period of vibration of the building for lateral motion in the
direction considered.
𝐶𝑡 = 0.085 for moment resistant space steel frames;
0.075 for moment resistant space concrete frame & eccentrically braced steel frame;
0.050 for all other structures.
𝐻= Height of the building (m).

Base Shear, 𝐹𝑏

Illustration of Base Shear (Fb) distribution.

12
5.0 Structural System
5.1 Slab
Table below shows the comparison between flat slab and slab beam system:

FLAT-SLAB SYSTEM BEAM-SLAB SYSTEM

In flat slab system, the floor/roof consists of In beam slab system, the floor/roof consists
walls/slabs and there are no beams. of beam and slab.
It provides greater clear ceiling heights. It provides lesser clear ceiling heights.
Load from slab is directly transferred to column. Load from slab is transferred to beam and
from beam to column.
Less formwork is needed. More formwork is needed.
Form work is simple and hence not costly. Form work is complicated and hence costly.
Drop panel is provided above column. Drop panel is not needed above column.
Floor system requires lesser depth and hence Floor system requires more depth and hence
there will be reduction in storey height. there will be increase in storey height as
compared to flat slab.
At least three continuous spans in each direction Construction of single slab is possible.
are needed for construction.
Ratio of longer span to shorter span should not Ratio of longer span to shorter span has no
be more than 2.2. limitation.
It is less resistant to the earthquake as it is less It is more resistant to the earthquake as it is
flexible than slab beam system. flexible than flat slab system.
As from the comparison of slab system above, beam-slab system is preferable to be used in the
construction of low-rise bungalow houses. The decision is made based on the following
findings:
Beam-slab system is commonly used in the low-rise building for its economical
sustainability and cost-effective criteria.
Beam-slab system can provide a greater strength to resist lateral loading from seismic/
earthquake situation.
Beam-slab system is more flexible for future addition and alternation of usage and
design.

13
5.2 Beam

From the beam system, continuous beam system has been selected for the bungalow houses.
The advantages of using continuous beam system are listed as followed:
Smaller deflection on the mid span of beam.
Loading capacity is greater for the same spanning of distance.
Cost effective and economical with higher basic ratio of span length over effective
depth.

5.3 Shear Wall

A shear wall is a vertical structural element that resists lateral forces in the plane of the wall
through shear and bending. It is also a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral
forces from exterior walls, floors and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to
their planes. Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake and uneven settlement loads in addition
to the weight of structure and occupants, that create a powerful torsional force. These forces
can tear or shear a building apart.
The advantages of shear walls are;
Strength and stiffness in the direction of orientation.
Reduces lateral sway.
Easy construction and implementation.
Light weight.
Well distributed reinforcements.
Cost effective.
Minimized damages to structural and non-structural elements due to earthquake.

14
5.4 Column
Braced column is when relative transverse displacement between the upper and lower ends of
a column is prevented.
Unbraced column is when relative transverse displacement between the upper and lower ends
of a column is not prevented.
The difference of braced with unbraced column and slender with short column are tabulated as

Braced Column Unbraced Column

If lateral stability of structure as a whole is If lateral stability of structure as a whole is
provided by walls or other bracing structure. provided by columns only.
Not designed to resist lateral loads. Designed to resist lateral loads.
Zero value of sway. Subjected to sway.
More resistant to earthquake. Less resistant to earthquake.
below.

Slender Column Short Column

Lateral dimension is very small when Lateral dimension is very large when
compared to its length or height. compared to its length or height.
Fails in buckling. Fails in crushing.
Ratio of effective length to lateral dimension: Ratio of effective length to lateral dimension:
a. Braced column > 15 a. Braced column < 15
b. Unbraced column > 10 b. Unbraced column < 10
Load carrying capacity is less. Load carrying capacity is more.
Subjected to buckling stress. Subjected to compressive stress.

After consideration on vertical support in the bungalow, the results are as followed:
Braced and short column design are preferable.
With braced column design, construction of shear wall will be implemented to resists
the lateral loading generate from earthquake if any.
Based on BS 8810-1:1997 clause 3.8.1.3 Short and slender columns, column can be
classified as short column with effective length/ width ratio < 15 for braced column
condition; while ratio < 10 for unbraced column condition.
Short column design is preferable due to the failure mode (crushing) and greater axial
loading capacity.

15
6.0 Structural Member Preliminary Sizing
Slab
Study found out that the biggest two-way spanning slab to be 7.5m by 3.7m. Hence, the slab
basic span/ effective depth ratio limit check was conducted based on the shorter length of
two-way spanning slab to determine the slab minimum thickness. The calculation was based
on BS 8110-1:1997 clause 3.4.6.3, span/effective depth ratio for a rectangular or flanged
beam and clause 3.5.7 solid slab deflection
𝐿⁄ = 3700⁄ < 26
𝐷 𝐷
𝐷 > 142.5𝑚𝑚
Hence, the preliminary study of slab to be a minimum of 175mm thick after including
concrete cover.

Beam
Study from the architecture layout plan found out that the longest spanning of beam to be
7.5m. Hence, the continuous beam basic span/ effective depth ratio limit check was
conducted based on the longest span to determine the beam minimum depth size. The
calculation was based on BS 8110-1:1997 clause 3.4.6.3, span/effective depth ratio for a
rectangular or flanged beam.
𝐿⁄ = 9200⁄ < 26
𝐷 𝐷
𝐷 > 353.85𝑚𝑚
For the beam to incorporated into the aesthetic of architecture requirement, beam width need
to be control within 150mm to 230mm to hide within the brick wall layer as the size of brick
wall available in the industry. Hence, the preliminary beam sizing to be 150mm x 450mm
after including concrete cover.

Column
Based on BS 8810-1:1997 clause 3.8.1.3 short and slender columns, column can be classified
as short column with effective length/ width ratio < 15 for braced column condition; while
ratio < 10 for unbraced column condition. The column to be design as short column to
provide a greater axial load capacity, preliminary sizing calculation was done as followed:
𝐿 𝑒𝑓𝑓
< 15
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝐿 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
= 3810 − 300 = 3510𝑚𝑚
3510⁄ = 234𝑚𝑚
15
Hence, the preliminary column sizing to be at least 300mm width.

16
7.0 Construction Methods
The comparison between Precast and Cast-in-situ concrete
Precast Concrete Cast-In-Situ Concrete
Elements are manufactured in a Column, slab and other elements
Manufacture of controlled casting environment are casted on site and hence it is
elements and make it easier to control difficult to control mix, placement
mix, placement and curing. and curing.
Quality Quality control and Quality control and maintenance is
maintenance is easy. difficult.
The construction is quick as it The construction is slow as gaining
Construction time can be installed immediately of strength requires time.
and there is no waiting for it to
gain strength.
Environment Elements can be cast in Elements are cast in open
condition controlled condition. environment.
Weather condition No effect on casting work. Delay the casting work.
Construction Speedy construction is possible. Speed is less as elements are casted
speed at site.
Cost Cheaper form of construction Cheaper form of construction for
for large structures. small structures.
Construction time Short Long
Architectural General Unique
character
Maintenance cost High Low
Less resistant to earthquake and More resistant to earthquake and
Resistant to wind forces not recommended wind forces.
earthquake where seismic loads are
dominant.
Specialise Party Required Not required
Details at the joint become very No serious attention is required for
Joints details critical and needs careful joints in cast-in-situ concrete
attention. construction.

As for the context in construction of bungalow houses, it is a low-rise and small-scale

construction project. Hence, the cost is favourable on the cast in-situ concrete method with
consideration on requirement of joints detail design and specialise party for pre-cast concrete.
By having the project as bungalow houses, aesthetic value and uniqueness is very much
emphasised by the client and architect. As a conclusion, the benefits of using cast in-situ
concrete method outweigh the constraint for a low-rise and small-scale bungalow development.
Hence, cast in-situ is prefer over pre-cast concrete construction method.

17
8.0 Load Take-Off
Based on section 4.2 “Design Vertical Live Load and Superimposed Dead Load”, the
load take-off has been done to determine the overall loading of the whole bungalow.
Calculation spread sheets are attached in Appendix II.

9.0 Structural Layout

The preliminary structural layout of bungalow houses and guard house were attached
in Appendix III.

18
Appendix I Ground Types Classification

19
Appendix II Load Take Down Calculation

20
Appendix III Structural Layout

21
 A B B1 C C1 D1 E E1 F G

A B B1 C C1 D1 E E1 F G

........................................................................
DR WESAM SALAH ALALOUL
(DIRECTOR)
UTP CED SDN. BHD.

1 Persiaran UTP
32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak
Tel: 1300 22 8887 Fax: 05 - 365 4088
1
1a
PROJECT:
1a PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER STRATA TITLE ACT (ACT 318)
2 CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING: -

2
1. DOUBLE STOREY BUNGALOW HOUSES
BUNGALOW HOUSES - 8 UNITS
2a 2. GUARD HOUSE - 8 UNITS
3. 1 UNIT OF SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT
2a 4. 1 UNIT OF ELEVATED WATER RESERVOIR

LOCATED AT LOT 11498, MUKIM SENGGANG, DAERAH KUALA KANGSAR, PERAK

3
DARUL RIDZUAN.
3

3a
4 3a
4

4a
4a

5
5

5a
5a

5b
5b

6
6 STRUCTURES
INFRASTRUCTURES
VALUE ENGINEERING

7
7

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1 : 100
SCALE 1 : 100

A RPAR OF
R KUA N E S
TEN
PE I
AM

O A L AN
U
A

NA
G
JUR
EN
AWAM

L
IR. WAN NUR ELIANA

UTP21763

MA
L A Y SIA

CT/4032Z/ ST/01/LY