Fluid Mechanics: Outline

9/27/2018
Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics

University of the Philippines Los Baños
Outline
1. Angular velocity & acceleration. Linear and angular kinematics
2. Rotation with constant angular acceleration
3. Energy in rotational motion and parallel-axis theorem
4. Torque and angular acceleration for rigid bodies
5. Rigid-body rotation about a moving axis, Work & power
Lecture 24:
6. Angular momentum & conservation of angular momentum
7. Conditions for equilibrium, center of gravity
8. Oscillation, SHM, Simple pendulum
9. Types of mechanical waves, mathematical description and energy of waves
FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Statics
10. Wave interference, standing waves and Doppler effect
11. Fluid statics, Pascal’s and Archimedes' Laws
12. Fluid dynamics, continuity equation and Bernoulli’s principle
13. temperature, Zeroth law of thermodynamics
14. Heat and calorimetry
15. Heat transfers
16. 1st law of thermodynamics
17. 2nd law of thermodynamics
2
PHYSICS 51 Lecture MIDYEAR 2018| UPLB | PHYSICS 51 Lecture MIDYEAR 2018| UPLB |
Fluids
oany substance that does not
have definite shape and
exhibits the phenomenon of
Part 1: Fluid Statics flow.
1. Density and Specific Gravity
2. Pressure in a Fluid ocollection of molecules that
3. Pascal's Principle are randomly arranged and
held together by weak
4. Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle cohesive forces and by
forces exerted by the walls of
a container.
-includes liquids and gases.
3 4
Branches of Fluid Mechanics Density, ρ

ratio of mass to volume
study of fluids at rest study of fluids in motion mass m

ρ= =
volume v
Assumptions: 1 g 10 3 kg
IDEAL FLUIDS ρ water =
cm 3
=
m3
o Non-turbulent flows (Laminar)
o Steady-state flow kg
o Non-viscous fluid (flow with no dissipation of mechanical energy) [SI unit ] :
o Incompressible fluids (density is constant throughout the fluid)
m3
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Sinking OR Floating Specific Gravity (s.g. or ρ’ )

ρo
s.g . = (dimension less)
ρs
Object will sink, otherwise it will float
Floating object: oratio of the density of an
fraction of the volume of an object that is submerged in object to that of standard
any liquid is the ratio of the density of the object to that
of the liquid. If 0 < s.g . < 1 the object will float. oliquid: density of water at 40 C
(1 g/cm3 or 1000 kg/m3)
If s.g . > 1 the object will sink.
Example: ice - 0.92 g/cm3 ogases: density of oxygen at
(92 % of its volume is submerged) 00C and 1 atm (1.43 kg/m3)
7 8
Density and Specific Gravity
You purchase a rectangular piece of metal that

has dimensions 5.0 x 15.0 x 30.0 mm and mass ρ=
m
=
(0.158kg )
0.0158 kg. The seller tells you that the metal is V (5.0 x 15.0 x 30.0) mm 3
gold (ρ = 19.3 x 103 kg/m3). To check this, you
compute the average density of the piece. kg kg
What value do you get? Were you cheated? = 7.02 x 10 3 3 ≠ 19.3 x 10 3 3
m m
⇒ You were cheated!
9 10
Pressure Pressure
oWhen a body is submerged oScalar
in a fluid such as water, the oSI Unit: 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal)
fluid exerts a force
o Other customary units are given in conversions
perpendicular to the surface
1 atm = 101325 Pa = 14.70 lb/in2
of the body at each point on
the surface.
o1 atm (atmosphere) is the pressure exerted by
the atmosphere at sea level
F o This force per unit area is
P= called pressure P of the fluid
A oPat = 1 atm =101325 Pa = 101.325kPa
11 12
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Pressure Pressure
oAs any scuba diver knows, the pressure in
Name Value (N/m2 = Pa) a lake or ocean increases with depth.
1 pascal (Pa) 1
1 bar 1.00 x 105
1 atmosphere (atm) 1.013 x 105 oAs any sky diver knows, the pressure of the
1 mm Hg 1.33 x 102 atmosphere decreases with altitude.
1 torr 1.33 x 102
1 lb/in2 6.89 x 103
Pressure increases linearly with depth!
13 14
Pressure Pressure
oWe can prove this by considering a w = mg = ρVg = ρAhg
column of liquid (right) of height h
and cross-sectional area A. oIf P0 is the pressure at the top and P is the
pressure at the bottom, the net upward
force exerted by this pressure difference is
oTo support the weight of the column,
the pressure at the bottom must be PA – PoA
greater than the pressure at the top.
oSetting this upward force equal to the
The weight of the liquid column is
weight of the column, we obtain:
PA – P0A = ρAhg
w = mg = ρVg = ρAhg P – P0 = ρgh
15
P = P0 + ρgh 16
Pressure | Example Solution:

Find the pressure at a depth of 10 m P0 = 1 atm = 101325 Pa
below the surface of the Laguna Lake if P = P0 + ρwgh
P = 101325 Pa + (103 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2) (10 m)
the pressure at the surface is 1 atm.
P = 199325 Pa = 1.97 atm
Note:
The pressure at the depth of 10 m below the
surface is nearly twice atmospheric pressure
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Pascal’s Principle Pascal’s Principle

“Pressure
applied to an Example:
Hydraulic Lift The large piston in a
enclosed liquid
hydraulic lift has a radius
is transmitted of 20 cm. What force
undiminished must be applied to the
to every point small piston of radius 2
in the fluid and cm to raise a car of mass
to the walls of 1500 kg?
the container.”
19 20
Pascal’s Principle Measurement of Pressure

Consider an ideal fluid…
Gauge and Absolute Pressure
P = P0 + ρgh
Pgauge = Pabsolute − Patm
Pabsolute = P gauge + Patm
Hydrostatic Paradox 21 22
Pressure in Fluid Pressure in Fluid

oAt 0oC, the density of mercury is 13.595 x
103 kg/m3. What is the height of the
A nurse administers
mercury column in a U-tube manometer if medication in a saline
the pressure is 1 atm = 101325 Pa? solution to a patient by
infusion into the patient’s
Solution: arm. The density of the
h = P/ρg solution is 1 x 103 kg/m3.
= 101325 N/m2 And the pressure inside the
(13.595 x 103 kg/m3 *9.8m/s2)
vein is 2.4 x 103 Pa. How
= 0.760 m
Patm = Pliquid at height h high must the container be
= 760 mm
hung?
23 24
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Pressure in Fluid Additional Notes:

1. More dense liquid > greater pressure
pliquid = pvein 2. Pressure in a liquid at any location is exerted in
equal amount in all direction
ρgh = 2.4 x 10 3 Pa
3. Pressure is depth dependent not volume
solving for h; dependent.
pvein 2.4 x 10 3 Pa
h= = = 0.24 m
ρg  kg  m
1 x 10 3 3  9.8 2 
 m  s 
25 26
Additional Notes: Additional Notes:

4. Pressure is the same for any given depth regardless 5. Liquid pressure acts perpendicular to the
of the shape of the container sides of the container and increases with depth
27 28
Gauge and Absolute Pressure Solution
A storage tank 12.0 m deep is filled with The absolute pressure is

water. The top of the tank is open to the air. P =Po + pgh
What is the absolute pressure at the =(1.01 x 105 Pa) +(1000kg/m3)(9.8m/s2)(12.0m)
bottom of the tank? The gauge pressure? = 2.19 x 105 Pa = 2.16 atm = 31.8 lb/in2
The gauge pressure is
P - Po = (2.19 - 1.01) x 105 Pa
= 1.18 X 105 Pa = 1.16 atm = 17.l lb/in2
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Archimedes’ Principle Pure Gold or Adulterated Metal?

“A body wholly or partially
submerged in a fluid is buoyed up
by a force equal to the weight of
the displaced fluid.”
Regardless of the shape of the object submerged

force exerted by a fluid on a body submerged in
it is called Buoyant Force (FB).
31 32
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle

• Archimedes (287-212 BC) has been • What Archimedes found was a
tasked by King Hieron II to determine simple and accurate way to
if the crown made for the king was determine the specific gravity of the
made of pure gold or has been crown (w/o destroying it~) which he
adulterated with some cheap metal could then compare with the
such as silver. specific gravity of gold!
• As the story goes, Archimedes came • The specific gravity of an object is

up with the solution while sinking the weight of the object in air
himself in a bath and immediately divided by the weight of an equal
rushed naked through the streets of volume of water
Syracuse shouting Eureka! (I have
found it!)
33 34
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle Pure Gold or Adulterated Metal?

The purity of King Hieron’s
o Object tends to weigh less when submerged in liquid crown could thus be
o Buoyant Force = upward force that causes the apparent determined by weighing
weight loss and equal to the weight of the displaced liquid the crown in air and then
o When completely submerged; Volume of the object is the same of
the Volume of the displaced liquid weighing it again in water,
and compare the results
to those for a quantity of
gold known to be pure!
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9/27/2018
Specific Gravity (s.g. or ρ’ ) Specific Gravity | Example

specific gravity of an object is the
weight of the object in air divided by
The specific gravity of gold is 19.3. If a
the weight of an equal volume of water crown made of pure gold weighs 8N in
s.g . =
weight of object in air w
= o air, what will be its weight when it is
weight of equal volume of water ww submerged in water?
the weight of an equal volume of water
equals the buoyant force on the object
when it is submerged
weight of object in air w
s.g . = = o
weight loss when submerged in water wloss
37 38
Solution: Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle

1. The submerged weight equals weight in air minus weight The measured weight Fs of an object submerged in
in water a fluid is the difference between the true weight W
wsub = wair / true − wloss and the buoyant force FB.
2. Archimedes principle relates the weight loss to the F s = W – FB
weight (in air/true) and specific gravity: If the density of the object is ρ, its volume is V, and
wo w 8N the density of the fluid is ρf, the weight is w = ρVg,
s.g . = → wloss = o = = 0.415 N
wloss s.g . 19.3 and the buoyant force is FB = ρfgV.
3. The weight is thus:
The measured weight is then
wsub = wair / true − wloss = 8 N − 0.415 N = 7.59 N Fs = ρgV – ρfgV = ρgV [1– (ρf/ρ)]
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Example: Solution:
Picture the Problem: Let V be the volume of the cork and V’
A cork has a density of 200 kg/m3. Find be the volume that is submerged when it floats. The weight of the
cork is ρcgV, and the buoyant force due to the water is ρwgV’.
the fraction of the volume of the cork
that is submerged when the cork floats in 1. Since the cork is in equilibrium, the buoyant force equals the
water. weight:
ρcgV = ρwgV’
2. Solve for V’/V:
V’ = ρc = 200 kg/m3 = 1
V ρw 1000 kg/m3 5
3. Remarks: We see that only 1/5 of the cork is submerged. This result
is independent of the shape of the cork.
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Archimedes’ Principle: Totally Submerged obj. Archimedes’ Principle: Totally Submerged obj.
upward buoyant force is B = ρfluid gVobj
downward gravitational force is w = mg = ρobjgVobj The net force is B – w = (ρfluid-ρobj)gVobj
net force is B – w = (ρfluid-ρobj)gVobj
The object is less dense The object is more dense than
than the fluid ρfluid>ρobj the fluid ρfluid<ρobj
upward net force downward net force so the object
accelerates downward
Depending on the
direction of the net force,
the object will either
float up or sink!
43
Example: Solution:
Compute for the volume of the fluid displaced:
An aluminum block with a T
mass of 0.500 kg and a density Vfd = VB = mB/ρB
of 2.7 x 103 kg/m3 is suspended Vfd = (0.5 kg)/(2.7 x 103 kg/m3)
from a string.
Vfd = 1.9 x 10-4 m3
W=mg FB
What is the tension in the string Bouyant force is:
when it is completely
immersed in water? FB = ρfdVfdg = (1 x103)(1.9x10-4)(9.8)
T + FB - W = 0
FB = 1.86 N
T = W - FB
45 46
Solution:
T
From Newton’s 1st Law:
T = W - FB
T = mg - ρfdVfdg
= (0.5)(9.8) - 1.86 N W=mg FB
Twenty four
T = 3.04 N
47 48

Fluid Mechanics: Outline

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9/27/2018

Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics

Branches of Fluid Mechanics Density, ρ

study of fluids at rest study of fluids in motion mass m

Sinking OR Floating Specific Gravity (s.g. or ρ’ )

Density and Specific Gravity

You purchase a rectangular piece of metal that

Pressure | Example Solution:

Pascal’s Principle Pascal’s Principle

Pascal’s Principle Measurement of Pressure

Pabsolute = P gauge + Patm

Pressure in Fluid Pressure in Fluid

Pressure in Fluid Additional Notes:

Additional Notes: Additional Notes:

Gauge and Absolute Pressure Solution

A storage tank 12.0 m deep is filled with The absolute pressure is

Archimedes’ Principle Pure Gold or Adulterated Metal?

Regardless of the shape of the object submerged

Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle

• As the story goes, Archimedes came • The specific gravity of an object is

Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle Pure Gold or Adulterated Metal?

Specific Gravity (s.g. or ρ’ ) Specific Gravity | Example

Solution: Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle

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