STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2 ECV3206

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Second Semester 2017/2018

ECV3206 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2

PROJECT FINAL REPORT

LECTURER : DR. NOR AZIZI BINTI SAFIEE

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 21ST MAY 2018

GROUP MEMBERS :

NO MATRIC NO. NAME

1 181802 SIVAN A/L SEGHAR

2 182139 LAW KAY MIN

3 182232 MUHAMAD FARHAN BIN PAUZI

4 185006 UMMI AMIRA BINTI RASHID

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 2
2. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 4
3. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING ............................................................................................................ 5
4. PROJECT BRIEF ................................................................................................................................ 6
5. BASIC DESIGN INFORMATION ......................................................................................................... 9
6. STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS .............................................................................................................. 10
7. MANUAL CALCULATIONS .............................................................................................................. 11
8. SOFTWARE OUTPUT...................................................................................................................... 12
9. COMPARISON VALUE MANUAL CALCULATION AND SOFTWARE ................................................. 24
10. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................... 26
11. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................ 28
12. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 29
13. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 30

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1: Basic Dimensions of the Building ............................................................................ 9

Table 9.1: Comparison of Manual Calculation and Software Output ..................................... 24

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 8.1: Front view.............................................................................................................. 12

Figure 8.2: Side view .............................................................................................................. .12
Figure 8.3: Top view ................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 8.4: 3D-view view ........................................................................................................ 13

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1. INTRODUCTION

This is a project of designing a steel structure by adopting the design procedure

mentioned in Eurocode 3 : Design of a steel structure. In this project, students of 4 in a group
are required to produce a complete documentation on the steel structural system of a double
storey residential building. In this case, the type of residential building selected is a double
storey bungalow.

First and foremost, the architectural drawing of a double-storey building which

consists of floor plans, elevations and sectional plan are being collected. The drawings are
then analyzed to determine the project detail, such as size of rooms, the location of beams and
location of columns. Moreover, basic design information and assumption used in structural
designed were being determined.

In this project, only 1 floor of the structure is being analysed, which is the first floor.
The number and the location of the beam and column on the drawing are being designed. The
length of the beam should not be designed with a total length of more than 6m. Then, analysis
should be carried out to determine the load transferred to the structural element, such as
restrained beam, unrestrained beam, connection, column and base plate. Further analysis is
then carried out to determine the appropriate size to be used for each structural element while
fulfilling the requirement of ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state.

Software analysis and manual calculation are done in this project. The software used
in this project to design steel structure is Staadpro. Based on the assumption proposed in the
project, the steel structure is being analysed by using the software. Detail drawings of the
elements to be compared with manual calculation are obtained.

STAAD Pro is comprehensive structural engineering software that addresses all

aspects of structural engineering including model development, verification, analysis, design
and review of results. It includes advanced dynamic analysis and push over analysis for wind
load and earthquake load. In STAAD Pro we can analyze the structures in 2D and 3D, for the
convenience of modelling and defining the structure for analysis, STAAD uses different
templates for 2D and 3D structures.

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Staadpro is capable of analyzing any structure exposed to static loading, a dynamic

response, wind, earthquake, and moving loads. STAAD Pro provides FEM analysis and
design for any type of project, including towers, culverts, plants, bridges, stadiums, and
marine structures. In STAAD we use the several types of structures such as space structures,
plane structures, floor structures and truss structures.

Then, the manual calculation is done to be compared with the output of the software.
Any variation between software analysis and manual calculation are then identified and
recommendations are being suggested to reduce the variation.

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2. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project to be carried out is to provide an opportunity for

students to learn the design procedure of designing a steel structure that is fit to be used
throughout its intended design period. The design structure is designed is such a way to
satisfy the requirement of ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. Apart from this,
students will be able to learn the method of extracting important information from the real
architectural drawing for structural designing purpose.

Besides, this project also aims to promote teamwork spirit by allowing students to
work as a group. Through this method, students’ teamwork skills can be cultivated and it
serves as an important value to be applied in future workplace. Students will be able to work
as a team effectively.

Moreover, this process also enhances students’ understanding to designing steel

structure through the practise in manual calculation. Next, this project also aims to make
students familiar with structural design software. Students can get to learn the method of
analysing structural elements in designing a structure. In this project, Staadpro is the software
to be used for designing steel structure. By mastering the software, it increases the skill that a
possessed by students.

Other objectives are as followed:

 To analyze the structures in 2D and 3D, for the convenience of modelling and
defining the structural analysis and design of steel.

 To compare the data analysis from integrated software with manual calculation.

 To implement the updated software structural analysis in order to familiarize on

building design analysis stress, bending moment and shear force.

 To identify the basics of structural building with accurate specification and interactive
steel design.

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3. ARCHITECTURAL
DRAWING

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4. PROJECT BRIEF

PROJECT TITLE

PEMBINAAN RUMAH BANGLO DUA TINGKAT

PROJECT DETAIL
LOCATION
LOT 33140, NO. 12, JALAN DESA PERMAI 1, TAMAN DESA PERMAI, MUKIM
CHERAS DAERAH HULU LANGAT, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
RELEVANT BUILDING DESIGN CODE OF PRACTICE
Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design
Eurocode 1 : Actions on Structures
Eurocode 3 : Design of Steel Structures

INTENDED USE OF STRUCTURES

Residential Building

SUB-SOIL CONDITIONS

Flat Surface Condition

FIRE RESISTANCE REQUIREMENT

2 Hours For All Elements

CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT & CONCRETE

DESIGNATION CHARACTERISTIC MARKING

STRENGTH, N/mm2
Hot rolled mild steel fyv = 250 R
High yield steel fy = 500 T

Grade of Concrete 30 N/mm2

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

ENVIRONMENT EXPOSURE CONDITION

Mild Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive
conditions.

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WIND SPEED

LOCATION BASIC WIND SPEED

Cheras, Selangor 7km/h

GENERAL LOADING CONDITIONS

DEAD LOAD
Materials Weight

MAIN FRAME

i. Reinforced Concrete Density 25.0kN/m3

ii. Steel unit weight 78.5 kN/m3
iii. Brickwall 110 mm with 20mm thk, cement plaster (bothsides) 3.0 kN/m2
iv. Superimposed Dead Load 1.5 kN/ m2

ROOF TRUSSES
i. Metal Roofing 0.07 kN/m2
ii. Purlin + Insulation
- 150mm fiberglass
- Damp proof membrane
0.40 kN/m2
iii. Ceiling + Services
0.60 kN/m2

LIVE LOAD
Floor Usage Uniform distributed load
kN/m2
i. Bathrooms and toilets 2.00
ii. Bed rooms 2.00
iii. Living room / Dining room 2.00
iv. Kitchen 2.00
v. Corridors, passages, stair cases 4.00
vi. Balconies (exterior)
vii. Garages 3.00
viii. Store room 3.00
ix. Pitch Roof 0.75

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OTHERS DESIGN / DETAILING PARAMETER

DESCRIPTION FIGURE

i. Minimum Breath of Beam, b 200m

(2 Hours Fire Resistance)
ii. Minimum Thickness of Slab At Wet Area 150mm
`

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5. BASIC DESIGN INFORMATION

 All structural drawing to be read in conjunction in architectural drawing and

specifications. Any variation brought to the notice of architect or engineer.
 Footing = 40mm
 Ground beam = 40mm (beam below ground)
o =25mm(beam above ground)
 Column size = 40mm(column size above 225 mm)
o = 25mm(column size 150mm and below)
 Member in contact with ground/soil = 40mm
 Floor slabs and staircase = 20mm(above ground)

 Minimum lapping length to reinforcement

o Column = 40mm×dia.
o Beam = 40mm×dia.

 Basic dimensions of the buildings are:-

Table 5.1: Basic Dimensions of the Building

SUBJECT FLOOR AREA

Master bedroom First floor 6705mm×5450mm
Bedroom 5 First floor 4250mm×5450mm
Bedroom 3 First floor 3750mm×5450mm
Bedroom 4 First floor 4250mm×5580mm
Bedroom 2 First floor 3950mm×6280mm
AV Room Ground floor 5200mm×5450mm
Guest room Ground floor 4650mm×3600mm
Maid room Ground floor 3400mm×2230mm

o Built-up area of ground floor : 24335mm×13250mm

o Built-up area of first floor ; 24335mm×13250mm
o Built-up area of tank floor ; 3000mm ×10050mm

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6. STRUCTURAL
DRAWINGS

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7. MANUAL
CALCULATIONS

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8. SOFTWARE OUTPUT

Figure 8.1 : Front view

Figure 8.2 : Side view

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Figure 8.3: Top view

Figure 8.4: 3D view

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Restrained beam

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Unrestrained beam

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Column

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Connection

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Base plate

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9. COMPARISON VALUE MANUAL CALCULATION AND SOFTWARE

Table 9.1: Comparison of Manual Calculation and Software Output

TYPE OF DESIGN VALUE

MANUAL SOFTWARE VARIATION
Design of restrained beam (2C-4/C)
 Shear force, Ved 82.3kN 95kN 13.37%
 Moment, Med 80.25kNm 86.22kNm 6.92%
 Deflection 0.867mm 0.934mm 7.17%
 Proposed size 356×171×57 UB 356×171×57
S275 UB S275-
Design of unrestrained beam (3/E-F)
 Shear force, Ved 100.29kN 125.94kN 20.37%
 Moment, Med 136.646kNm 140.03kNm 2.42%
 Deflection 1.673mm 2.108mm 20.64%
 Proposed size 356×171×57 UB 356×171×57
S275 UB S275
Design of column (3F)
 Axial load, Ned 319.391kN
 Moment, My 11.634kNm 42.95kNm 72.91%
 Moment, Mz 21kNm

 Deflection 3.072mm

 Proposed size 203×203×60 UC 203×203×60

S275 UC S275
Design of connection (column 3F to
beam 2b-3/F)
 Resultant force, Fr 38.515kN
 Proposed diameter M20 M20
 Proposed bolt class 4.6 4.6

 Proposed number of bolts 16 16

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Design of base plate (column 3F)

 Axial load, Ned 639.021kN
 Med 15.267kNmm/mm
 Pressure under plate 5.019N/mm2

 Proposed size 400mm×400mm× 400mm×400m

30mm m×30mm

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10. DISCUSSION

In this project, there are altogether five elements to be analysed, which includes the
restrained beam, unrestrained beam, column, bolted connection and base plate. All of the
elements are selected from first floor of the building. Manual calculation is compared with
the software output to check for its accuracy.

For the element of restrained beam, the proposed section is 356×171×57 UB S275.
The design shear force obtained for beam 2C-4/C from manual calculation is 100.29kN while
the design shear obtained from the software analysis is 125.94kN, showing a variation of
20.37% in value. On the other hand, the designed bending moment obtained through manual
calculation and software analysis are 80.25kNm and 86.22kNm respectively. The deflection
of the beam element is quite small, with a value of 0.867mm in manual calculation and
0.934mm in software analysis. Thus, small value in deflection of the beam elements showing
that the proposed size is adequate.

Besides, for the element of unrestrained beam, the proposed section is 356×171×57
UB S275. The design shear force obtained for beam 3/E-F from manual calculation is 82.3kN
while the design shear obtained from the software analysis is 95kN, showing a variation of
13.37% in value. On the other hand, the designed bending moment obtained through manual
calculation and software analysis are 136.646 kNm and 140.03kNm respectively. The
deflection of the beam element is quite small, with a value of 1.673mm in manual calculation
and 2.108mm in software analysis. Thus, small value in deflection of the beam elements
showing that the proposed size is adequate.

For the column, the proposed section is 203×203×60 UC S275. The My value
obtained for column 3F from manual calculation is 11.634kNm while the My value obtained
from the software analysis is 42.95kNm, showing a variation of 72.91% in value. The axial
load acting on the column is 319.391kN while the value of Mz is 21kNm. The value of
deflection of the column is considered small, with a value of 3.072mm.

The type of connection used in this project is bolted connection. The connection
between column 3F and beam 2b-3/F is chosen. This is because it is a more common type of
the connection to be used at the site. The proposed bolt class is 4.6, double bracket, with bolt
diameter of 20mm. the number of bolts is designed to be 16, and the bolted connection is
subjected to a resultant force of 38.515kN.

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On the other hand, the base plate for column 3F is chosen, with a proposed size of
400mm×400mm×30mm. The axial load transferred to the base plate is determined to be
639.021kN, with Med of 15.267kNmm/mm, and the pressure under base of 5.019kN/mm2.

From the comparison table of manual calculation and software analysis, it can be
observed that percentage of variation of the manual calculation with the software analysis
result is still within acceptable range for the element of restrained beam and unrestrained
beam, as the highest variation percentage is only 20.64%.

However, the percentage of variation of column element between manual calculation

and software analysis reach 72.91%, which is a relatively high figure. Thus, some errors must
have taken place either in manual calculation or software analysis. For the element of
connection and base plate, due to some constraint of software as it is trial version, the
analysis of those elements cannot be processed. Thus, comparison between manual
calculations and software output is unable to be made.

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11. RECOMMENDATIONS

Throughout analyzing the project, there are some improvement that can be made to
obtain more accurate result. The requirement in designing must take into account seriously to
avoid mistake in calculation. There are some recommendation and precautions can be done in
order to get more accurate result.

1. In analyzing beam, the load from the slab must be taken into account to know the load
that applied on the beam. Because of this all the load must be taken into account so
that the analysis can be done properly.
2. In manual calculations, students tend to make mistakes and inaccuracy happened.
This will affect in determining the suitable size of beam that can be used. So,
comparing the value with the software output will help in doing the manual
calculations.
3. Students have to be familiar in handling the software. This will affect their
comparison with the manual calculations as there might be not enough information in
the software because of lack of understanding.
4. Use more advanced software in obtaining the software output to get more accurate
result.
5. Proper analyzing should be made so that the design can be economical.

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12. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the structural components that were mainly designed in this project are
restrained beam, unrestrained beam, column, connections and base plate. All these designs
are going through software and manual calculations. Furthermore, all these structural
components plays an important role in frame steel. Therefore, it is important for structural
engineers to design the structural components accurately based on the load that is expected to
carry to ensure the serviceability and also the safety of people.

In terms of the project output, the results obtained from the manual calculation and
the software analysis has been compared. There are discrepancies between the values
produced by the software analysis and also the manual calculation. This is due to the fact that,
some assumptions has been used in the manual calculations and some values obtained
through manual calculations has been rounded-off to the nearest value. Apart from that,
insufficient experience in handling the software also leads to inaccurate values. However, this
project gave a detailed information and knowledge on the steps of analysis in structural
design and also the use of the software. Therefore, the objective of this project has been
achieved.

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13. REFERENCES

i. McCormac, J. C., & Nelson, J. K. (2008). Structural steel design. pearson prentice
hall.
ii. Csernak, S. F., & Csernak, S. F. (2012). Structural Steel Design. Pearson.

iii. Eurocode 3-1-1 & Eurocode 3-1-8

iv. Faella, C., Piluso, V., & Rizzano, G. (1999). Structural steel semirigid connections:
theory, design, and software (Vol. 21). CRC press.

v. Brockenbrough, R. L., & Merritt, F. S. (1999). Structural steel designer's

handbook (pp. 13-35). New York: McGraw-Hill.

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